Pub Date : 2023-06-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-155-161
V. Shamaev, O. Shishlov
Aspen and poplar are the least required types of wood in the Russian Federation, whose stock is continually expanding. Such wood can be used as a substitute for valuable hardwood, but in this case the strength must be almost doubled while achieving stability in shape and size. Treatment with acetic anhydride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, or hydrothermal care are the most common methods for maintaining the volumetric stability of the wood. Treatment with phenol- and urea-formaldehyde monomers, oligomers, and resins is typically done for strength improvement. The stabilization of the dimensional parameters is especially critical for pressed wood, which has 8 times greater swelling in water than raw wood. Cardanol was chosen as a modifier. It can be derived from cashew nutshell liquid or synthesized. The established technique for impregnating wood with cardanol includes 2–3 % acetic acid, followed by heat treatment at 140–150 °С for 6–8 hours. During this process, cardanol polymerizes with components of the lignocarbohydrate complex of the wood, which does not only improve its characteristics but also provides form and size stability in an environment with changeable humidity. A Mettler Toledo DSC 823e/700 differential scanning calorimeter was used to examine the kinetics. Heat fluxes were measured in 30 µl sealed steel crucibles that could sustain steam pressure up to 15 MPa. At a heating rate of 10 °C/min, the heat flow curve showed an exothermic peak with a maximum temperature of 150.7 °C. Aspen wood with 15 % cardanol content has a compressive strength along the fibers of 69 MPa, a volume swelling limit of 2.6 %, and a moisture absorption limit of 18 %. The ultimate water absorption and ultimate volumetric swelling of wood impregnated with cardanol are comparable to the relevant indications of the modified wood brands Accoja, Belmadur, and Thermowood. For citation: Shamaev V.A., Shishlov O.F. Hardening and Stabilization of Volumetric Properties in Aspen and Poplar Wood with Cardanol. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 155–161. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-155-161
{"title":"Hardening and Stabilization of Volumetric Properties in Aspen and Poplar Wood with Cardanol","authors":"V. Shamaev, O. Shishlov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-155-161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-155-161","url":null,"abstract":"Aspen and poplar are the least required types of wood in the Russian Federation, whose stock is continually expanding. Such wood can be used as a substitute for valuable hardwood, but in this case the strength must be almost doubled while achieving stability in shape and size. Treatment with acetic anhydride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, or hydrothermal care are the most common methods for maintaining the volumetric stability of the wood. Treatment with phenol- and urea-formaldehyde monomers, oligomers, and resins is typically done for strength improvement. The stabilization of the dimensional parameters is especially critical for pressed wood, which has 8 times greater swelling in water than raw wood. Cardanol was chosen as a modifier. It can be derived from cashew nutshell liquid or synthesized. The established technique for impregnating wood with cardanol includes 2–3 % acetic acid, followed by heat treatment at 140–150 °С for 6–8 hours. During this process, cardanol polymerizes with components of the lignocarbohydrate complex of the wood, which does not only improve its characteristics but also provides form and size stability in an environment with changeable humidity. A Mettler Toledo DSC 823e/700 differential scanning calorimeter was used to examine the kinetics. Heat fluxes were measured in 30 µl sealed steel crucibles that could sustain steam pressure up to 15 MPa. At a heating rate of 10 °C/min, the heat flow curve showed an exothermic peak with a maximum temperature of 150.7 °C. Aspen wood with 15 % cardanol content has a compressive strength along the fibers of 69 MPa, a volume swelling limit of 2.6 %, and a moisture absorption limit of 18 %. The ultimate water absorption and ultimate volumetric swelling of wood impregnated with cardanol are comparable to the relevant indications of the modified wood brands Accoja, Belmadur, and Thermowood. For citation: Shamaev V.A., Shishlov O.F. Hardening and Stabilization of Volumetric Properties in Aspen and Poplar Wood with Cardanol. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 155–161. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-155-161","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90639824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-162-172
Еvgeniy А. Toptunov, Yuliya V. Sevastyanova, Ksenia Vashukova
This study investigates powdered cellulose materials, particularly nanocellulose derived from plant and bacterial sources. The nanocellulose was generated by hydrolyzing bleached sulphate softwood and hardwood pulp samples with strong acids. The original materials are present in the product lines of leading Russian pulp and paper companies. The bacterial cellulose was produced under laboratory conditions from Medusomyces gisevii. The dimensional parameters of the nanocellulose samples were evaluated using electron microscopy, and the degree of polymerization was measured by determining the viscosity of the cellulose solutions in cadoxene. The bleached softwood pulp had a nanocellulose particle length of 80–200 nm, a particle diameter of 80–100 nm, and a degree of polymerization of 60. The bleached hardwood pulp had a particle length of 80–150 nm, a particle diameter of 70–100 nm, and a degree of polymerization of 50. The bacterial nanocellulose had a particle length of 120–250 nm, a particle diameter of 70–120 nm, and a degree of polymerization of 110. Suspensions of various concentrations (from 1 to 10 %) were prepared from nanocellulose samples, which were subsequently used as reinforcing additives in cardboard samples. The additive was applied to the surface in one or two layers. Additives of nanocellulose preparations reduced the breaking length (from 9.6 to 40.4 %) along with an increase in cardboard density (from 6.3 to 23.8 %), tensile rigidity (from 14.0 to 25.0 %) and bursting strength (up to 31.9 %). The best results were obtained by applying a nanocellulose suspension of bleached softwood pulp to the board surface in two layers: a 9.6 % decrease in breaking length was observed with an increase in density of 23.8 %, tensile rigidity of 25.0 %, and bursting resistance of 31.9 % relative to the control sample. Therefore, the study showed the possibility of using nanocellulose suspensions derived from plants and bacterial sources by acid hydrolysis for the surface treatment of cardboard. For citation: Toptunov Е.А., Sevastyanova Yu.V., Vashukova K.S. Surface Treatment of Cardboard with Plant and Bacterial Derived Nanocellulose Suspensions. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 162–172. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-162-172
{"title":"Surface Treatment of Cardboard with Plant and Bacterial Derived Nanocellulose Suspensions","authors":"Еvgeniy А. Toptunov, Yuliya V. Sevastyanova, Ksenia Vashukova","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-162-172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-162-172","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates powdered cellulose materials, particularly nanocellulose derived from plant and bacterial sources. The nanocellulose was generated by hydrolyzing bleached sulphate softwood and hardwood pulp samples with strong acids. The original materials are present in the product lines of leading Russian pulp and paper companies. The bacterial cellulose was produced under laboratory conditions from Medusomyces gisevii. The dimensional parameters of the nanocellulose samples were evaluated using electron microscopy, and the degree of polymerization was measured by determining the viscosity of the cellulose solutions in cadoxene. The bleached softwood pulp had a nanocellulose particle length of 80–200 nm, a particle diameter of 80–100 nm, and a degree of polymerization of 60. The bleached hardwood pulp had a particle length of 80–150 nm, a particle diameter of 70–100 nm, and a degree of polymerization of 50. The bacterial nanocellulose had a particle length of 120–250 nm, a particle diameter of 70–120 nm, and a degree of polymerization of 110. Suspensions of various concentrations (from 1 to 10 %) were prepared from nanocellulose samples, which were subsequently used as reinforcing additives in cardboard samples. The additive was applied to the surface in one or two layers. Additives of nanocellulose preparations reduced the breaking length (from 9.6 to 40.4 %) along with an increase in cardboard density (from 6.3 to 23.8 %), tensile rigidity (from 14.0 to 25.0 %) and bursting strength (up to 31.9 %). The best results were obtained by applying a nanocellulose suspension of bleached softwood pulp to the board surface in two layers: a 9.6 % decrease in breaking length was observed with an increase in density of 23.8 %, tensile rigidity of 25.0 %, and bursting resistance of 31.9 % relative to the control sample. Therefore, the study showed the possibility of using nanocellulose suspensions derived from plants and bacterial sources by acid hydrolysis for the surface treatment of cardboard. For citation: Toptunov Е.А., Sevastyanova Yu.V., Vashukova K.S. Surface Treatment of Cardboard with Plant and Bacterial Derived Nanocellulose Suspensions. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 162–172. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-162-172","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81401961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-113-125
V. Kleveko, A. Burgonutdinov, Yulia K. Litsinger, O. Burmistrova
Wooden bridges have been used quite frequently on logging roads, regardless of their low durability and weak fire resistance. The preference is determined by the application of local materials in the construction and reparation, thus reducing the cost of the structure. However, the standard construction of the wooden bridge demands large amounts of conditioned draining bulk materials to support the cones, stone materials, or reinforced concrete slabs to protect against soil erosion. Besides, pile foundations are used on soft ground, involving heavy construction machinery. Reinforced soil foundations don’t have disadvantages of this kind. The application of innovative mounds for coastal support may reduce construction costs and increase operational capability. The purpose of the study is to estimate the potential of reinforced soil foundations in the construction of wooden bridge abutments. The results of the calculation for an abutment using reinforced support are presented. The calculations were performed for the standard loads A11, N11, and a forwarder. Additional research was performed to determine the parameters for the forwarder. According to the results, a mark of the forwarder with the maximum load on the abutment was identified. The maximum applied force was exerted by the load H11, and the minimum was A11. The stress from the timber truck Iveco-AMT 633920 (6×6) significantly exceeded the characteristic load A11, yet it was slightly lower compared to H11. The calculations for the abutment were done using the finite element method of the Plaxis 2D software. The parameters were limited to two groups of states. The calculations contained the external and internal stability factors along with the vertical and horizontal displacements of the reinforced structure. The external stability coefficient for the first loading scheme was 2.14; for the second loading scheme, it was 1.44. They exceed the permitted limit that is 1.375. In general, the results demonstrated that the reinforced soil abutment totally meets the requirements of the regulatory documents. For citation: Burgonutdinov A.M., Burmistrova O.N., Kleveko V.I., Litsinger Yu.K. Application of Reinforced Soil Foundations in the Construction of Wooden Bridge Abutments Along Logging Road. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 113–125. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-113-125
{"title":"Application of Reinforced Soil Foundations in the Construction of Wooden Bridge Abutments Along Logging Road","authors":"V. Kleveko, A. Burgonutdinov, Yulia K. Litsinger, O. Burmistrova","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-113-125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-113-125","url":null,"abstract":"Wooden bridges have been used quite frequently on logging roads, regardless of their low durability and weak fire resistance. The preference is determined by the application of local materials in the construction and reparation, thus reducing the cost of the structure. However, the standard construction of the wooden bridge demands large amounts of conditioned draining bulk materials to support the cones, stone materials, or reinforced concrete slabs to protect against soil erosion. Besides, pile foundations are used on soft ground, involving heavy construction machinery. Reinforced soil foundations don’t have disadvantages of this kind. The application of innovative mounds for coastal support may reduce construction costs and increase operational capability. The purpose of the study is to estimate the potential of reinforced soil foundations in the construction of wooden bridge abutments. The results of the calculation for an abutment using reinforced support are presented. The calculations were performed for the standard loads A11, N11, and a forwarder. Additional research was performed to determine the parameters for the forwarder. According to the results, a mark of the forwarder with the maximum load on the abutment was identified. The maximum applied force was exerted by the load H11, and the minimum was A11. The stress from the timber truck Iveco-AMT 633920 (6×6) significantly exceeded the characteristic load A11, yet it was slightly lower compared to H11. The calculations for the abutment were done using the finite element method of the Plaxis 2D software. The parameters were limited to two groups of states. The calculations contained the external and internal stability factors along with the vertical and horizontal displacements of the reinforced structure. The external stability coefficient for the first loading scheme was 2.14; for the second loading scheme, it was 1.44. They exceed the permitted limit that is 1.375. In general, the results demonstrated that the reinforced soil abutment totally meets the requirements of the regulatory documents. For citation: Burgonutdinov A.M., Burmistrova O.N., Kleveko V.I., Litsinger Yu.K. Application of Reinforced Soil Foundations in the Construction of Wooden Bridge Abutments Along Logging Road. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 113–125. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-113-125","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89564119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-84-98
T. Galdina, Alexey I. Chernodubov, Maria I. Mikhailova
The provenance trials of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Central Russian forest-steppe area were established by M.M. Veresen in 1959. They have become a natural laboratory for genetic and environmental research in order to solve the practical issues of forest seed zoning. The study of the intraspecific diversity of the provenance trials makes it possible to distinguish patterns in the formation of species with various origins under the influence of different ecological, genetic, and climatic conditions. This article presents the results of a multi-year research project. This allows us to state with full responsibility the strong influence of environmental and genetic factors on the characteristics of growth, resistance, trunk productivity, and reproductive capacity of Scots pine in new growing conditions. The generative parts of the study objects were also examined by morphometric indicators. The changes were revealed in seed production, size, cone coloring, color and weight of 1000 pieces of seeds, seed release, seed fullness, germinative energy, and absolute germination. Genetic factors, which are programmed by ancestry, define the constancy of the difference in size and color of cones and seeds. In addition, genetic factors, along with the weather conditions of a new location, regulate reproductive ability. It was noted that Scots pine with different geographical origins enters the flowering phase at different times. The northern trees are 5–7 days earlier than locals; the southern trees are 5 days later. They were studied in the climate of the Voronezh region. The variability in the characteristics of the generative organs of Scots pine is also affected by its place of birth. The size and weight of the cone are directly related to the geographic latitude. The length and weight of the cone increase with movement from north to south. There is no strict relationship between the release of the seeds during free pollination and the place of origin since the study objects were surrounded by various pollinators. The weight of 1000 seeds changes with the same regularity as in natural stands of pine: it increases with the geographical latitude of the origin. Consequently, under the influence of new growing conditions, Scots pine is strongly affected by its genetic factors that determine the stability, trunk productivity, and reproductive capacity of the species. For citation: Galdina T.E., Chernodubov A.I., Mikhailova M.I. Intraspecific Diversity of Pinus sylvestris L. in Provenance Trials of the Central Russian Forest-Steppe Area. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 84–98. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-84-98
{"title":"Intraspecific Diversity of Pinus sylvestris L. in Provenance Trials of the Central Russian Forest-Steppe Area","authors":"T. Galdina, Alexey I. Chernodubov, Maria I. Mikhailova","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-84-98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-84-98","url":null,"abstract":"The provenance trials of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Central Russian forest-steppe area were established by M.M. Veresen in 1959. They have become a natural laboratory for genetic and environmental research in order to solve the practical issues of forest seed zoning. The study of the intraspecific diversity of the provenance trials makes it possible to distinguish patterns in the formation of species with various origins under the influence of different ecological, genetic, and climatic conditions. This article presents the results of a multi-year research project. This allows us to state with full responsibility the strong influence of environmental and genetic factors on the characteristics of growth, resistance, trunk productivity, and reproductive capacity of Scots pine in new growing conditions. The generative parts of the study objects were also examined by morphometric indicators. The changes were revealed in seed production, size, cone coloring, color and weight of 1000 pieces of seeds, seed release, seed fullness, germinative energy, and absolute germination. Genetic factors, which are programmed by ancestry, define the constancy of the difference in size and color of cones and seeds. In addition, genetic factors, along with the weather conditions of a new location, regulate reproductive ability. It was noted that Scots pine with different geographical origins enters the flowering phase at different times. The northern trees are 5–7 days earlier than locals; the southern trees are 5 days later. They were studied in the climate of the Voronezh region. The variability in the characteristics of the generative organs of Scots pine is also affected by its place of birth. The size and weight of the cone are directly related to the geographic latitude. The length and weight of the cone increase with movement from north to south. There is no strict relationship between the release of the seeds during free pollination and the place of origin since the study objects were surrounded by various pollinators. The weight of 1000 seeds changes with the same regularity as in natural stands of pine: it increases with the geographical latitude of the origin. Consequently, under the influence of new growing conditions, Scots pine is strongly affected by its genetic factors that determine the stability, trunk productivity, and reproductive capacity of the species. For citation: Galdina T.E., Chernodubov A.I., Mikhailova M.I. Intraspecific Diversity of Pinus sylvestris L. in Provenance Trials of the Central Russian Forest-Steppe Area. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 84–98. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-84-98","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"42 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72539785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-21-34
R. Kotelnikov
The rapid development of digital technologies, especially methods for processing a large amount of information, offers vast opportunities for obtaining new algorithms for supporting management decisions, including the prevention of forest fires. Therefore, the requirements for data accuracy on fire hazards in forests and forest fires considerably increase. Even though the remote sensing of the Earth from space is a potential method for acquiring information independent of the human factor, it still has several technical limitations that hinder total automation. Therefore, it is important to provide а comprehensive control over the information coming from the forest fire departments. Besides, the long-term fire risk prognoses must consider retrospective statistics and cyclical weather conditions. This requires the creation of methods for evaluating the reliability of the initial data. An analysis of the records on the number of forest fires that happened in the Russian Federation from 1969 to 2020 revealed that the distribution of the values in a large sampling set is close to lognormal, which is the author’s fundamental principle. The few deviations on the right side of the distribution indirectly support the hypothesis that, in the provided information, the large forest fires in each case were presented as smaller, fragmented events. This is also consistent with the fact that such information usually occurs when the forest fire situation is complex and has many burning locations. An analysis of the records on the forest fires extinguished within one day identified a characteristic deviation, which indirectly supports the assumption that the data was probably distorted to improve recording. In such a situation, the deviation from the pattern corresponds to low combustibility and completely loses its meaning in the conditions of a severe forest fire situation with many burning areas. The authors have formed a ranking of the regions according to the validity of the archival records on the forest fires using the correspondence of the statistical data to the lognormal distribution. The proposed method can become one of the elements of a risk-oriented approach for planning control and supervisory measures in forestry policy. For citation: Kotelnikov R.V., Martynyuk A.A. Mathematical Estimation of Information Reliability Regarding Forest Fires. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 21–34. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-21-34
{"title":"Mathematical Estimation of Information Reliability Regarding Forest Fires","authors":"R. Kotelnikov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-21-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-21-34","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of digital technologies, especially methods for processing a large amount of information, offers vast opportunities for obtaining new algorithms for supporting management decisions, including the prevention of forest fires. Therefore, the requirements for data accuracy on fire hazards in forests and forest fires considerably increase. Even though the remote sensing of the Earth from space is a potential method for acquiring information independent of the human factor, it still has several technical limitations that hinder total automation. Therefore, it is important to provide а comprehensive control over the information coming from the forest fire departments. Besides, the long-term fire risk prognoses must consider retrospective statistics and cyclical weather conditions. This requires the creation of methods for evaluating the reliability of the initial data. An analysis of the records on the number of forest fires that happened in the Russian Federation from 1969 to 2020 revealed that the distribution of the values in a large sampling set is close to lognormal, which is the author’s fundamental principle. The few deviations on the right side of the distribution indirectly support the hypothesis that, in the provided information, the large forest fires in each case were presented as smaller, fragmented events. This is also consistent with the fact that such information usually occurs when the forest fire situation is complex and has many burning locations. An analysis of the records on the forest fires extinguished within one day identified a characteristic deviation, which indirectly supports the assumption that the data was probably distorted to improve recording. In such a situation, the deviation from the pattern corresponds to low combustibility and completely loses its meaning in the conditions of a severe forest fire situation with many burning areas. The authors have formed a ranking of the regions according to the validity of the archival records on the forest fires using the correspondence of the statistical data to the lognormal distribution. The proposed method can become one of the elements of a risk-oriented approach for planning control and supervisory measures in forestry policy. For citation: Kotelnikov R.V., Martynyuk A.A. Mathematical Estimation of Information Reliability Regarding Forest Fires. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 21–34. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-21-34","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85932451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-10DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-69-83
Yuliya A. Sergeeva, Sergey O. Dolmonego
The gypsy moth, Lymanria dispar, is one of the most widespread pest-insects in the Russian Federation. Anastatus japonicus Ashmead and Ooencyrtus kuvanae Howard are parasites that live on the eggs of L. dispar. They can be found in the European part of Russia, where the insects were imported from North Korea in 1988. The usage of O. kuvanae to limit the gypsy moth populations requires recognition of the release rates and effectiveness in preventing mass pest outbreaks, as well as for the evaluation of the possibility of elimination. An experimental release of O. kuvanae (237 500 specimens) was conducted in 2019 during a gypsy moth outbreak in the Orenburg region, which covered the basin of the Ural River within the territory of three forestries. The average number of clutches of O. kuvanae varied from 1 to 20 clutches per tree. The control of efficiency was made 48–52 after the release, during the incubation period of the 3ed generation of O. kuvanae. The clutches were collected and experimentally analyzed. The release rate of L. dispar ranged 82.9–90.3 % at the locations with a density of 107–268 thousand eggs/ha and did not exceed 47.3 % at the locations with a density of 3800 thousand eggs/ha. A coefficient for estimation of the optimal number of O. kuvanae specimens per 1 ha was proposed based on the proportion of the released egg parasitoids per 1 ha and the absolute number of the destroyed eggs of L. dispar. The regulation of the gypsy moth’s population by O. kuvanae should be done at the biggening of the foci formation. The usage of the entomophage in the active reproductive foci of the gypsy moth, with an infestation rate higher than 1.5 clutches per tree, cannot reduce the phytophage numbers to a harmless level. The application of O. kuvanae can be a part of an integrated system of preventive measures: chemical or biological pesticide treatments to reduce gypsy moth populations, and after initiate the release of the entomophages. For citation: Sergeeva Yu.A., Dolmonego S.O. Application of Ooencyrtus kuvanae Howard Against Gypsy Moth. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 69–83. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-69-83
{"title":"Application of Ooencyrtus kuvanae Howard Against Gypsy Moth","authors":"Yuliya A. Sergeeva, Sergey O. Dolmonego","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-69-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-69-83","url":null,"abstract":"The gypsy moth, Lymanria dispar, is one of the most widespread pest-insects in the Russian Federation. Anastatus japonicus Ashmead and Ooencyrtus kuvanae Howard are parasites that live on the eggs of L. dispar. They can be found in the European part of Russia, where the insects were imported from North Korea in 1988. The usage of O. kuvanae to limit the gypsy moth populations requires recognition of the release rates and effectiveness in preventing mass pest outbreaks, as well as for the evaluation of the possibility of elimination. An experimental release of O. kuvanae (237 500 specimens) was conducted in 2019 during a gypsy moth outbreak in the Orenburg region, which covered the basin of the Ural River within the territory of three forestries. The average number of clutches of O. kuvanae varied from 1 to 20 clutches per tree. The control of efficiency was made 48–52 after the release, during the incubation period of the 3ed generation of O. kuvanae. The clutches were collected and experimentally analyzed. The release rate of L. dispar ranged 82.9–90.3 % at the locations with a density of 107–268 thousand eggs/ha and did not exceed 47.3 % at the locations with a density of 3800 thousand eggs/ha. A coefficient for estimation of the optimal number of O. kuvanae specimens per 1 ha was proposed based on the proportion of the released egg parasitoids per 1 ha and the absolute number of the destroyed eggs of L. dispar. The regulation of the gypsy moth’s population by O. kuvanae should be done at the biggening of the foci formation. The usage of the entomophage in the active reproductive foci of the gypsy moth, with an infestation rate higher than 1.5 clutches per tree, cannot reduce the phytophage numbers to a harmless level. The application of O. kuvanae can be a part of an integrated system of preventive measures: chemical or biological pesticide treatments to reduce gypsy moth populations, and after initiate the release of the entomophages. For citation: Sergeeva Yu.A., Dolmonego S.O. Application of Ooencyrtus kuvanae Howard Against Gypsy Moth. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 69–83. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-69-83","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84872086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-43-51
Khaetkul Rakhimov, B. Eshov, A. Kadirov, Abdulkhair Badalov
Introduction. The solution of important strategic objectives of the Republic of Tajikistan depends on such industries as chemical, mining, processing, and metallurgical. Their smooth functioning is provided by a developed energy and transport industry. Comprehensive mineral processing of abundant minerals located on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan contributes to socioeconomic problems solution and to the development of new production facilities and employment, the transition from the role of a primary producer and middle-stage manufacturer to an end product producer. Methods of research. The expediency of separating antimony and precious metals before cyaniding is obvious. It can be achieved by pyrometallurgy or beneficiation methods. Distillate roasting allows to amply remove antimony from complex ores relatively poor in this metal. However, when processing raw materials rich in antimony, the risk of accretion development in furnaces creates difficulties. At a high temperature (1000–1100 °C), a large amount of gold can combine with oxides and become an oxide. Antimony can be removed by roasting with chlorination. Additional chlorinating reagent makes it possible to increase gold recovery during the subsequent cyanidation of the calcine from 75 to 95–98% compared to conventional oxidative roasting. Results and analysis. This article is the result of a series of experiments and renovations for the technologies of processing gold-bearing antimony sulfide concentrate into the final product. An effective method has been developed for chloridizing roasting of mechanoactivated precious metal containing antimony-gold concentrate with sodium chloride. The optimal roasting mode has been determined, which provides a high yield of antimony and gold compounds, which are technologically easy to process.
{"title":"Processing gold-bearing antimony sulfide mechanoactivated concentrate","authors":"Khaetkul Rakhimov, B. Eshov, A. Kadirov, Abdulkhair Badalov","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-43-51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-43-51","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The solution of important strategic objectives of the Republic of Tajikistan depends on such industries as chemical, mining, processing, and metallurgical. Their smooth functioning is provided by a developed energy and transport industry. Comprehensive mineral processing of abundant minerals located on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan contributes to socioeconomic problems solution and to the development of new production facilities and employment, the transition from the role of a primary producer and middle-stage manufacturer to an end product producer. Methods of research. The expediency of separating antimony and precious metals before cyaniding is obvious. It can be achieved by pyrometallurgy or beneficiation methods. Distillate roasting allows to amply remove antimony from complex ores relatively poor in this metal. However, when processing raw materials rich in antimony, the risk of accretion development in furnaces creates difficulties. At a high temperature (1000–1100 °C), a large amount of gold can combine with oxides and become an oxide. Antimony can be removed by roasting with chlorination. Additional chlorinating reagent makes it possible to increase gold recovery during the subsequent cyanidation of the calcine from 75 to 95–98% compared to conventional oxidative roasting. Results and analysis. This article is the result of a series of experiments and renovations for the technologies of processing gold-bearing antimony sulfide concentrate into the final product. An effective method has been developed for chloridizing roasting of mechanoactivated precious metal containing antimony-gold concentrate with sodium chloride. The optimal roasting mode has been determined, which provides a high yield of antimony and gold compounds, which are technologically easy to process.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75219804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-21-31
E. Kovalenko
The research objective is to determine the optimal temperature regimes for slurry preparation and foam separation of diamond-bearing kimberlites to ensure maximum diamond recovery under high selectivity of the process. Methods of research include the electron probe X-ray spectral analysis, IR spectrophotometry, and measurement of the contact angles of a collecting agent drop on diamonds or minerals. Technological studies were carried out on the setup for foam separation. Research results. It was shown that when the feedstock of the foam separation cycle is heated to a temperature of 80–85 °C the diamonds are effectively purified from hydrophilic coatings, which leads to the restoration of their natural floatability. Through contact angles measurement, the temperature range of 30–40 °C was determined in the feedstock reagent conditioning operation. It is shown that the maximum water repellence of diamonds is achieved in this temperature range without a significant increase in the kimberlite minerals water repellence. Laboratory experiments have shown that the best foam separation results are achieved when in the conditioning operation the feedstock with flotation reagents is maintained at a temperature of 30–38 °C. The flotation studies using F-5 bunker fuel oil as base collecting agent, as well as its compounds with diesel fraction and Machchobinsky oil, determined the optimal temperature of 14–24 °C directly in the process of foam separation. After data analysis, a temperature regime was proposed and tested, which includes the foam separation feedstock heating before the operation of slurry removal and conditioning with flotation reagents up to 85 °C and the subsequent use of accumulated heat in the operations of foam separation feedstock conditioning (30 °C) with reagents and the foam separation process itself (18 °C). The prospects of the technology. The test results of the selected temperature regime for the foam separation process on a test bench show the possibility of increasing the diamonds recovery into the concentrate by 2.3–4.5% when using applied and potential collecting agents, including F-5 bunker fuel oil and compounds based on it. The developed regime is recommended for commercial development in the foam separation cycle at Alrosa processing plants.
{"title":"Rationale for the temperature regime of the foam separation cycle","authors":"E. Kovalenko","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-21-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-21-31","url":null,"abstract":"The research objective is to determine the optimal temperature regimes for slurry preparation and foam separation of diamond-bearing kimberlites to ensure maximum diamond recovery under high selectivity of the process. Methods of research include the electron probe X-ray spectral analysis, IR spectrophotometry, and measurement of the contact angles of a collecting agent drop on diamonds or minerals. Technological studies were carried out on the setup for foam separation. Research results. It was shown that when the feedstock of the foam separation cycle is heated to a temperature of 80–85 °C the diamonds are effectively purified from hydrophilic coatings, which leads to the restoration of their natural floatability. Through contact angles measurement, the temperature range of 30–40 °C was determined in the feedstock reagent conditioning operation. It is shown that the maximum water repellence of diamonds is achieved in this temperature range without a significant increase in the kimberlite minerals water repellence. Laboratory experiments have shown that the best foam separation results are achieved when in the conditioning operation the feedstock with flotation reagents is maintained at a temperature of 30–38 °C. The flotation studies using F-5 bunker fuel oil as base collecting agent, as well as its compounds with diesel fraction and Machchobinsky oil, determined the optimal temperature of 14–24 °C directly in the process of foam separation. After data analysis, a temperature regime was proposed and tested, which includes the foam separation feedstock heating before the operation of slurry removal and conditioning with flotation reagents up to 85 °C and the subsequent use of accumulated heat in the operations of foam separation feedstock conditioning (30 °C) with reagents and the foam separation process itself (18 °C). The prospects of the technology. The test results of the selected temperature regime for the foam separation process on a test bench show the possibility of increasing the diamonds recovery into the concentrate by 2.3–4.5% when using applied and potential collecting agents, including F-5 bunker fuel oil and compounds based on it. The developed regime is recommended for commercial development in the foam separation cycle at Alrosa processing plants.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"15 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84021670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-9-20
I. Morozov, A. Valtseva
Introduction. Electrochemical treatment of mineral suspensions is used in electrochemical conditioning of flotation pulp and electrochemical dissolution of minerals and metals in the processes of gold-bearing products electrochemical chlorination. Research objective is to develop and implement the procedures for determining the values of the liquid phase resistance, contact resistance under contact polarization, and ion discharge energy loss resistance under contactless polarization of the electrically conductive part. Methods of research. Equivalent circuits of electrochemical processes have been built for various electrochemical cells. Circuits for various polarizations of electrically conductive particles are established. A formula is proposed for calculating the electrically conductive particle resistance through the electrical resistivity of a unit of volume. A procedure has been developed for calculating the liquid phase resistance through the resistance increment under changing distance between the electrodes. The contact area and pressure influence on the value of the contact resistance is studied through the contact of pyrite and chalcopyrite with an iron electrode. Results. When studying the electrical resistivity of the liquid phase, it was found that increased distance between the current-carrying electrodes leads to an equivalent increase in the liquid phase resistance. It has been established that increased pressure and contact area between the contacting particles and the current-carrying electrode results in decreased contact resistance. The contact resistance between the particle and the electrode in the electrolyte solution is much less than the contact resistance under dry surfaces contact. This phenomenon is explained by electrons tunneling through the electrolyte film. The obtained experimental data on the determination of the liquid phase resistance, contact resistance and ion discharge energy loss resistance make it possible to mathematically describe the processes of electrochemical chlorination under a large number of particles in the pulp. Conclusions and scope of results. Procedures have been developed and specific data have been obtained on the liquid phase resistance, contact resistance, and ion discharge resistance. They can be used for practical application when implementing electrochemical technologies for mineral suspensions treatment.
{"title":"Studying electrical parameters of contact and contactless polarization of particles under the electrochemical treatment of mineral suspensions","authors":"I. Morozov, A. Valtseva","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-9-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-9-20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Electrochemical treatment of mineral suspensions is used in electrochemical conditioning of flotation pulp and electrochemical dissolution of minerals and metals in the processes of gold-bearing products electrochemical chlorination. Research objective is to develop and implement the procedures for determining the values of the liquid phase resistance, contact resistance under contact polarization, and ion discharge energy loss resistance under contactless polarization of the electrically conductive part. Methods of research. Equivalent circuits of electrochemical processes have been built for various electrochemical cells. Circuits for various polarizations of electrically conductive particles are established. A formula is proposed for calculating the electrically conductive particle resistance through the electrical resistivity of a unit of volume. A procedure has been developed for calculating the liquid phase resistance through the resistance increment under changing distance between the electrodes. The contact area and pressure influence on the value of the contact resistance is studied through the contact of pyrite and chalcopyrite with an iron electrode. Results. When studying the electrical resistivity of the liquid phase, it was found that increased distance between the current-carrying electrodes leads to an equivalent increase in the liquid phase resistance. It has been established that increased pressure and contact area between the contacting particles and the current-carrying electrode results in decreased contact resistance. The contact resistance between the particle and the electrode in the electrolyte solution is much less than the contact resistance under dry surfaces contact. This phenomenon is explained by electrons tunneling through the electrolyte film. The obtained experimental data on the determination of the liquid phase resistance, contact resistance and ion discharge energy loss resistance make it possible to mathematically describe the processes of electrochemical chlorination under a large number of particles in the pulp. Conclusions and scope of results. Procedures have been developed and specific data have been obtained on the liquid phase resistance, contact resistance, and ion discharge resistance. They can be used for practical application when implementing electrochemical technologies for mineral suspensions treatment.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78781086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-87-95
V. Davydov, V. Gorshkov, A. Vdovin
Research objective is to study the features of geophysical fields and parameters in the area of the artificial underground water tunnel and estimate the capabilities of geophysical methods of identifying hidden underground industrial facilities. Methods of research. Measurements of self-potential signals (SP) were carried out using nonpolarizing electrodes and an electrical exploration receiver. The magnetic exploration was carried out by a proton magnetometer. Electrotomography was carried out using multielectrode electrical survey equipment with a Schlumberger symmetrical scheme of surveys. The microseismic background was recorded using an autonomous seismic station. The georadar survey was carried out using the SIR-3000 ground penetrating radar and antennas with the frequencies of 100 MHz and 270 MHz. Results. Based on the survey results, graphs of magnetic and self-potential fields, electrotomographic and microseismic sections, and radarogram were built on the research profile. The research has shown different levels of the magnetic field and the SP in the area of volcanic rocks and dikes of gabbro-dolerites occurrence. A significant increase in microseismic noise was observed with an increase in the weathering crust thickness. A local decrease in the SP potential, abnormally high values of specific electrical resistivity and intensive reflections of radio waves from the tunnel top were recorded above the underground water tunnel. Conclusions. Qualitative and quantitative geophysical characteristics were obtained in the area of the old underground water tunnel. The research showed different levels of the magnetic field and spontaneous polarization potentials in the occurrence area of rocks of different composition. A significant increase in microseismic noise was recorded with an increase in the weathering crust thickness. Geophysical signs of the boundaries between geological structures and artificial underground objects are revealed. The exact position and depth of the old underground tunnel of Glubochinsky hydraulic structures was determined.
{"title":"Geophysical research of underground hydraulic structures, old Glubochinsky water tunnel case study","authors":"V. Davydov, V. Gorshkov, A. Vdovin","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-87-95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-87-95","url":null,"abstract":"Research objective is to study the features of geophysical fields and parameters in the area of the artificial underground water tunnel and estimate the capabilities of geophysical methods of identifying hidden underground industrial facilities. Methods of research. Measurements of self-potential signals (SP) were carried out using nonpolarizing electrodes and an electrical exploration receiver. The magnetic exploration was carried out by a proton magnetometer. Electrotomography was carried out using multielectrode electrical survey equipment with a Schlumberger symmetrical scheme of surveys. The microseismic background was recorded using an autonomous seismic station. The georadar survey was carried out using the SIR-3000 ground penetrating radar and antennas with the frequencies of 100 MHz and 270 MHz. Results. Based on the survey results, graphs of magnetic and self-potential fields, electrotomographic and microseismic sections, and radarogram were built on the research profile. The research has shown different levels of the magnetic field and the SP in the area of volcanic rocks and dikes of gabbro-dolerites occurrence. A significant increase in microseismic noise was observed with an increase in the weathering crust thickness. A local decrease in the SP potential, abnormally high values of specific electrical resistivity and intensive reflections of radio waves from the tunnel top were recorded above the underground water tunnel. Conclusions. Qualitative and quantitative geophysical characteristics were obtained in the area of the old underground water tunnel. The research showed different levels of the magnetic field and spontaneous polarization potentials in the occurrence area of rocks of different composition. A significant increase in microseismic noise was recorded with an increase in the weathering crust thickness. Geophysical signs of the boundaries between geological structures and artificial underground objects are revealed. The exact position and depth of the old underground tunnel of Glubochinsky hydraulic structures was determined.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"190 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80435725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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