This paper explores geo-spatial analysis of rainfall variability in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. The concern region lies in the north-west of Pakistan and frequently faced the challenges of floods each year. This is an attempt to find out the rainfall trend and fluctuation which is one of the prime indicator of climate change. For this study, the daily rainfall data comprises of almost five decades (1975-2015). For achieving the study objectives, daily, monthly and mean annual rainfall data were analyzed using Mann-Kendall and Standard Deviation combined. Additionally, to further process the rainfall data spatio-statistically, GIS technology has been applied. The analysis specifies that a positive rainfall detected in the meteorological stations of Peshawar, Dir, Chitral, Drosh, Kakul and Saidu, whereas the moderate rainfall trend is detected in Cherat, Bannu, and Balakot. The remaining stations expressed no obvious trend, due to low time period of data.
{"title":"Geo-spatial analysis of rainfall variability in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Dawood, S. A. Shirazi","doi":"10.12775/eq.2023.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eq.2023.004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores geo-spatial analysis of rainfall variability in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. The concern region lies in the north-west of Pakistan and frequently faced the challenges of floods each year. This is an attempt to find out the rainfall trend and fluctuation which is one of the prime indicator of climate change. For this study, the daily rainfall data comprises of almost five decades (1975-2015). For achieving the study objectives, daily, monthly and mean annual rainfall data were analyzed using Mann-Kendall and Standard Deviation combined. Additionally, to further process the rainfall data spatio-statistically, GIS technology has been applied. The analysis specifies that a positive rainfall detected in the meteorological stations of Peshawar, Dir, Chitral, Drosh, Kakul and Saidu, whereas the moderate rainfall trend is detected in Cherat, Bannu, and Balakot. The remaining stations expressed no obvious trend, due to low time period of data.","PeriodicalId":44105,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Questions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44016261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report on deaths of Olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) at the Pudupettai beach on the Tamilnadu coast of India. The study was conducted during the period of January 2021 to March 2021. A total of 29 dead Olive Ridley turtle was counted and almost all the deaths caused due to unnatural incidents. Direct evidences of fatal injuries were observed on the body parts. As well as, evidences of pollutants were found on the beach.
{"title":"Unusual deaths of Olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) at the Pudupettai beach, Tamilnadu, India.","authors":"Anweshan Patra, Mayur Fulmali, D. Annadurai","doi":"10.12775/eq.2023.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eq.2023.002","url":null,"abstract":"We report on deaths of Olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) at the Pudupettai beach on the Tamilnadu coast of India. The study was conducted during the period of January 2021 to March 2021. A total of 29 dead Olive Ridley turtle was counted and almost all the deaths caused due to unnatural incidents. Direct evidences of fatal injuries were observed on the body parts. As well as, evidences of pollutants were found on the beach.","PeriodicalId":44105,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Questions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45833585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Vambol, A. Kowalczyk-Juśko, K. Jóżwiakowski, A. Mazur, S. Vambol, N. Khan
The sludge generated from wastewater treatment facilities contains high nutrients and is characterized by high heating values. Thus, the sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients is a potential candidate for its application as fertilizers and an alternate energy feedstock. Nowadays, energy independence contributes to the economic stability of the country, and therefore the search for alternate energy sources is an acute issue. This paper presents a case study on using sewage sludge as an energy feedstock in Poland. The physicochemical characteristics of the sewage sludge are presented. The fuel properties of sewage sludge generated from different waste water treatment plant (WWTP) are summarized. The calorific value of sewage sludge generated in Poland is insufficient for effective use as an energy raw material, therefore, energy potential of mixture of sludge with other waste have been studied. The general trend of sewage sludge formation and the quantitative forecast for the future showed that in 2020, compared to 2012, sludge accumulation increased by 6.9%, but compared to 2019 - decreased by 3%. From 2012 to 2020 the average, sewage sludge accumulation increased annually by 0.8%. This demonstrates the heterogeneity of waste streams for the production of alternative fuels and a modest increase in sewage sludge production in the coming years. This made it possible to prepare several options for the further development of research in the field of developing technologies for obtaining alternative energy. Also this study will help the prospective researchers understand sewage sludge generation and its use as energy feedstock.
{"title":"Investigation in Techniques for Using Sewage Sludge as an Energy Feedstock: Poland’s Experience","authors":"V. Vambol, A. Kowalczyk-Juśko, K. Jóżwiakowski, A. Mazur, S. Vambol, N. Khan","doi":"10.12775/eq.2023.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eq.2023.007","url":null,"abstract":"The sludge generated from wastewater treatment facilities contains high nutrients and is characterized by high heating values. Thus, the sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients is a potential candidate for its application as fertilizers and an alternate energy feedstock. Nowadays, energy independence contributes to the economic stability of the country, and therefore the search for alternate energy sources is an acute issue. This paper presents a case study on using sewage sludge as an energy feedstock in Poland. The physicochemical characteristics of the sewage sludge are presented. The fuel properties of sewage sludge generated from different waste water treatment plant (WWTP) are summarized. The calorific value of sewage sludge generated in Poland is insufficient for effective use as an energy raw material, therefore, energy potential of mixture of sludge with other waste have been studied. The general trend of sewage sludge formation and the quantitative forecast for the future showed that in 2020, compared to 2012, sludge accumulation increased by 6.9%, but compared to 2019 - decreased by 3%. From 2012 to 2020 the average, sewage sludge accumulation increased annually by 0.8%. This demonstrates the heterogeneity of waste streams for the production of alternative fuels and a modest increase in sewage sludge production in the coming years. This made it possible to prepare several options for the further development of research in the field of developing technologies for obtaining alternative energy. Also this study will help the prospective researchers understand sewage sludge generation and its use as energy feedstock.","PeriodicalId":44105,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Questions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46880520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. N. Fajrina, Yana S Hijri, Ali Roziqin, A. Rezeki
Natural resources and social conflict have a strong relationship. The current natural resource management problems have caused deforestation, resulting in unstable environmental ecosystems. Consequently, a movement towards mitigating natural resource management emerged because of the threat to the “Bekantan” Proboscis Monkey habitat and population in South Kalimantan Province. Indonesian Proboscis Monkey Friends (SBI) Foundation is a non-profit organization aiming to protect Proboscis monkeys on Curiak Island. SBI adopts collaborative resource governance in building stakeholder capacity with shared motivation and principles for collective action. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the collaborative governance process conducted on Proboscis Monkey conservation in Curiak Island. The results showed that anyone, including non-government organizations, could initiate collaboration in the several programs such as conservation, buy back the land and rambai mangrove restoration. Various parties collaborations are proven to successfully increase the support for environmental conservation efforts, especially the habitat and endemic proboscis monkeys.
{"title":"Collaborative Governance of Narsalis larvatus (Wurmb, 1787) Conservation in Barito Kuala Regency, Indonesia","authors":"A. N. Fajrina, Yana S Hijri, Ali Roziqin, A. Rezeki","doi":"10.12775/eq.2023.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eq.2023.005","url":null,"abstract":"Natural resources and social conflict have a strong relationship. The current natural resource management problems have caused deforestation, resulting in unstable environmental ecosystems. Consequently, a movement towards mitigating natural resource management emerged because of the threat to the “Bekantan” Proboscis Monkey habitat and population in South Kalimantan Province. Indonesian Proboscis Monkey Friends (SBI) Foundation is a non-profit organization aiming to protect Proboscis monkeys on Curiak Island. SBI adopts collaborative resource governance in building stakeholder capacity with shared motivation and principles for collective action. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the collaborative governance process conducted on Proboscis Monkey conservation in Curiak Island. The results showed that anyone, including non-government organizations, could initiate collaboration in the several programs such as conservation, buy back the land and rambai mangrove restoration. Various parties collaborations are proven to successfully increase the support for environmental conservation efforts, especially the habitat and endemic proboscis monkeys.","PeriodicalId":44105,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Questions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42969308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krishan Pal Singh Rana Rana, A. Koshal, A. B. Bajpai
The present study aimed to assess the diversity and regeneration status of tree species in different forest types viz., Pinus forest (PF), Pinus-Oak mixed forest (POF) and Deodar forest (DF) of Kotla watershed (Barkot, Uttakashi, Uttarakhand). The data were collected through quadrat method and analyzed quantitatively. A total of 28 tree species, belonging to 21 families were recorded in the sampling area (3 forests 10 plots in each plot size 400 m2). Fagaceae, Pinaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae and Juglandaceae were the major families (in terms of number of species). The species-area curves (SACs) of PF and DF reached an asymptote while it predicted more species (din not reach asymptote) in case of POF. The resulted values of different diversity indices (i.e., Dominance, Simpson, Shannon, Evenness, Margalef, and Equitability) revealed that the POF was most diverse (in tree diversity) followed by PF and DF. The ranked species abundance (RSA) curve of POF was log normal type but geometric series type for PF and DF. The density-diameter curves (d-d curves) was reverse J-shaped for POF while in case of PF and DF, the higher densities were observed for middle DBH classes in comparison to lowest and highest DBH classes. The overall regeneration status of the forests in the area was fair (25.8% tree, 18.6% saplings and 55.6% seedlings). The present study provides a deeper understanding of tree diversity pattern and regeneration status from a pocket of IHR.
{"title":"Tree diversity and regeneration status in the different forest types of Kotla watershed (Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand, India)","authors":"Krishan Pal Singh Rana Rana, A. Koshal, A. B. Bajpai","doi":"10.12775/eq.2023.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eq.2023.001","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to assess the diversity and regeneration status of tree species in different forest types viz., Pinus forest (PF), Pinus-Oak mixed forest (POF) and Deodar forest (DF) of Kotla watershed (Barkot, Uttakashi, Uttarakhand). The data were collected through quadrat method and analyzed quantitatively. A total of 28 tree species, belonging to 21 families were recorded in the sampling area (3 forests 10 plots in each plot size 400 m2). Fagaceae, Pinaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae and Juglandaceae were the major families (in terms of number of species). The species-area curves (SACs) of PF and DF reached an asymptote while it predicted more species (din not reach asymptote) in case of POF. The resulted values of different diversity indices (i.e., Dominance, Simpson, Shannon, Evenness, Margalef, and Equitability) revealed that the POF was most diverse (in tree diversity) followed by PF and DF. The ranked species abundance (RSA) curve of POF was log normal type but geometric series type for PF and DF. The density-diameter curves (d-d curves) was reverse J-shaped for POF while in case of PF and DF, the higher densities were observed for middle DBH classes in comparison to lowest and highest DBH classes. The overall regeneration status of the forests in the area was fair (25.8% tree, 18.6% saplings and 55.6% seedlings). The present study provides a deeper understanding of tree diversity pattern and regeneration status from a pocket of IHR.","PeriodicalId":44105,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Questions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47889408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Life-detection experiments carried out in extraterrestrial locations provided inconclusive results whether processes observed were biological or chemical. In this study, the typical effect of temperature on metabolic rates is described and a life-detection method that is easy to perform is proposed. The method comprises observing changes in microbial metabolic rates after temperature shift. The method was demonstrated by experiments on aquatic microorganisms in the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea). First experiment, in which temperature was shifted within the temperature range encountered at the sampling site, demonstrated a typical Q10 coefficient (2.84). The experiment in which temperature was shifted beyond the environmental temperature range provided an unexpectedly low Q10 coefficient (1.44), which indicated that excessive temperature exerted an inhibitory effect on metabolism. This response is not expected for chemical reactions, but it is typical for biological processes. In summary, a pair of properly-tailored experiments permitted separating biological and chemical reactions.
{"title":"The effect of temperature change on metabolism: separating biological and chemical reactions","authors":"K. Rychert","doi":"10.12775/eq.2022.040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eq.2022.040","url":null,"abstract":"Life-detection experiments carried out in extraterrestrial locations provided inconclusive results whether processes observed were biological or chemical. In this study, the typical effect of temperature on metabolic rates is described and a life-detection method that is easy to perform is proposed. The method comprises observing changes in microbial metabolic rates after temperature shift. The method was demonstrated by experiments on aquatic microorganisms in the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea). First experiment, in which temperature was shifted within the temperature range encountered at the sampling site, demonstrated a typical Q10 coefficient (2.84). The experiment in which temperature was shifted beyond the environmental temperature range provided an unexpectedly low Q10 coefficient (1.44), which indicated that excessive temperature exerted an inhibitory effect on metabolism. This response is not expected for chemical reactions, but it is typical for biological processes. In summary, a pair of properly-tailored experiments permitted separating biological and chemical reactions.","PeriodicalId":44105,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Questions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45376756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Both developed and developing countries are working towards creating an emission free planet. Vietnam, as one of the highest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, has implemented several policies to curtail this phenomenon. Most of these policies are geared towards the development of renewable energy technologies such as biogas. The country’s policy on environmental protection, clean energy, climate change, and rural development has been based on small-scale biogas programs and projects. However, how are these small-scale biogas plants affected by arising policy issues? To answer this question, an intensive literature review was conducted and accompanied by a consultation with biogas experts with a focus on Vietnam. The data collected were analysed using the policy cycle analytical approach. The results showed that several policy instruments, such as the price of other conventional fuels and feed-in-tariffs, affect small-scale biogas plants. Furthermore, thousands of small-scale biogas plants have been installed due to good policies such as the Vietnam National Biogas Program. Finally, funding remains the biggest barrier to biogas policy amendments and implementation; the several biogas programs implemented over the decade could have yielded more positive impact if financial barriers like co-financing by the beneficiaries were set up more appropriately. In addition, new policies in the future will favour mid- to large-scale biogas plants rather than small-scale biogas plants. This policy implication threatens the sustainability of small-scale biogas plants; therefore, policy makers must be adroit in addressing policy issues that affect biogas production in Vietnam.
{"title":"Small-scale biogas plants in Vietnam: How are affected by policy issues?","authors":"Sheriff Noi, M. Jelínek, H. Roubík","doi":"10.12775/eq.2022.037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eq.2022.037","url":null,"abstract":"Both developed and developing countries are working towards creating an emission free planet. Vietnam, as one of the highest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, has implemented several policies to curtail this phenomenon. Most of these policies are geared towards the development of renewable energy technologies such as biogas. The country’s policy on environmental protection, clean energy, climate change, and rural development has been based on small-scale biogas programs and projects. However, how are these small-scale biogas plants affected by arising policy issues? To answer this question, an intensive literature review was conducted and accompanied by a consultation with biogas experts with a focus on Vietnam. The data collected were analysed using the policy cycle analytical approach. The results showed that several policy instruments, such as the price of other conventional fuels and feed-in-tariffs, affect small-scale biogas plants. Furthermore, thousands of small-scale biogas plants have been installed due to good policies such as the Vietnam National Biogas Program. Finally, funding remains the biggest barrier to biogas policy amendments and implementation; the several biogas programs implemented over the decade could have yielded more positive impact if financial barriers like co-financing by the beneficiaries were set up more appropriately. In addition, new policies in the future will favour mid- to large-scale biogas plants rather than small-scale biogas plants. This policy implication threatens the sustainability of small-scale biogas plants; therefore, policy makers must be adroit in addressing policy issues that affect biogas production in Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":44105,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Questions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49542418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasing a large amounts of sewage sludge in Ukraine is an urgent environmental problem that requires the selection of an effective strategy for their disposal. The usage of sludge composting technology leads to the restoration of sludge as a resource and is cost-effective and environmentally sustainable compared to the method of landfilling. The purpose of this research is to carry out bioindication tests of growth substrates based on composted sewage sludge with the subsequent possibility of their usage in the technology of recultivation of landfills for municipal solid waste. The experiment was performed on four types of compost with different modifications of the natural sorbent - zeolite. During the experiment the average percentage of germination of polygamous ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne L.) was determined in the investigated substrates. The mass and length of the aboveground part of the plant and roots were also measured. The results showed that the addition of natural sorbent to substrates has a positive effect on growth and development of plants. This investigation was conducted in accordance with the current norms of national standards of Ukraine: DSTU 7369 (2013), "Wastewater. Requirements for wastewater and its sediments for irrigation and fertilization"; DSTU ISO 11269-1 (2004), "Soil quality. Determination of the effect of pollutants on soil flora. Part 1: Method for determining the inhibitory effect on a root growth"; DSTU ISO 11269-2 (2002), "Soil quality. Determination of the effect of pollutants on soil flora. Part 2: Effects of Chemicals on Germination and Growth of Higher Plants". The experiment was conducted on four types of compost with different modifications of the natural sorbent - zeolite in percentage amounts: 0; 2.5; 5; 7.5, dark-grey gilded soil was used as a control element. In the experiment, the average percentage of germination of polygamous ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne L.) on the studied substrates was determined. The mass and length of the aboveground part of the plant and roots were also measured. The first sprouts of ryegrass began to appear on the 7th day of the experiment. The highest average value on the seventh day of germination was 90% in the control sample with 5% of sorbent content and in K2 substrate in the sample with 7.5% sorbent content. However, the germination of plants in substrates K3 and K4 occurred later compared with substrates K1, K2, and control. For substrate K1 in the sample with a sorbent content of 5%, plant germination was the highest and was 100%. The highest average value of ryegrass stem length is observed in variant K4 in the sample with 0% zeolite content and in variant K1 in the sample without zeolite content the lowest average value of stem length was observed. The K3 and K4 variants have a more developed root system compared to other variants. Based on the obtained data it can be assumed that the most optimal universal component for creating a growth substrate is vari
乌克兰污水污泥的大量增加是一个紧迫的环境问题，需要为其处置选择有效的战略。污泥堆肥技术的使用导致污泥作为一种资源的恢复，与填埋方法相比，它具有成本效益和环境可持续性。本研究的目的是进行以堆肥污泥为基础的生长基质的生物指示试验，并为其在城市固体废物填埋场再生技术中的应用提供可能性。对天然吸附剂沸石进行不同改性后的四种堆肥进行了试验。在试验过程中，测定了多花黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)在不同基质上的平均发芽率。还测量了植株地上部分和根系的质量和长度。结果表明，在基质中添加天然吸附剂对植物的生长发育有积极的影响。本次调查按照乌克兰国家标准的现行规范进行:DSTU 7369(2013)，“废水”。灌溉和施肥用废水及其沉积物的要求”;DSTU ISO 11269-1(2004)，“土壤质量。污染物对土壤植物群影响的测定。第1部分:测定对根生长抑制作用的方法;DSTU ISO 11269-2(2002)，“土壤质量。污染物对土壤植物群影响的测定。第二部分:化学品对高等植物发芽和生长的影响。以天然吸附剂沸石为原料，按比例进行改性，分别为:0;2.5;5;7.5、深灰色镀金土作为对照元素。本试验测定了多花黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)在不同基质上的平均发芽率。还测量了植株地上部分和根系的质量和长度。试验第7天开始出现黑麦草的第一批芽。在吸附剂含量为5%的对照样品和吸附剂含量为7.5%的K2底物样品中，萌发第7天的平均值最高，为90%。然而，与K1、K2和对照相比，植物在基质K3和K4中的发芽时间较晚。在吸附剂含量为5%的样品中，基质K1的植物发芽率最高，达到100%。在沸石含量为0%的样品中，变异K4的茎长平均值最高，而在不含沸石的样品中，变异K1的茎长平均值最低。与其他变异相比，K3和K4变异具有更发达的根系。基于获得的数据可以认为最优的通用组件创建一个生长基质是变体K3(“新选择”和“旧”的混合物SS)已不那么发达的地上部分,但非常支根系统可以适应各种环境因素,结合自然吸着剂的一小部分可以有效的垃圾填埋场的复植,在它将减少需要使用一层肥沃的土壤。
{"title":"Substrates based on composted sewage sludge for land recultivation","authors":"Uliana Storoshchuk, M. Malovanyy, I. Tymchuk","doi":"10.12775/eq.2022.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eq.2022.039","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing a large amounts of sewage sludge in Ukraine is an urgent environmental problem that requires the selection of an effective strategy for their disposal. The usage of sludge composting technology leads to the restoration of sludge as a resource and is cost-effective and environmentally sustainable compared to the method of landfilling. The purpose of this research is to carry out bioindication tests of growth substrates based on composted sewage sludge with the subsequent possibility of their usage in the technology of recultivation of landfills for municipal solid waste. The experiment was performed on four types of compost with different modifications of the natural sorbent - zeolite. During the experiment the average percentage of germination of polygamous ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne L.) was determined in the investigated substrates. The mass and length of the aboveground part of the plant and roots were also measured. The results showed that the addition of natural sorbent to substrates has a positive effect on growth and development of plants.\u0000This investigation was conducted in accordance with the current norms of national standards of Ukraine: DSTU 7369 (2013), \"Wastewater. Requirements for wastewater and its sediments for irrigation and fertilization\"; DSTU ISO 11269-1 (2004), \"Soil quality. Determination of the effect of pollutants on soil flora. Part 1: Method for determining the inhibitory effect on a root growth\"; DSTU ISO 11269-2 (2002), \"Soil quality. Determination of the effect of pollutants on soil flora. Part 2: Effects of Chemicals on Germination and Growth of Higher Plants\". The experiment was conducted on four types of compost with different modifications of the natural sorbent - zeolite in percentage amounts: 0; 2.5; 5; 7.5, dark-grey gilded soil was used as a control element. In the experiment, the average percentage of germination of polygamous ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne L.) on the studied substrates was determined. The mass and length of the aboveground part of the plant and roots were also measured.\u0000The first sprouts of ryegrass began to appear on the 7th day of the experiment. The highest average value on the seventh day of germination was 90% in the control sample with 5% of sorbent content and in K2 substrate in the sample with 7.5% sorbent content. However, the germination of plants in substrates K3 and K4 occurred later compared with substrates K1, K2, and control. For substrate K1 in the sample with a sorbent content of 5%, plant germination was the highest and was 100%. The highest average value of ryegrass stem length is observed in variant K4 in the sample with 0% zeolite content and in variant K1 in the sample without zeolite content the lowest average value of stem length was observed. The K3 and K4 variants have a more developed root system compared to other variants.\u0000Based on the obtained data it can be assumed that the most optimal universal component for creating a growth substrate is vari","PeriodicalId":44105,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Questions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48540438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Barakat, Rida Khellouk, W. Ennaji, Hassan Mosaid
The present study was conducted in the SE area of phosphate plateaus (Khouribga) located in central Morocco. It attempted to assess the heavy metal (HM) (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) contamination in the farmland soils and their potential ecological hazard and non-non-carcinogenic risks using various pollution indices, magnetic susceptibility (MS), and Geographical Information System (GIS) methods. A total of 41 soil samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), grain-size, organic matter (OM), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and MS and HM elements. The results showed a mean dominance order of Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd where mean concentrations of HMs, except Pb, exceeded their local background and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) permissible guidelines. The values of geo-accumulation index (Igeo), nemerow pollution index (PI), and pollution load index (PLI) revealed significant high level of HM contamination in soils. The MS values showed a spatial distribution pattern similar to those of HMs, attesting the ability of the MS method for mapping the contaminated soils. Agricultural and mining activities and geologic materials were the main sources of HM accumulation. According to the potential ecological risk index (RI) (195.93
{"title":"Investigation of heavy metal contamination and ecological and health risks in farmland soils from southeastern phosphate plateaus of Khouribga (Morocco)","authors":"A. Barakat, Rida Khellouk, W. Ennaji, Hassan Mosaid","doi":"10.12775/eq.2022.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eq.2022.036","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted in the SE area of phosphate plateaus (Khouribga) located in central Morocco. It attempted to assess the heavy metal (HM) (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) contamination in the farmland soils and their potential ecological hazard and non-non-carcinogenic risks using various pollution indices, magnetic susceptibility (MS), and Geographical Information System (GIS) methods. A total of 41 soil samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), grain-size, organic matter (OM), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and MS and HM elements. The results showed a mean dominance order of Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd where mean concentrations of HMs, except Pb, exceeded their local background and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) permissible guidelines. The values of geo-accumulation index (Igeo), nemerow pollution index (PI), and pollution load index (PLI) revealed significant high level of HM contamination in soils. The MS values showed a spatial distribution pattern similar to those of HMs, attesting the ability of the MS method for mapping the contaminated soils. Agricultural and mining activities and geologic materials were the main sources of HM accumulation. According to the potential ecological risk index (RI) (195.93<RI<1092.53), the soil samples had moderate (65.85%) to high ecological (34.15%) risk. The hazard index (HI) showed that adults and children are not exposed to non-carcinogenic risk from the studied HMs, apart from two soil samples where Cd posed health risks to children compared to the other studied HMs. The statistical results revealed that soils are polluted by anthropogenic activities. Accordingly, effective agricultural practices that respect the environment, including the reduction of inputs as fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides should be required to guarantee the safety of cropland and the residents in the studied area. Hence, the findings from this study provided some useful information for soil pollution control and management in the study area.","PeriodicalId":44105,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Questions","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66568267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural crops productivity depends on the optimum degree of genetic factors, climate, soil and the level of agro-technology. These factors are changing constantly. The study is focused in a multi-year analysis of the climatic indicators in the region of Korça, by analysing the impact of these changes on the performance of morphological, physiological and production indicators of barley cultivars. The experimental part of the study identified the most suitable barley cultivars and planting period in response to climate changes. The observed data for the time period 2018–2021, and their comparison with a 30-year range period 1961–1990, indicated an increase by 1.8°C of the average atmosphere temperature. During the years of the study, the annual average amount of precipitation has shown not significant changes, but is observed less rainy days with high intensity. The application of the integrated Bagnoulus & Gaussen method indicated that the drought period has increased. From the study it is concluded that climatic factors affect the development of plants not separately but integrated. The period with the greatest influence of ecological factors on the production of different genotypes of barley occurs in the months May – June, a period where the plant is in the ripening stage. The main factor identified, in terms of adaptation to climate change, is the planting of barley in October compared to March, applied in previous practices. Different barley genotypes manifest different degrees of response to climate changes.
{"title":"Changes in the agro-technique cultivation of barley as an adaptation to climate change.","authors":"A. Maho, G. Mero, Ferdinant Maho","doi":"10.12775/eq.2022.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/eq.2022.038","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural crops productivity depends on the optimum degree of genetic factors, climate, soil and the level of agro-technology. These factors are changing constantly. The study is focused in a multi-year analysis of the climatic indicators in the region of Korça, by analysing the impact of these changes on the performance of morphological, physiological and production indicators of barley cultivars. The experimental part of the study identified the most suitable barley cultivars and planting period in response to climate changes. The observed data for the time period 2018–2021, and their comparison with a 30-year range period 1961–1990, indicated an increase by 1.8°C of the average atmosphere temperature. During the years of the study, the annual average amount of precipitation has shown not significant changes, but is observed less rainy days with high intensity. The application of the integrated Bagnoulus & Gaussen method indicated that the drought period has increased. From the study it is concluded that climatic factors affect the development of plants not separately but integrated. The period with the greatest influence of ecological factors on the production of different genotypes of barley occurs in the months May – June, a period where the plant is in the ripening stage. The main factor identified, in terms of adaptation to climate change, is the planting of barley in October compared to March, applied in previous practices. Different barley genotypes manifest different degrees of response to climate changes.","PeriodicalId":44105,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Questions","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49623996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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