During the first millennium of the Common Era, Indo-Aryan (Niya Prakrit), Iranian (Khotan Saka) and Tokharian (Kentum Indo-European) languages were spoken in the oasis towns at the edge of the Tarim Basin. Many of the speakers of those languages were Buddhists and many written documents in these languages address Buddhist topics. The aim of the article is twofold. First: to show that the representatives of the three language families (Niya, Sakian,Tokharian) displayed tendencies towards a linguistic area. This concerns mainly certain phonetic trends but also some shared vocabulary and perhaps the morphological feature of an l-past grammeme shared by Tocharian and several Indo-Aryan languages. Second: to show that some of those phonetic trends must originate in dialects of Old Indo-Aryan that were different from Vedic Sanskrit. The second topic is closely related with the theory of a distinction between Outer and Inner Languages in Indo-Aryan. Niya Prakrit, closely related Gāndhārī and the modern Dardic and Nuristani languages are all part of the Outer Languages as against Inner Languages like Vedic Sanskrit or Hindi. It seems that for some time texts in Gāndhārī language were brought to China, where they weretranslated into Chinese before the same happened with Buddhist texts in Sanskrit. Niya Prakrit, on the other hand, was particularly a language of administration and perhaps nobody’s mother tongue. However, its use as a lingua franca must have facilitated the flow of Buddhist literature from India to China.
{"title":"Some observations on the linguistic situation in the Tarim Basin oasis towns during the first millennium of the Common Era","authors":"Claus Peter Zoller","doi":"10.5617/ao.9392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5617/ao.9392","url":null,"abstract":"During the first millennium of the Common Era, Indo-Aryan (Niya Prakrit), Iranian (Khotan Saka) and Tokharian (Kentum Indo-European) languages were spoken in the oasis towns at the edge of the Tarim Basin. Many of the speakers of those languages were Buddhists and many written documents in these languages address Buddhist topics. The aim of the article is twofold. First: to show that the representatives of the three language families (Niya, Sakian,Tokharian) displayed tendencies towards a linguistic area. This concerns mainly certain phonetic trends but also some shared vocabulary and perhaps the morphological feature of an l-past grammeme shared by Tocharian and several Indo-Aryan languages. Second: to show that some of those phonetic trends must originate in dialects of Old Indo-Aryan that were different from Vedic Sanskrit. The second topic is closely related with the theory of a distinction between Outer and Inner Languages in Indo-Aryan. Niya Prakrit, closely related Gāndhārī and the modern Dardic and Nuristani languages are all part of the Outer Languages as against Inner Languages like Vedic Sanskrit or Hindi. It seems that for some time texts in Gāndhārī language were brought to China, where they weretranslated into Chinese before the same happened with Buddhist texts in Sanskrit. Niya Prakrit, on the other hand, was particularly a language of administration and perhaps nobody’s mother tongue. However, its use as a lingua franca must have facilitated the flow of Buddhist literature from India to China.","PeriodicalId":44092,"journal":{"name":"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78716362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Located on the northern shore of the Black Sea, Odessa is one of Eastern Europe’s great cities. Much has been written about its history. Most of these studies were written from the Russian imperial perspective, and so the city’s Turko-Tatar period has been neglected. The present article attempts to shed light on this period of Odessa’s history, drawing mainly on Ottoman chronicles and archival documents. The predecessor and nucleus of the city was the Karakermen redoubt (palanka), which was built by Mengli Giray Khan I in 1495. Karakermen was destroyed as a result of recurrent Cossack raids in the mid-16th century. Although the Ottomans had intended to revitalise the city by rebuilding the redoubt during the last quarter of the 16th century, this project would be realized only in 1764 with the emergence of the town of Hocabey.
{"title":"Turko-Tatar Roots of Modern Odessa: Hocabey and Karakermen","authors":"","doi":"10.1556/062.2021.00175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00175","url":null,"abstract":"Located on the northern shore of the Black Sea, Odessa is one of Eastern Europe’s great cities. Much has been written about its history. Most of these studies were written from the Russian imperial perspective, and so the city’s Turko-Tatar period has been neglected. The present article attempts to shed light on this period of Odessa’s history, drawing mainly on Ottoman chronicles and archival documents. The predecessor and nucleus of the city was the Karakermen redoubt (palanka), which was built by Mengli Giray Khan I in 1495. Karakermen was destroyed as a result of recurrent Cossack raids in the mid-16th century. Although the Ottomans had intended to revitalise the city by rebuilding the redoubt during the last quarter of the 16th century, this project would be realized only in 1764 with the emergence of the town of Hocabey.","PeriodicalId":44092,"journal":{"name":"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80197816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper puts forward a new interpretation of the problematic word btol that is sparsely attested in Old Tibetan sources. The philological analysis is supported by a lexicological survey of potential cognates; taken together these allow us to sketch the word family of btol, and thus to better understand the underlying semantics of the word. It is argued that the term denoted a rite within a funeral ceremony; to be specific, the rite of exposure of the deceased’s body before it was interred. In order to contextualise the rite and to assess its cultural significance, this paper also discusses certain funeral customs of later periods.
{"title":"Body Exposure and Embalming in the Tibetan Empire and Beyond: A Study of the btol Rite","authors":"","doi":"10.1556/062.2021.00181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00181","url":null,"abstract":"The paper puts forward a new interpretation of the problematic word btol that is sparsely attested in Old Tibetan sources. The philological analysis is supported by a lexicological survey of potential cognates; taken together these allow us to sketch the word family of btol, and thus to better understand the underlying semantics of the word. It is argued that the term denoted a rite within a funeral ceremony; to be specific, the rite of exposure of the deceased’s body before it was interred. In order to contextualise the rite and to assess its cultural significance, this paper also discusses certain funeral customs of later periods.","PeriodicalId":44092,"journal":{"name":"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74983115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with an edition of a newly identified fragment of the Uṣṇīṣavijayā Dhāraṇī in Old Uyghur from Turfan, which is preserved in the collection of Museum für Asiatische Kunst (Museum of Asian Art) in Berlin. The fragment basically represents the dhāraṇī part of the Uṣṇīṣavijayā Dhāraṇī in Old Uyghur script. The fragment is compared with the parallel Old Uyghur fragments that also include the dhāraṇī section and are preserved in the Berlin Turfan collection. The transcription and transliteration of the work is given. Its versions in other languages are compared to explore differences between the texts. Finally, a reconstructed text is presented.
{"title":"A Fragment of the Uṣṇīṣavijayā Dhāraṇī from Turfan Housed in the Museum für Asiatische Kunst in Berlin","authors":"","doi":"10.1556/062.2021.00168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00168","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with an edition of a newly identified fragment of the Uṣṇīṣavijayā Dhāraṇī in Old Uyghur from Turfan, which is preserved in the collection of Museum für Asiatische Kunst (Museum of Asian Art) in Berlin. The fragment basically represents the dhāraṇī part of the Uṣṇīṣavijayā Dhāraṇī in Old Uyghur script. The fragment is compared with the parallel Old Uyghur fragments that also include the dhāraṇī section and are preserved in the Berlin Turfan collection. The transcription and transliteration of the work is given. Its versions in other languages are compared to explore differences between the texts. Finally, a reconstructed text is presented.","PeriodicalId":44092,"journal":{"name":"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80451750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper suggests a morphological, syntactic, and semantic analysis of the active participle in Ugaritic. The formally ambiguous cases are interpreted by taking into account the syntactic and semantic properties of explicit cases. The syntactic usages of the participle are the attributive phrase, the substantivized attributive phrase, the agent-noun, and the circumstantial participial phrase. The semantic analysis points at explicit verbal properties of some participial phrases in Ugaritic: they can denote a stage-level predicative core acquiring episodic interpretations and attaching temporal arguments. I hypothesize that the prototypical context for the development of the predicative participle (sporadically attested in the language of Ugaritic prose and consistently in later Northwest Semitic languages) is a participial phrase that suggests stage-level episodic interpretation and assigns subject that is co-referential with the main-clause subject.
{"title":"From Phrase to Clause: The Active Participle in Ugaritic","authors":"","doi":"10.1556/062.2021.00100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00100","url":null,"abstract":"This paper suggests a morphological, syntactic, and semantic analysis of the active participle in Ugaritic. The formally ambiguous cases are interpreted by taking into account the syntactic and semantic properties of explicit cases. The syntactic usages of the participle are the attributive phrase, the substantivized attributive phrase, the agent-noun, and the circumstantial participial phrase. The semantic analysis points at explicit verbal properties of some participial phrases in Ugaritic: they can denote a stage-level predicative core acquiring episodic interpretations and attaching temporal arguments. I hypothesize that the prototypical context for the development of the predicative participle (sporadically attested in the language of Ugaritic prose and consistently in later Northwest Semitic languages) is a participial phrase that suggests stage-level episodic interpretation and assigns subject that is co-referential with the main-clause subject.","PeriodicalId":44092,"journal":{"name":"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82462417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper argues that the standard etymology of Vedic bravi ‘to say, to speak, to tell’ from Proto-Indo-European *mleu̯h2- ‘to speak’ (and its connection with Avestan mrao- ‘to say, to speak’) cannot be upheld, since it is based on an irregular consonant change that cannot be independently motivated and explained. As an alternative, two different PIE verbal roots will be proposed, *melH-u- → mleu̯H- ‘to say, to speak’ and *bleu̯h2/3-‘to speak or to call’, that provide phonologically and semantically regular bases for the words involved.
{"title":"The Etymology of Vedic bravi ‘to say, to speak, to tell’","authors":"Carmela Mastrangelo, Zsolt Simon","doi":"10.1556/062.2021.00178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00178","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that the standard etymology of Vedic bravi ‘to say, to speak, to tell’ from Proto-Indo-European *mleu̯h2- ‘to speak’ (and its connection with Avestan mrao- ‘to say, to speak’) cannot be upheld, since it is based on an irregular consonant change that cannot be independently motivated and explained. As an alternative, two different PIE verbal roots will be proposed, *melH-u- → mleu̯H- ‘to say, to speak’ and *bleu̯h2/3-‘to speak or to call’, that provide phonologically and semantically regular bases for the words involved.","PeriodicalId":44092,"journal":{"name":"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72923325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas A. Carlson, Ralph Lee, Sergey Minov, J. V. Ginkel, Shlomi Efrati, N. Pedersen, J. Ben-dov, Mark Dickens
This article examines a fragmentary Christian text from Turfan written in Uyghur which contains an embedded Syriac magical text intended to be used for corralling a horse. Aft er giving a transcription and translation of the Syriac passage and setting it in its literary context, including the role of amulets and other magical texts in the history of Syriac Christianity, the article discusses the angelic name Saraqael found in the Syriac extract, in an effort to trace the origins of the text. Excurses are given on the book of I Enoch and the Book of Giants, the first because the angelic name is found in it, the second because of its connections with the Aramaic and Central Asian cultural zones. The article then examines another text where the angelic name occurs, the Pishra de-Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa, before discussing possible links to other Syriac amulets and incantation bowls.
这篇文章研究了吐鲁番用维吾尔语写的一个残片基督教文本，其中包含了一个嵌入的叙利亚魔法文本，旨在用于圈养一匹马。在给出叙利亚文段落的转录和翻译，并将其置于其文学背景中，包括护身符和其他神奇文本在叙利亚基督教历史中的作用之后，文章讨论了在叙利亚文摘录中发现的天使名字撒拉凯尔，以努力追踪文本的起源。对《以诺记》和《巨人记》进行了短途旅行，第一个原因是在其中发现了天使的名字，第二个原因是它与阿拉姆和中亚文化区有关。在讨论与其他叙利亚护身符和咒语碗的可能联系之前，文章随后检查了另一篇天使名字出现的文本，Pishra de-Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa。
{"title":"Syro-Uigurica III: Enochic Material in a Christian Text from Turfan","authors":"Thomas A. Carlson, Ralph Lee, Sergey Minov, J. V. Ginkel, Shlomi Efrati, N. Pedersen, J. Ben-dov, Mark Dickens","doi":"10.1556/062.2021.00191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00191","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines a fragmentary Christian text from Turfan written in Uyghur which contains an embedded Syriac magical text intended to be used for corralling a horse. Aft er giving a transcription and translation of the Syriac passage and setting it in its literary context, including the role of amulets and other magical texts in the history of Syriac Christianity, the article discusses the angelic name Saraqael found in the Syriac extract, in an effort to trace the origins of the text. Excurses are given on the book of I Enoch and the Book of Giants, the first because the angelic name is found in it, the second because of its connections with the Aramaic and Central Asian cultural zones. The article then examines another text where the angelic name occurs, the Pishra de-Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa, before discussing possible links to other Syriac amulets and incantation bowls.","PeriodicalId":44092,"journal":{"name":"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79931687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of “Klaus Mylius 2020. Vergleichende Grammatik der literarischen Prākṛt-Sprachen”","authors":"","doi":"10.1556/062.2021.00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44092,"journal":{"name":"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80538340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Samuel N. C. Lieu and Glen L. Thompson (eds.) 2020. The Church of the East in Central Asia and China","authors":"P. Zieme","doi":"10.1556/062.2021.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44092,"journal":{"name":"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75356706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turkic kinship terminologies represent a mixture of words of native and foreign origin, and the proportion of loanwords reflects the degree of linguistic and cultural interference between the Turkic and other Eurasian languages. As the intensity of socio-cultural relations between languages and communities increases, the proportion of loanwords in kinship vocabulary also increases. This paper provides an overview of historical, linguistic, and cultural aspects of kinship loanwords in the Turkic languages.The paper covers the following eight kinds of kin types in the Turkic languages: (1) parents, (2) siblings, (3) cousins, (4) children, (5) grandparents, (6) uncles/aunts, (7) nephews/nieces, (8) grandchildren. Due to the fact that in the conventional Turkic system of kinship, which is especially well-represented in pre-modern Turkic languages, two or three of these kins may be merged in one single term on the basis of generation and lineage branch, kinship loanwords examined are ordered by this criterion.
{"title":"Kinship Loanwords in the Turkic Languages","authors":"Erhan Taşbaş","doi":"10.1556/062.2021.00155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00155","url":null,"abstract":"Turkic kinship terminologies represent a mixture of words of native and foreign origin, and the proportion of loanwords reflects the degree of linguistic and cultural interference between the Turkic and other Eurasian languages. As the intensity of socio-cultural relations between languages and communities increases, the proportion of loanwords in kinship vocabulary also increases. This paper provides an overview of historical, linguistic, and cultural aspects of kinship loanwords in the Turkic languages.The paper covers the following eight kinds of kin types in the Turkic languages: (1) parents, (2) siblings, (3) cousins, (4) children, (5) grandparents, (6) uncles/aunts, (7) nephews/nieces, (8) grandchildren. Due to the fact that in the conventional Turkic system of kinship, which is especially well-represented in pre-modern Turkic languages, two or three of these kins may be merged in one single term on the basis of generation and lineage branch, kinship loanwords examined are ordered by this criterion.","PeriodicalId":44092,"journal":{"name":"Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89052498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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