Pub Date : 2023-02-20DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-1-78-88
Igor Sokolov, Iurii Solomein, A. Smirnov, I.V. Nikitin
Relevance. When mining large iron ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, one of the main problems is environmental safety, in particular, the maximum preservation of fertile soil. The underground mining method reduces the technogenic load on the natural environment and allows most of the mining waste to be placed in the mined-out space. However, main source of negative environmental impact is the processing production, which occupies large areas and is characterized by intense harmful emissions. Processing facilities placed underground significantly reduce this impact. Research objective is to assess the advisability of building an underground processing facility at the Voronets iron ore deposit. Methods of research. The work uses a comprehensive research method, including rational ore processing scheme justification, underground processing facility design, and a technical and economic comparison. Results. A scheme of ore processing with the production of a high-quality concentrate is presented, and a chain of mechanisms and apparatus for all stages of ore processing is selected, including its crushing, grinding, magnetic separation and dehydration of the resulting products. Based on the parameters of the selected equipment, its underground layout is shown, the volume the processing facility chambers is calculated. It is shown that the entire volume of tailings is located in the chamber goafs of the underground mine and are not lifted to the surface. Conclusions. An approximate assessment of the effectiveness of the processing facility underground location has been made. It has been shown that the cost of building that facility is comparable to the cost of building a similar processing facility on surface. Placing the processing in underground makes it possible to significantly reduce the area of land allotment of the enterprise, to lift only concentrate on the surface, and to eliminate the negative environmental impact of processing production.
{"title":"The advisability of an underground processing facility at the Voronets iron ore deposit","authors":"Igor Sokolov, Iurii Solomein, A. Smirnov, I.V. Nikitin","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-1-78-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-1-78-88","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. When mining large iron ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, one of the main problems is environmental safety, in particular, the maximum preservation of fertile soil. The underground mining method reduces the technogenic load on the natural environment and allows most of the mining waste to be placed in the mined-out space. However, main source of negative environmental impact is the processing production, which occupies large areas and is characterized by intense harmful emissions. Processing facilities placed underground significantly reduce this impact. Research objective is to assess the advisability of building an underground processing facility at the Voronets iron ore deposit. Methods of research. The work uses a comprehensive research method, including rational ore processing scheme justification, underground processing facility design, and a technical and economic comparison. Results. A scheme of ore processing with the production of a high-quality concentrate is presented, and a chain of mechanisms and apparatus for all stages of ore processing is selected, including its crushing, grinding, magnetic separation and dehydration of the resulting products. Based on the parameters of the selected equipment, its underground layout is shown, the volume the processing facility chambers is calculated. It is shown that the entire volume of tailings is located in the chamber goafs of the underground mine and are not lifted to the surface. Conclusions. An approximate assessment of the effectiveness of the processing facility underground location has been made. It has been shown that the cost of building that facility is comparable to the cost of building a similar processing facility on surface. Placing the processing in underground makes it possible to significantly reduce the area of land allotment of the enterprise, to lift only concentrate on the surface, and to eliminate the negative environmental impact of processing production.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85729882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-65-76
D. Danilov, A. Yakovlev, Sergey A. Suvorov, I. Krylov, Sergei A. Korchagov, R. Khamitov
The withdrawal of lands from active agricultural use and their overgrowth with woody vegetation have a steady trend in Russia, especially in the boreal zone. Studying the plantations developed on fallow lands of agricultural territories enables estimation of their resource potential for further use. The aboveground phytomass of vegetation is the most reliable indicator of habitat productivity. It is possible to determine the volume of carbon storage by assessing the phytomass of tree and shrub vegetation, which is relevant in the context of global climate change. The study object was a field out of active agricultural use in the Gatchina district of the Leningrad region. A trial area was laid out on the test site, where a complete enumeration of native hardwoods (birch, aspen, tree and shrub willows) with the determination of the basic inventory indicators was carried out. In order to find out the volume of phytomass, from 6 to 8 model trees of each species were cut down. Allometric equations for calculating the fractional composition of phytomass with a high determination coefficient were derived based on the data obtained on the values of individual fractions of the trunk ground part. The accuracy of the derived equations is reduced due to the high variability of crown characteristics in dense deciduous young growth. The highest phytomass is in the trunk part, and the lowest in the assimilation apparatus for all species of woody vegetation. Calculation of aboveground phytomass on the test site according to the obtained equations showed that the highest value per 1 ha at this successional stage is typical for downy birch. Currently, the participation of woody vegetation growing on post-agrogenic lands in carbon sequestration has no reliable full assessment for the study region. Wood that was grown on lands out of active agricultural use can serve as a biofuel source and be harvested in the form of technological chips.
{"title":"Formation of Aboveground Phytomass of Deciduous Tree Species on Post-Agrogenic Lands","authors":"D. Danilov, A. Yakovlev, Sergey A. Suvorov, I. Krylov, Sergei A. Korchagov, R. Khamitov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-65-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-65-76","url":null,"abstract":"The withdrawal of lands from active agricultural use and their overgrowth with woody vegetation have a steady trend in Russia, especially in the boreal zone. Studying the plantations developed on fallow lands of agricultural territories enables estimation of their resource potential for further use. The aboveground phytomass of vegetation is the most reliable indicator of habitat productivity. It is possible to determine the volume of carbon storage by assessing the phytomass of tree and shrub vegetation, which is relevant in the context of global climate change. The study object was a field out of active agricultural use in the Gatchina district of the Leningrad region. A trial area was laid out on the test site, where a complete enumeration of native hardwoods (birch, aspen, tree and shrub willows) with the determination of the basic inventory indicators was carried out. In order to find out the volume of phytomass, from 6 to 8 model trees of each species were cut down. Allometric equations for calculating the fractional composition of phytomass with a high determination coefficient were derived based on the data obtained on the values of individual fractions of the trunk ground part. The accuracy of the derived equations is reduced due to the high variability of crown characteristics in dense deciduous young growth. The highest phytomass is in the trunk part, and the lowest in the assimilation apparatus for all species of woody vegetation. Calculation of aboveground phytomass on the test site according to the obtained equations showed that the highest value per 1 ha at this successional stage is typical for downy birch. Currently, the participation of woody vegetation growing on post-agrogenic lands in carbon sequestration has no reliable full assessment for the study region. Wood that was grown on lands out of active agricultural use can serve as a biofuel source and be harvested in the form of technological chips.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73689794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-126-152
V. Utkin, S. Matveev
The supply of the national economy with forest resources is directly related to transport accessibility, the condition and development of the road network of forest-rich territories. Construction requirements for year-round and seasonal new forest roads are 2.1 and 9.3 ths km per year, respectively. The situation is complicated by the transfer of transport facilities to new heavier live loads. The previously used design shapes of transport structures are outdated and require new engineering solutions. This is especially relevant for wooden bridge structures, which are of primary importance to forest road builders. The research subject is the wooden bridge girder superstructures with spans of 12–18 m undergoing increased road loads compared to the previous ones. The research aims is the development of modern designs of wooden beam superstructures based on the composite girders made of logs, board-bar-dowel-nail blocks and factory-made laminated blocks. The research includes: superstructures with composite girders of logs combined by combdowel joints, a method for calculating superstructures with composite girders, design of a 15-meter experimental superstructure containing composite log girders in joint operation with roadway reinforced concrete slab; new designs of 15–21-meter superstructures with board-bar-dowel-nail blocks A11 and NK-80 for live loads, design procedure and technology of block manufacturing, examples of designed and built bridges with the 15-meter superstructures; designs of multi-ribbed superstructures made of prefabricated transportable one-piece laminated sections containing laminated beams and a multilayer laminated timber slab. The proposed designes with composite girders of logs (beams) and board-nail blocks can be manufactured on the sites and yards of logging organizations using commonly used equipment, local qualified staff and materials. The cost parameters of permanent bridges built in the Omsk region with the use of these designs are 1.5–2 times lower than those of reinforced concrete analogues. The use of these designs will be effective in the pilot method of forestry development. The use of laminated superstructures is related to the modern phase of forest infrastructure development.
{"title":"Features of Designing Wooden Bridges of the Forest Complex","authors":"V. Utkin, S. Matveev","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-126-152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-126-152","url":null,"abstract":"The supply of the national economy with forest resources is directly related to transport accessibility, the condition and development of the road network of forest-rich territories. Construction requirements for year-round and seasonal new forest roads are 2.1 and 9.3 ths km per year, respectively. The situation is complicated by the transfer of transport facilities to new heavier live loads. The previously used design shapes of transport structures are outdated and require new engineering solutions. This is especially relevant for wooden bridge structures, which are of primary importance to forest road builders. The research subject is the wooden bridge girder superstructures with spans of 12–18 m undergoing increased road loads compared to the previous ones. The research aims is the development of modern designs of wooden beam superstructures based on the composite girders made of logs, board-bar-dowel-nail blocks and factory-made laminated blocks. The research includes: superstructures with composite girders of logs combined by combdowel joints, a method for calculating superstructures with composite girders, design of a 15-meter experimental superstructure containing composite log girders in joint operation with roadway reinforced concrete slab; new designs of 15–21-meter superstructures with board-bar-dowel-nail blocks A11 and NK-80 for live loads, design procedure and technology of block manufacturing, examples of designed and built bridges with the 15-meter superstructures; designs of multi-ribbed superstructures made of prefabricated transportable one-piece laminated sections containing laminated beams and a multilayer laminated timber slab. The proposed designes with composite girders of logs (beams) and board-nail blocks can be manufactured on the sites and yards of logging organizations using commonly used equipment, local qualified staff and materials. The cost parameters of permanent bridges built in the Omsk region with the use of these designs are 1.5–2 times lower than those of reinforced concrete analogues. The use of these designs will be effective in the pilot method of forestry development. The use of laminated superstructures is related to the modern phase of forest infrastructure development.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76216784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-38-50
Evgenij V. Lebedev, Valentin M. Lebedev, V. Sorokopudov, M. Larionov
A complex retrospective ecological and physiological analysis of the tabular data on the dry weight of stands of the genus Picea growing from the Northwest to the Russian Far East was carried out. Ecological and physiological indicators are calculated per an organism (conditional tree of average weight). Biological productivity (BP, times) was determined by the relative increase in the average dry weight of a tree in adjacent age periods. Quantitative data of mineral productivity (MP, mg/m2/per day) were found by the method of VM. Lebedev, and the net productivity of photosynthesis (NPPh, g/m2/per day) was calculated according to A.A. Nichiporovich at the organism level in stands of each age period in the range from 10–30 to 120–210 years. In all regions, there was a decrease in the element uptake by trees with age: nitrogen (N) by 14.9–93.7, phosphorus (P) by 18.7–119.9 and potassium (K) by 15.4–134.4 times. A sharp decrease in the element uptake continued until the age of 50–60 years, after which it stabilized at an extremely low level. The decline in the root uptake activity resulted in a 2.88–14.0 and 1.64–2.60-fold drop in NPPh and BP, respectively. The correlation between N, P and K uptake with NPPH and BP was highly positive in all zones. Within Russia in 30, 60, 90, and 120-year-old stands differences in the values of net primary production (NPP, g/m2 of nutrition area) reached 5.0, 4.7, 4.6, and 5.2 times, respectively, and net mineral productivity by nitrogen (NMP(N), g/m2 of nutrition area) reached 4.0, 4.3, 4.8, and 4.6 times, respectively. The correlation between these two indicators was described as highly positive. The correlation between the amount of nitrogen uptaken by spruce roots and the efficiency of its use in forming a unit of biomass was highly negative in all regions. The center of the Russian Plain and the Middle Volga region were the best regions for the growth of spruce plants, while the Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk (north) Krais were the worst.
{"title":"Root Nutrition, Photosynthesis, and Net Primary Production in Tree Stands of the genus Picea at the Organism Level within the Range in Russia","authors":"Evgenij V. Lebedev, Valentin M. Lebedev, V. Sorokopudov, M. Larionov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-38-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-38-50","url":null,"abstract":"A complex retrospective ecological and physiological analysis of the tabular data on the dry weight of stands of the genus Picea growing from the Northwest to the Russian Far East was carried out. Ecological and physiological indicators are calculated per an organism (conditional tree of average weight). Biological productivity (BP, times) was determined by the relative increase in the average dry weight of a tree in adjacent age periods. Quantitative data of mineral productivity (MP, mg/m2/per day) were found by the method of VM. Lebedev, and the net productivity of photosynthesis (NPPh, g/m2/per day) was calculated according to A.A. Nichiporovich at the organism level in stands of each age period in the range from 10–30 to 120–210 years. In all regions, there was a decrease in the element uptake by trees with age: nitrogen (N) by 14.9–93.7, phosphorus (P) by 18.7–119.9 and potassium (K) by 15.4–134.4 times. A sharp decrease in the element uptake continued until the age of 50–60 years, after which it stabilized at an extremely low level. The decline in the root uptake activity resulted in a 2.88–14.0 and 1.64–2.60-fold drop in NPPh and BP, respectively. The correlation between N, P and K uptake with NPPH and BP was highly positive in all zones. Within Russia in 30, 60, 90, and 120-year-old stands differences in the values of net primary production (NPP, g/m2 of nutrition area) reached 5.0, 4.7, 4.6, and 5.2 times, respectively, and net mineral productivity by nitrogen (NMP(N), g/m2 of nutrition area) reached 4.0, 4.3, 4.8, and 4.6 times, respectively. The correlation between these two indicators was described as highly positive. The correlation between the amount of nitrogen uptaken by spruce roots and the efficiency of its use in forming a unit of biomass was highly negative in all regions. The center of the Russian Plain and the Middle Volga region were the best regions for the growth of spruce plants, while the Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk (north) Krais were the worst.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89469766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-201-212
Anna V. Bakhtiyarova, Sergey D. Pimenov, A. Sizov
Studies in the field of hydrolysis of plant polysaccharides are ordinary classified according to protic reactions with diluted or concentrated acids. Such classification is based on the significant difference in the mechanisms of the reactions. The hydrolysis of polysaccharides of plant materials with the diluted acids is indicated by the concentrations of the mineral acids 0.5–10.0 % or happens by acid-free autohydrolysis, without any use of acids. Each of these reactions has considerably different kinetic and temperature-time parameters. They have both advantages and disadvantages. In particular, the hydrolysis using dilute acids is specified by a significant consumption of reagents and the presence of a large amount of carbohydrate degradation products in the hydrolysate. Autohydrolysis is characterized by a relatively low monosaccharide yield, high energy consumption for the process and the formation of many by-products. To date, studies regarding hydrolysis of polysaccharides of plant materials with acids in a concentration range of less than 0.5 % are absent. The reason for the lack of interest in research in this area, in our opinion, was the statement that acid in the process of hydrolysis is spent on the neutralization of ash components of plant materials at a flow rate of 5 to 20 g/kg of dry raw materials. Accordingly, when hydrolysis is carried out with ultra-low concentrations of acid, it is possible to completely neutralize it and switch the hydrolysis process from acid to acid-free autohydrolysis. The purpose of the work was to establish the efficiency of the hydrolysis process at ultra-low acid consumption. A study of the process of hydrolysis of hemicelluloses of birch wood at ultra-low concentrations of sulfuric acid was carried out. The possibility of almost complete hydrolysis of hemicelluloses with sulfuric acid with concentration of 0.10–0.25 % is shown. The process of hydrolysis of hemicelluloses with ultra-low acid concentrations is well described by the first order reaction. The general kinetic constants are calculated according to the experimental data. They show that the process occupies an intermediate position between acid-free autohydrolysis and traditional hydrolysis of hemicelluloses with sulfuric acid with a concentration of more than 0.5 %. The developed technique is advantageously different from the known methods of hydrolysis of hemicelluloses by low consumption of sulfuric acid (more than 5 times) and energy resources. Hemicellulose hydrolysates obtained by ultra-low acid concentration regimes have high benign properties and can be used in xylitol production.
{"title":"Hydrolysis of Wood Hemicelluloses at Ultra-Low Sulfuric Acid Concentrations","authors":"Anna V. Bakhtiyarova, Sergey D. Pimenov, A. Sizov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-201-212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-201-212","url":null,"abstract":"Studies in the field of hydrolysis of plant polysaccharides are ordinary classified according to protic reactions with diluted or concentrated acids. Such classification is based on the significant difference in the mechanisms of the reactions. The hydrolysis of polysaccharides of plant materials with the diluted acids is indicated by the concentrations of the mineral acids 0.5–10.0 % or happens by acid-free autohydrolysis, without any use of acids. Each of these reactions has considerably different kinetic and temperature-time parameters. They have both advantages and disadvantages. In particular, the hydrolysis using dilute acids is specified by a significant consumption of reagents and the presence of a large amount of carbohydrate degradation products in the hydrolysate. Autohydrolysis is characterized by a relatively low monosaccharide yield, high energy consumption for the process and the formation of many by-products. To date, studies regarding hydrolysis of polysaccharides of plant materials with acids in a concentration range of less than 0.5 % are absent. The reason for the lack of interest in research in this area, in our opinion, was the statement that acid in the process of hydrolysis is spent on the neutralization of ash components of plant materials at a flow rate of 5 to 20 g/kg of dry raw materials. Accordingly, when hydrolysis is carried out with ultra-low concentrations of acid, it is possible to completely neutralize it and switch the hydrolysis process from acid to acid-free autohydrolysis. The purpose of the work was to establish the efficiency of the hydrolysis process at ultra-low acid consumption. A study of the process of hydrolysis of hemicelluloses of birch wood at ultra-low concentrations of sulfuric acid was carried out. The possibility of almost complete hydrolysis of hemicelluloses with sulfuric acid with concentration of 0.10–0.25 % is shown. The process of hydrolysis of hemicelluloses with ultra-low acid concentrations is well described by the first order reaction. The general kinetic constants are calculated according to the experimental data. They show that the process occupies an intermediate position between acid-free autohydrolysis and traditional hydrolysis of hemicelluloses with sulfuric acid with a concentration of more than 0.5 %. The developed technique is advantageously different from the known methods of hydrolysis of hemicelluloses by low consumption of sulfuric acid (more than 5 times) and energy resources. Hemicellulose hydrolysates obtained by ultra-low acid concentration regimes have high benign properties and can be used in xylitol production.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88589714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-88-99
M. Ermakova, S. Stetsenko, E. Andreeva
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has the leading environment-forming function. Also, the pine is an economically valuable tree species in the Ural region. The long-term use of the pesticide complex in forest nurseries has led to the pesticide pollution of the arable soil, which causes disruption in the pine seedlings growth, weakening their ability to overcome the difficult period of transportation into the forest environment. The use of biostimulants created from extracts of fir and spruce needles, as well as organic ameliorant (forest litter from pinebirch plantations), is considered as a way to reduce the negative impact of pesticides on pine seedlings. At the same time, biologically active preparations and substrates can lead to shifts in the metabolic processes of young plants, which affect the formation of physical characteristics of the stems. The research aims at assessing how wood density changes under the influence of highly active substances of different nature in two-year-old Scots pine seedlings grown in forest nurseries of the Middle Urals. The study objects were two-years-old pine seedlings dug out in autumn from sylvicultural fields and experimental sites in different forest nurseries. Morphometric parameters of seedlings were determined in the laboratory conditions. The basic wood density of stems in the 1st and 2nd years of growth was determined by the method of maximum humidity. It was found that the metabolic activity of pesticides and biostimulants leads to changes in the formation of physical properties of stems at the initial stages of pine growth: when growing seedlings in pesticide-polluted soil, the height of seedlings is lower, and the basic density of stem wood is higher, compared to control group. Forest litter from mixed plantations (birch-pine), when introduced to the forest nursery soil, produces seedlings of greater height and has no significant effect on the formation of physical and mechanical properties of wood. The seed treatment by biostimulants leads to a rapid increase in the stems size, but the wood density decreases, relative to the control option. Corrective measures and the development of balanced agronomic machinery for production of pine with the required physical qualities of wood are needed in the future. The study of the qualitative characteristics formation features of trees, when using intensive technologies in nurseries, is necessary for the development of target models for the subsequent use of such seedlings in forest management.
{"title":"Influence of Highly Active Compounds on Mechanical Properties of Wood of Two-Year-Old Scots Pine Seedlings in Forest Nurseries","authors":"M. Ermakova, S. Stetsenko, E. Andreeva","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-88-99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-88-99","url":null,"abstract":"Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has the leading environment-forming function. Also, the pine is an economically valuable tree species in the Ural region. The long-term use of the pesticide complex in forest nurseries has led to the pesticide pollution of the arable soil, which causes disruption in the pine seedlings growth, weakening their ability to overcome the difficult period of transportation into the forest environment. The use of biostimulants created from extracts of fir and spruce needles, as well as organic ameliorant (forest litter from pinebirch plantations), is considered as a way to reduce the negative impact of pesticides on pine seedlings. At the same time, biologically active preparations and substrates can lead to shifts in the metabolic processes of young plants, which affect the formation of physical characteristics of the stems. The research aims at assessing how wood density changes under the influence of highly active substances of different nature in two-year-old Scots pine seedlings grown in forest nurseries of the Middle Urals. The study objects were two-years-old pine seedlings dug out in autumn from sylvicultural fields and experimental sites in different forest nurseries. Morphometric parameters of seedlings were determined in the laboratory conditions. The basic wood density of stems in the 1st and 2nd years of growth was determined by the method of maximum humidity. It was found that the metabolic activity of pesticides and biostimulants leads to changes in the formation of physical properties of stems at the initial stages of pine growth: when growing seedlings in pesticide-polluted soil, the height of seedlings is lower, and the basic density of stem wood is higher, compared to control group. Forest litter from mixed plantations (birch-pine), when introduced to the forest nursery soil, produces seedlings of greater height and has no significant effect on the formation of physical and mechanical properties of wood. The seed treatment by biostimulants leads to a rapid increase in the stems size, but the wood density decreases, relative to the control option. Corrective measures and the development of balanced agronomic machinery for production of pine with the required physical qualities of wood are needed in the future. The study of the qualitative characteristics formation features of trees, when using intensive technologies in nurseries, is necessary for the development of target models for the subsequent use of such seedlings in forest management.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88619541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-172-185
V. Lyubov, Ilya I. Tsypnyatov
The share of thermal power plants that consume renewable energy resources is growing worldwide. Wood and bio-coal pellets become more and more common as fuels. The technological cycle of pulp and paper production produces a large amount of wood waste, which must be used efficiently. However, bark-wood waste is hard-burning fuel, which causes the need to “light” the flare with high-calorie non-renewable fuel, is followed by the formation of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. Boilers KM-75-40, taken out of production in 1985, are still used at Russian enterprises for the use of bark-wood fuel as an energy source. Energy examination of the boiler KM-75-40 during its operation with bark-wood fuel (coniferous and deciduous wood bark, substandard chips and sawdust) showed that the design and technical condition of the boiler does not provide the required combustion rate of fuel components and environmental parameters that meet the requirements of the state standard, GOST. The present work aims at analyzing the possibilities of comprehensive improvement of efficiency of bark-wood fuel combustion in boilers KM-75-40. Highriority measures to improve the efficiency of these boilers were developed based on the research results. Boilers KM-75-40 have been in operation for more than 50 years and require replacement with modern low-emission heat generating systems. Prior to replacement, however, upgrading the boilers is recommended: their transition to the layer-vortex combustion technology and the use of biocoal pellets, as an additive to the bark-wood fuel, in order to adjust the thermal characteristics of the combusted biofuel and steam capacity of the boilers. Bio-coal pellets produced from hydrolysis lignin, which has undergone soft pyrolysis, are promising for this purpose. Thermal and aerodynamic calculations of the boiler KM-75-40 with different proportion of pellets by heat release, as well as thermogravimetric studies were carried out to assess the effectiveness of co-combustion of bark-wood fuel and bio-coal pellets. The thermal calculation included: the circulation rate of fuel particles in the vortex zone, the granulometric composition of the combusted fuel mixture, the location features of combustion equipment, reducing the contamination of the heating surface. The transition to the combustion of this fuel mixture using the layer-vortex technology will allow to refuse from using non-renewable fuels in the boiler KM-75-40 when combusting high-moisture bark-wood fuel, will significantly increase the boiler efficiency and reduce the negative impact on the environment.
{"title":"Improving the Efficiency of Energy Use of Biofuels","authors":"V. Lyubov, Ilya I. Tsypnyatov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-172-185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-172-185","url":null,"abstract":"The share of thermal power plants that consume renewable energy resources is growing worldwide. Wood and bio-coal pellets become more and more common as fuels. The technological cycle of pulp and paper production produces a large amount of wood waste, which must be used efficiently. However, bark-wood waste is hard-burning fuel, which causes the need to “light” the flare with high-calorie non-renewable fuel, is followed by the formation of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. Boilers KM-75-40, taken out of production in 1985, are still used at Russian enterprises for the use of bark-wood fuel as an energy source. Energy examination of the boiler KM-75-40 during its operation with bark-wood fuel (coniferous and deciduous wood bark, substandard chips and sawdust) showed that the design and technical condition of the boiler does not provide the required combustion rate of fuel components and environmental parameters that meet the requirements of the state standard, GOST. The present work aims at analyzing the possibilities of comprehensive improvement of efficiency of bark-wood fuel combustion in boilers KM-75-40. Highriority measures to improve the efficiency of these boilers were developed based on the research results. Boilers KM-75-40 have been in operation for more than 50 years and require replacement with modern low-emission heat generating systems. Prior to replacement, however, upgrading the boilers is recommended: their transition to the layer-vortex combustion technology and the use of biocoal pellets, as an additive to the bark-wood fuel, in order to adjust the thermal characteristics of the combusted biofuel and steam capacity of the boilers. Bio-coal pellets produced from hydrolysis lignin, which has undergone soft pyrolysis, are promising for this purpose. Thermal and aerodynamic calculations of the boiler KM-75-40 with different proportion of pellets by heat release, as well as thermogravimetric studies were carried out to assess the effectiveness of co-combustion of bark-wood fuel and bio-coal pellets. The thermal calculation included: the circulation rate of fuel particles in the vortex zone, the granulometric composition of the combusted fuel mixture, the location features of combustion equipment, reducing the contamination of the heating surface. The transition to the combustion of this fuel mixture using the layer-vortex technology will allow to refuse from using non-renewable fuels in the boiler KM-75-40 when combusting high-moisture bark-wood fuel, will significantly increase the boiler efficiency and reduce the negative impact on the environment.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74761977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-9-21
A. Dancheva, S. Zalesov
The article deals with the effect of thinning in a permanent trial plot (PTP). The objects of care were natural clean even-aged pine forests growing in arid conditions of the Kazakh Uplands (case study of the Burabay National Park). The first thinning led by A.A. Weisman was carried out in 1994 in 25–30-year-old stands with the care intensity from 12.5 to 49.7 %. Besides the operating sections, the trial plot laid out during the research had control sections, where thinning was not carried out. The inventory indicators of the stands were determined, and the effects of thinning were analyzed in all the control and operating sections 70 years after the experiment began. The experiment proves that in dry pine forests of Northern Kazakhstan, the stock of stands in the operating sections, even 70 years after the care does not reach the volume of stock in the control sections. This also applies to the sections covered by low-intensity thinning. At the same time, thinning reduces the stock of ground flammable materials and deadwood. It increases the average diameter of trees relative to the care intensity. This enhances the fire resistance and recreational attractiveness of the plantations. An expanded distribution series of trees by natural diameter classes is observed in all sections: the number of natural diameter classes is 1.8 times greater than the normative distribution, which is one of the proofs of the specificity of the structure of the studied pine forests. The use of thinning with high intensity by the stock is the most promising. Dead standing, diseased and stunted trees are removed from the stand in the course of thinning. Thinning is recommended for 20–25 and 40–50 years old trees.
{"title":"Formation of Biologically Stable Protective Pine Forests by Improvement Thinning in Northern Kazakhstan","authors":"A. Dancheva, S. Zalesov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-9-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-9-21","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the effect of thinning in a permanent trial plot (PTP). The objects of care were natural clean even-aged pine forests growing in arid conditions of the Kazakh Uplands (case study of the Burabay National Park). The first thinning led by A.A. Weisman was carried out in 1994 in 25–30-year-old stands with the care intensity from 12.5 to 49.7 %. Besides the operating sections, the trial plot laid out during the research had control sections, where thinning was not carried out. The inventory indicators of the stands were determined, and the effects of thinning were analyzed in all the control and operating sections 70 years after the experiment began. The experiment proves that in dry pine forests of Northern Kazakhstan, the stock of stands in the operating sections, even 70 years after the care does not reach the volume of stock in the control sections. This also applies to the sections covered by low-intensity thinning. At the same time, thinning reduces the stock of ground flammable materials and deadwood. It increases the average diameter of trees relative to the care intensity. This enhances the fire resistance and recreational attractiveness of the plantations. An expanded distribution series of trees by natural diameter classes is observed in all sections: the number of natural diameter classes is 1.8 times greater than the normative distribution, which is one of the proofs of the specificity of the structure of the studied pine forests. The use of thinning with high intensity by the stock is the most promising. Dead standing, diseased and stunted trees are removed from the stand in the course of thinning. Thinning is recommended for 20–25 and 40–50 years old trees.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90494270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-116-125
V. Sivakov, Anatolij N. Zaikin, E. Sheveleva
At the present time cutting of trees, delimbing, and crosscutting with gasoline-powered saws and logging machines are carried out in the forestry cutting area operations with the help of chain saws. Therefore, the efficiency of forestry work depends on the reliability and performance of the chain saw machine. The problem of increasing the reliability of sawing machines, increasing their service life becomes particularly relevant due to a sharp decrease in the volume of logging with the use of multi-operator logging machines. In this regard, the wide use of efficient motor tools, improvement of their design, especially the chain saw machine, with regard to reducing the harmful effect on the operator is of great importance. Poor quality and performance of domestic machinery has led to the fact that mainly imported tools are used in Russia, while their price and maintenance costs are constantly increasing and, consequently, the cost of harvested wood increases too. In this regard, it is important to develop and introduce new, more perfect tool designs that are not only as good as the reliability and performance of the imported equipment, but even much better. Taking it into account, we can consider that the issue of chain saw research with regard to the specifics of its design, as well as its science-based improvement will increase the operational performance and reliability of machines, which is important for the logging industry. One of the main causes of saw unit failures is the increased wear of its components accompanied by the improper saw chain tensioning. Currently, the proposed devices for regulating the tension of the saw chain require periodic stopping of the saw, as none of the devices provides its automatic tensioning. Thus, the purpose of the research is to improve the reliability and service life of chain saws of forestry machinery on the basis of improving the design that provides automatic tensioning of the saw chain. The paper describes the design solutions to improve the saw machine, that is the design of the device that provides automatic tensioning of the saw chain when the saw bar is fixed, allowing to increase the reliability and service life of chain saws, to reduce the chain slipping during the work, which will increase the safety of work and reduce the risk of injury to the operator.
{"title":"Design Improvement of the Forestry Chain Saws","authors":"V. Sivakov, Anatolij N. Zaikin, E. Sheveleva","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-116-125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-116-125","url":null,"abstract":"At the present time cutting of trees, delimbing, and crosscutting with gasoline-powered saws and logging machines are carried out in the forestry cutting area operations with the help of chain saws. Therefore, the efficiency of forestry work depends on the reliability and performance of the chain saw machine. The problem of increasing the reliability of sawing machines, increasing their service life becomes particularly relevant due to a sharp decrease in the volume of logging with the use of multi-operator logging machines. In this regard, the wide use of efficient motor tools, improvement of their design, especially the chain saw machine, with regard to reducing the harmful effect on the operator is of great importance. Poor quality and performance of domestic machinery has led to the fact that mainly imported tools are used in Russia, while their price and maintenance costs are constantly increasing and, consequently, the cost of harvested wood increases too. In this regard, it is important to develop and introduce new, more perfect tool designs that are not only as good as the reliability and performance of the imported equipment, but even much better. Taking it into account, we can consider that the issue of chain saw research with regard to the specifics of its design, as well as its science-based improvement will increase the operational performance and reliability of machines, which is important for the logging industry. One of the main causes of saw unit failures is the increased wear of its components accompanied by the improper saw chain tensioning. Currently, the proposed devices for regulating the tension of the saw chain require periodic stopping of the saw, as none of the devices provides its automatic tensioning. Thus, the purpose of the research is to improve the reliability and service life of chain saws of forestry machinery on the basis of improving the design that provides automatic tensioning of the saw chain. The paper describes the design solutions to improve the saw machine, that is the design of the device that provides automatic tensioning of the saw chain when the saw bar is fixed, allowing to increase the reliability and service life of chain saws, to reduce the chain slipping during the work, which will increase the safety of work and reduce the risk of injury to the operator.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76371133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-153-171
A. Mokhirev, K. Rukomojnikov, M.M. Gerasimova, S. Medvedev, M. Zyryanov
Increasing the profit received from 1 hectare of the developed forest area is one of the priority tasks of the forest industry today. This parameter describes the efficiency of forest management and affects the availability of wood resources. One of the possible solutions of this issue is the development of effective technological chains of manufacturing commodity products from wood felling residues. Currently, there are ample opportunities to obtain various products from harvested wood, including wastes from its logging and processing. The product range is significantly differentiated by cost and selling price. In Russia one of the important factors is the demand for certain types of products from wood resources, which is significantly inferior in its volume to foreign markets. Costs related to the manufacturing process are the most significant in the structure of production costs. Meanwhile, expenses may vary dramatically depending on the chosen technology, logistics, and specific production conditions in terms of the formation sources and specific weight in the overall structure. The set of factors that influence the choice of the type of products to be produced and, ultimately, the reasonable portfolio of commodity products, is not easy to consider in the issues of optimization. The study aims at forming a technological chain of processing felling residues at the stage of logging operations with obtaining an effective portfolio of commodity products under dynamic natural and production conditions. We propose to apply a graph-analytical model, in which the peaks of the graph are the cutting area, production operations, and а consumer. The arcs of this model are characterized by the carrying capacity limited by the productivity or volume of raw materials available for the operation, as well as the labor and costs (variable and constant). It should be mentioned that fixed costs arise primarily in the wood storage. A distinctive feature of the proposed model is the accounting of irrecoverable losses resulting from certain production operations and from the longterm storage of timber used for manufacturing commodity products including the costs of their disposal. The proposed graph-analytical model and procedure for solving the problem will allow determining the optimal technological chains of processing of wood felling residues with obtaining a commercial yield portfolio.
{"title":"Technological Procedure for the Manufacture of Products Using Felling Residues","authors":"A. Mokhirev, K. Rukomojnikov, M.M. Gerasimova, S. Medvedev, M. Zyryanov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-153-171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-1-153-171","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing the profit received from 1 hectare of the developed forest area is one of the priority tasks of the forest industry today. This parameter describes the efficiency of forest management and affects the availability of wood resources. One of the possible solutions of this issue is the development of effective technological chains of manufacturing commodity products from wood felling residues. Currently, there are ample opportunities to obtain various products from harvested wood, including wastes from its logging and processing. The product range is significantly differentiated by cost and selling price. In Russia one of the important factors is the demand for certain types of products from wood resources, which is significantly inferior in its volume to foreign markets. Costs related to the manufacturing process are the most significant in the structure of production costs. Meanwhile, expenses may vary dramatically depending on the chosen technology, logistics, and specific production conditions in terms of the formation sources and specific weight in the overall structure. The set of factors that influence the choice of the type of products to be produced and, ultimately, the reasonable portfolio of commodity products, is not easy to consider in the issues of optimization. The study aims at forming a technological chain of processing felling residues at the stage of logging operations with obtaining an effective portfolio of commodity products under dynamic natural and production conditions. We propose to apply a graph-analytical model, in which the peaks of the graph are the cutting area, production operations, and а consumer. The arcs of this model are characterized by the carrying capacity limited by the productivity or volume of raw materials available for the operation, as well as the labor and costs (variable and constant). It should be mentioned that fixed costs arise primarily in the wood storage. A distinctive feature of the proposed model is the accounting of irrecoverable losses resulting from certain production operations and from the longterm storage of timber used for manufacturing commodity products including the costs of their disposal. The proposed graph-analytical model and procedure for solving the problem will allow determining the optimal technological chains of processing of wood felling residues with obtaining a commercial yield portfolio.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85204269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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