Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-74-86
L. Rybnikova, P. Rybnikov, Roman Shapochkin
Introduction. Mine drainage has always been one of the main threats to the hydrosphere of mining areas, both during and after active mining. The most common method of mine water neutralization is associated with the slaked lime. On the abandoned Levikha copper-sulphide mine territory (Sverdlovsk region), acid mine drainage discharge reaches 3,000 m³/day. To neutralize acid waters, more than 400 m³/day of water with a neutral pH is required (to produce the slaked lime). Due to the worn out state of water pipe from the river Tagil, heavy losses, and frequent accidents, the neutralization station receives no more than half of the required amount of water. As a result, the neutralization technology is violated, acid mine drainage is not properly cleaned, the regulatory requirements for wastewater are not achieved, and sulfate waters with increased mineralization and metal concentrations are discharged into the river Tagil. Research objective is to substantiate the possibility of finding sources of drinking, household and process water supply for Levikha village and acid mine drainage neutralization stations by applying groundwater. Methods of research include a comprehensive approach containing research results analysis and field and laboratory research data processing. Results and discussion. Promising areas have been identified representing private catchment areas of potential water intakes with the most favorable conditions for underground runoff. A combination of the following factors was the criterion for promising areas and load points: favorable geological and tectonic conditions (the presence of tectonic faults); groundwater inflow testing results (relatively high specific flow rates of wells); geomorphological position (confinement to low relief areas, location near surface sources of groundwater recharge); hydrochemical sampling data (satisfactory chemical composition of groundwater); sanitary and hygienic situation (absence of potential sources of pollution in the local catchment area). Conclusions. The total resources of the five promising sites are 1,340 m3 /day, including 282 m3 /day for drinking purposes. Exploration and development of promising areas no. II (favorable geological and tectonic conditions within it are confirmed by the groundwater inflow testing results) and no. III (favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions) seem to be the most reasonable. These sites might cover half of the village water needs for drinking and household purposes.
{"title":"Rationale for alternative water sources for mining regions with high environmental footprint on the example of Levikha village of the Sverdlovsk region","authors":"L. Rybnikova, P. Rybnikov, Roman Shapochkin","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-74-86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-74-86","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Mine drainage has always been one of the main threats to the hydrosphere of mining areas, both during and after active mining. The most common method of mine water neutralization is associated with the slaked lime. On the abandoned Levikha copper-sulphide mine territory (Sverdlovsk region), acid mine drainage discharge reaches 3,000 m³/day. To neutralize acid waters, more than 400 m³/day of water with a neutral pH is required (to produce the slaked lime). Due to the worn out state of water pipe from the river Tagil, heavy losses, and frequent accidents, the neutralization station receives no more than half of the required amount of water. As a result, the neutralization technology is violated, acid mine drainage is not properly cleaned, the regulatory requirements for wastewater are not achieved, and sulfate waters with increased mineralization and metal concentrations are discharged into the river Tagil. Research objective is to substantiate the possibility of finding sources of drinking, household and process water supply for Levikha village and acid mine drainage neutralization stations by applying groundwater. Methods of research include a comprehensive approach containing research results analysis and field and laboratory research data processing. Results and discussion. Promising areas have been identified representing private catchment areas of potential water intakes with the most favorable conditions for underground runoff. A combination of the following factors was the criterion for promising areas and load points: favorable geological and tectonic conditions (the presence of tectonic faults); groundwater inflow testing results (relatively high specific flow rates of wells); geomorphological position (confinement to low relief areas, location near surface sources of groundwater recharge); hydrochemical sampling data (satisfactory chemical composition of groundwater); sanitary and hygienic situation (absence of potential sources of pollution in the local catchment area). Conclusions. The total resources of the five promising sites are 1,340 m3 /day, including 282 m3 /day for drinking purposes. Exploration and development of promising areas no. II (favorable geological and tectonic conditions within it are confirmed by the groundwater inflow testing results) and no. III (favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions) seem to be the most reasonable. These sites might cover half of the village water needs for drinking and household purposes.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76968889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-32-42
A. Sobenin, N. Antoninova, A. Usmanov, Kseniia Shepel
Research objective is to assess the possibility of removing copper ions from industrial wastewater using waste from iron and magnesium production. Methods of research. An experiment was conducted to remove copper ions from a solution of industrial wastewater using waste from iron and magnesium production. Data were obtained showing changes in the ion content of the studied metals in wastewater solutions. Theoretical research was carried out to analyze the effectiveness of existing wastewater treatment methods in order to study and generalize the results. The initial concentration of metal ions in solutions was measured with a Varian AA 240 FS atomic absorption spectrophotometer with a deuterium lamp for background correction and flame spraying. Temperature and pH were measured with a Hanna HI 99121 portable pH meter. Mineralization of solid samples was carried out with a MARS 5 Digestion Microwave System in Easy Prep vessels with the addition of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. Results. The results of the research on the removal of copper ions from industrial waste water using iron-magnesium production waste show that the samples under investigation were effective in absorbing copper from aqueous solutions. It was found that the amount of copper in the filtrates varies depending on the tested sorbent sample weight. There is an increase in the indicator of the degree of pollutant extraction from solutions from 52.02 to 99.04% for group 1 and from 43.2 to 98.91 % for group to respectively with an increase in the sample dosing rate from 0.2 to 0.5 g. The indicator of static volume capacity also depends on the mass of the sample added to the solution and decreases with the dosing rate growth. Wastes of iron-magnesium production contain magnesium and iron in high concentrations. After interaction with industrial waste water, they actively release magnesium into the solution, but continue to extract iron from it. The indicators of the degree of pollutant extraction from solutions and of static volume capacity for iron have high values regardless of the sample weight for both groups and vary from 99.85 to 99.98% and from 3.9 to 10.82 mg/g. Scope of results. The data obtained will used to develop effective materials and methods for water bodies pollution elimination.
{"title":"Removal of copper ions from industrial wastewater using waste from iron and magnesium production","authors":"A. Sobenin, N. Antoninova, A. Usmanov, Kseniia Shepel","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-32-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-32-42","url":null,"abstract":"Research objective is to assess the possibility of removing copper ions from industrial wastewater using waste from iron and magnesium production. Methods of research. An experiment was conducted to remove copper ions from a solution of industrial wastewater using waste from iron and magnesium production. Data were obtained showing changes in the ion content of the studied metals in wastewater solutions. Theoretical research was carried out to analyze the effectiveness of existing wastewater treatment methods in order to study and generalize the results. The initial concentration of metal ions in solutions was measured with a Varian AA 240 FS atomic absorption spectrophotometer with a deuterium lamp for background correction and flame spraying. Temperature and pH were measured with a Hanna HI 99121 portable pH meter. Mineralization of solid samples was carried out with a MARS 5 Digestion Microwave System in Easy Prep vessels with the addition of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. Results. The results of the research on the removal of copper ions from industrial waste water using iron-magnesium production waste show that the samples under investigation were effective in absorbing copper from aqueous solutions. It was found that the amount of copper in the filtrates varies depending on the tested sorbent sample weight. There is an increase in the indicator of the degree of pollutant extraction from solutions from 52.02 to 99.04% for group 1 and from 43.2 to 98.91 % for group to respectively with an increase in the sample dosing rate from 0.2 to 0.5 g. The indicator of static volume capacity also depends on the mass of the sample added to the solution and decreases with the dosing rate growth. Wastes of iron-magnesium production contain magnesium and iron in high concentrations. After interaction with industrial waste water, they actively release magnesium into the solution, but continue to extract iron from it. The indicators of the degree of pollutant extraction from solutions and of static volume capacity for iron have high values regardless of the sample weight for both groups and vary from 99.85 to 99.98% and from 3.9 to 10.82 mg/g. Scope of results. The data obtained will used to develop effective materials and methods for water bodies pollution elimination.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"17 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83821514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-107-123
Sfen Karagodin, V. Karagodin, G. Khasanova
The research relevance is determined by the need to analyze various sources and author's observations to form ideas about the genesis of an unusual polygenic uranium-thorium-rare earth mineralization of the Nether-Polar Urals to assess the prospects and directions for subsequent mining and processing. The research results will aid in a more rational and efficient geological research. The research objective is to interpret the results, determine mineralization genesis features and show its future prospects against the background of the discovery history and using data from a complex analysis of uranium-thorium-rare-earth mineralization in conglomerates of the regional structural-stratigraphic unconformity zone. Results. The geological position of rare-metal conglomerates has been clarified, their belonging not to the Precambrian, but to the Early Paleozoic era has been determined. The absence is considered of a genetic connection between the gold mineralization recorded in the zone of structural-stratigraphic unconformity and polygenic uranium-thorium-rare earth mineralization. The shortage of rare earth elements determines the industrial significance of uranium-rare-earth complex ores, the extraction of which is possible using modern heap leaching technologies. Conclusions. The history of the study of uranium-thorium-rare-earth mineralization of the NetherPolar Urals is considered. According to the authors, it has a polygenic genesis and forms into the successive stages of sedimentary, metamorphogenic and hydrothermal processes. A hypothesis of hydrogenous hydrothermal ore formation under regional metamorphism is proposed as an alternative to the magmatogenic origin of hydrothermal ore melts. It determines the need for new approaches to mineralization assessment. The industrial value of mineralization lies in the presence of metamict, hydrated, easily soluble minerals, carriers of uranium and rare earth elements, which implies the possibility of using modern mining technologies.
{"title":"Polygenic uranium-thorium-rare earth mineralization of the Nether-Polar Urals: discovery history and genesis","authors":"Sfen Karagodin, V. Karagodin, G. Khasanova","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-107-123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-107-123","url":null,"abstract":"The research relevance is determined by the need to analyze various sources and author's observations to form ideas about the genesis of an unusual polygenic uranium-thorium-rare earth mineralization of the Nether-Polar Urals to assess the prospects and directions for subsequent mining and processing. The research results will aid in a more rational and efficient geological research. The research objective is to interpret the results, determine mineralization genesis features and show its future prospects against the background of the discovery history and using data from a complex analysis of uranium-thorium-rare-earth mineralization in conglomerates of the regional structural-stratigraphic unconformity zone. Results. The geological position of rare-metal conglomerates has been clarified, their belonging not to the Precambrian, but to the Early Paleozoic era has been determined. The absence is considered of a genetic connection between the gold mineralization recorded in the zone of structural-stratigraphic unconformity and polygenic uranium-thorium-rare earth mineralization. The shortage of rare earth elements determines the industrial significance of uranium-rare-earth complex ores, the extraction of which is possible using modern heap leaching technologies. Conclusions. The history of the study of uranium-thorium-rare-earth mineralization of the NetherPolar Urals is considered. According to the authors, it has a polygenic genesis and forms into the successive stages of sedimentary, metamorphogenic and hydrothermal processes. A hypothesis of hydrogenous hydrothermal ore formation under regional metamorphism is proposed as an alternative to the magmatogenic origin of hydrothermal ore melts. It determines the need for new approaches to mineralization assessment. The industrial value of mineralization lies in the presence of metamict, hydrated, easily soluble minerals, carriers of uranium and rare earth elements, which implies the possibility of using modern mining technologies.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89579472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-62-73
Sergei Sentiabov
Relevance. The intensification of underground mining at the Gaisky underground mine is caused by the ever-increasing demand for raw materials and leads to mining depth growth. It therefore drives the need to formulate the problem of mining system structural elements stability. Data on the size and degree of fracturing of the rock mass disturbed layer on the outcrop (sheath) formed from natural cracks opening and drilling and blasting operations, made it possible to correct the stress distribution patterns on the contour and around the goaf. Research results established the dependence between the stress concentration and the structural weakening coefficient with distance from the outcrop. Research objective is to geomechanically substantiate rock pressure control methods and options for backfill mining method, improve safety and reduce geodynamic phenomena manifestation in the course of mining. Methods of research include full-scale experimental measurements of rock mass and ore stress state at accessible depths and horizons of the deposit. An integrated scientific research method was used which includes the analysis and theoretical generalization of the patterns of stress distribution in masses of extracted chamber reserves, mathematical modeling of the research results, and theoretical results comparison with the instrumental observations results. Results analysis. The paper presents the results of stress state formation in the ore in place, obtained through modern methods for mine structures stress-strain state calculation. Regularities in the rock mass stress state distribution were revealed. A set of active rock pressure control methods was formed on the example of the Gaisky underground mine. Findings. As compared to existing methods, rock pressure control is most effective through creating protective zones, artificial planes, using two panels in the lying and hanging sides tunneled along the strike of the ore body and forming sharp corners in the roof and bottoms, which will make it possible to move the maximum compressive stresses from technologically critical to less critical and more stable sections of the rock mass and concentrate the maximum compressive stresses on themselves, thereby unloading the workings of the bottom and the roof of future chambers in the protective zone. It is more rational to work out mining units with the I–II stage chambers according to existing schemes, and release the III stage chamber rock mass with double chambers and form diamond-shaped asymmetric interfloor pillars.
{"title":"Rock pressure management during deep deposit development","authors":"Sergei Sentiabov","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-62-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-62-73","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. The intensification of underground mining at the Gaisky underground mine is caused by the ever-increasing demand for raw materials and leads to mining depth growth. It therefore drives the need to formulate the problem of mining system structural elements stability. Data on the size and degree of fracturing of the rock mass disturbed layer on the outcrop (sheath) formed from natural cracks opening and drilling and blasting operations, made it possible to correct the stress distribution patterns on the contour and around the goaf. Research results established the dependence between the stress concentration and the structural weakening coefficient with distance from the outcrop. Research objective is to geomechanically substantiate rock pressure control methods and options for backfill mining method, improve safety and reduce geodynamic phenomena manifestation in the course of mining. Methods of research include full-scale experimental measurements of rock mass and ore stress state at accessible depths and horizons of the deposit. An integrated scientific research method was used which includes the analysis and theoretical generalization of the patterns of stress distribution in masses of extracted chamber reserves, mathematical modeling of the research results, and theoretical results comparison with the instrumental observations results. Results analysis. The paper presents the results of stress state formation in the ore in place, obtained through modern methods for mine structures stress-strain state calculation. Regularities in the rock mass stress state distribution were revealed. A set of active rock pressure control methods was formed on the example of the Gaisky underground mine. Findings. As compared to existing methods, rock pressure control is most effective through creating protective zones, artificial planes, using two panels in the lying and hanging sides tunneled along the strike of the ore body and forming sharp corners in the roof and bottoms, which will make it possible to move the maximum compressive stresses from technologically critical to less critical and more stable sections of the rock mass and concentrate the maximum compressive stresses on themselves, thereby unloading the workings of the bottom and the roof of future chambers in the protective zone. It is more rational to work out mining units with the I–II stage chambers according to existing schemes, and release the III stage chamber rock mass with double chambers and form diamond-shaped asymmetric interfloor pillars.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80055200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-124-135
Vsevolod Kalaigoroda, S. Prostov, Evgenii Shabanov
Introduction. Endogenous fire is a fire initiated by the process of self-ignition of coal. Detection of this type of fire is carried out visually by fire and smoke or by the results of temperature, gas or geophysical control. The occurrence of endogenous fires in coal mines leads to serious consequences, such as pollution of the environment and deterioration of sanitary and hygienic working conditions. It also leads to economic losses due to the suspension of technological processes and burnout of coal reserves. The prevention of endogenous fires includes measures to prevent the possible development of self-ignition processes in the identified areas of potential fire hazard. Research objective is to investigate areas of fire in active coal mines in order to determine the center of the profile of geophysical sounding, as close as possible to the epicenter of endogenous fire, to perform its binding to the mine plan and geological section. Methods of research. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to carry out a visual inspection of the areas of fire, to take photographs, as well as to carry out a thermal imaging survey with specialized equipment. Results. The results of photo- and thermal imaging surveys were recorded, the assessment of mining and geological conditions of formation of endogenous fires was carried out, and plans of the location of endogenous fires were presented. Conclusions and scope of results. After implementation of measures on inspection and survey in areas close to the centers of endogenous fires, as well as analysis of the results, we can conclude that direct visual inspections and thermal imaging measurements do not allow to fully determine the boundaries of fire zones in plan and depth. This is due to the fact that noticeable temperature anomalies are recorded only when the focus is directly on the ground surface due to the low thermal conductivity of coal and host rocks.
{"title":"Instrumental monitoring for the location of endogenous fires in the coal mine wall","authors":"Vsevolod Kalaigoroda, S. Prostov, Evgenii Shabanov","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-124-135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-124-135","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Endogenous fire is a fire initiated by the process of self-ignition of coal. Detection of this type of fire is carried out visually by fire and smoke or by the results of temperature, gas or geophysical control. The occurrence of endogenous fires in coal mines leads to serious consequences, such as pollution of the environment and deterioration of sanitary and hygienic working conditions. It also leads to economic losses due to the suspension of technological processes and burnout of coal reserves. The prevention of endogenous fires includes measures to prevent the possible development of self-ignition processes in the identified areas of potential fire hazard. Research objective is to investigate areas of fire in active coal mines in order to determine the center of the profile of geophysical sounding, as close as possible to the epicenter of endogenous fire, to perform its binding to the mine plan and geological section. Methods of research. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to carry out a visual inspection of the areas of fire, to take photographs, as well as to carry out a thermal imaging survey with specialized equipment. Results. The results of photo- and thermal imaging surveys were recorded, the assessment of mining and geological conditions of formation of endogenous fires was carried out, and plans of the location of endogenous fires were presented. Conclusions and scope of results. After implementation of measures on inspection and survey in areas close to the centers of endogenous fires, as well as analysis of the results, we can conclude that direct visual inspections and thermal imaging measurements do not allow to fully determine the boundaries of fire zones in plan and depth. This is due to the fact that noticeable temperature anomalies are recorded only when the focus is directly on the ground surface due to the low thermal conductivity of coal and host rocks.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75317858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-96-106
V. Filatov, L. Bolotnova
Introduction. Petrophysical properties of rocks and strata reflect the long history of the Upper Kama potassium salt deposit (VKMKS) formation and development (about 300 million years) as well as its various endogenous and exogenous geological and geochemical processes. VKMKS geological structure as well as past and present processes at the field are effectively studied by geophysical methods. Experience has shown that, considering the gigantic area of the salt strata development and multi-layer potassium-magnesium salt deposits, high-precision and detailed geophysical studies performed on most of the VKMKS territory are most effective from a geological viewpoint, namely, gravity survey at a scale of 1 : 25,000 and aeromagnetic survey at a scale of 1 : 10,000 together with other geological and geophysical data. VKMKS structural-tectonic objects occurrence conditions and magnetic properties of their rocks and strata, especially magnetic susceptibility, form the petrophysical basis for the aeromagnetic survey applied to map the objects. The task of mapping structural-tectonic objects on the VKMKS territory in a magnetic field is a specific task of using aeromagnetic survey to map structural-tectonic objects in a weakly magnetic sedimentary cover of the entire Perm Cis-Urals. Methods of research includes studying and analyzing the research data of the Perm Cis-Urals sedimentary cover rock magnetic properties (magnetic susceptibility). The morphology of structural-tectonic objects magnetic field anomalies in the Perm Cis-Urals sedimentary cover and the morphology of VKMKS structural-tectonic objects magnetic field anomalies are studied and analyzed. Research results. The analysis of sedimentary cover rocks magnetic susceptibility and aeromagnetic survey data interpretation showed that the structural-tectonic objects of the cover create anomalies in the magnetic field. The anomalies exceed the intensity of three times the root-mean-square measurement error, and therefore are mapped with confidence. Conclusions. It is reasonable to use the data of areal high-precision aeromagnetic survey at a scale of 1 : 10,000 together with other geological and geophysical methods to improve the reliability of mapping such important structural and tectonic objects as tectonic faults of various ranks, from deep faults to fracture zones, at VKMKS.
{"title":"Mapping the structural and tectonic objects of the Upper-Kama potassium salt deposit in the magnetic field","authors":"V. Filatov, L. Bolotnova","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-96-106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-96-106","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Petrophysical properties of rocks and strata reflect the long history of the Upper Kama potassium salt deposit (VKMKS) formation and development (about 300 million years) as well as its various endogenous and exogenous geological and geochemical processes. VKMKS geological structure as well as past and present processes at the field are effectively studied by geophysical methods. Experience has shown that, considering the gigantic area of the salt strata development and multi-layer potassium-magnesium salt deposits, high-precision and detailed geophysical studies performed on most of the VKMKS territory are most effective from a geological viewpoint, namely, gravity survey at a scale of 1 : 25,000 and aeromagnetic survey at a scale of 1 : 10,000 together with other geological and geophysical data. VKMKS structural-tectonic objects occurrence conditions and magnetic properties of their rocks and strata, especially magnetic susceptibility, form the petrophysical basis for the aeromagnetic survey applied to map the objects. The task of mapping structural-tectonic objects on the VKMKS territory in a magnetic field is a specific task of using aeromagnetic survey to map structural-tectonic objects in a weakly magnetic sedimentary cover of the entire Perm Cis-Urals. Methods of research includes studying and analyzing the research data of the Perm Cis-Urals sedimentary cover rock magnetic properties (magnetic susceptibility). The morphology of structural-tectonic objects magnetic field anomalies in the Perm Cis-Urals sedimentary cover and the morphology of VKMKS structural-tectonic objects magnetic field anomalies are studied and analyzed. Research results. The analysis of sedimentary cover rocks magnetic susceptibility and aeromagnetic survey data interpretation showed that the structural-tectonic objects of the cover create anomalies in the magnetic field. The anomalies exceed the intensity of three times the root-mean-square measurement error, and therefore are mapped with confidence. Conclusions. It is reasonable to use the data of areal high-precision aeromagnetic survey at a scale of 1 : 10,000 together with other geological and geophysical methods to improve the reliability of mapping such important structural and tectonic objects as tectonic faults of various ranks, from deep faults to fracture zones, at VKMKS.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85624800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-52-61
E. Borovikov, A. Mazhitov
Introduction. To reduce ore loss and impoverishment, high-value non-ferrous metal reserves are commonly developed by the mining methods with worked-out area backfilling. Regardless of the type and methods of backfill mass formation, worked-out area backfilling, being a way to control the rock state, is highly labor intensive and incurs additional costs, therefore increasing the cost of stoping. During field exploitation, mining and geological conditions tend to constantly deteriorate, and complex mining conditions form, which is accompanied by decreased content of the commercial component. The more complex the mining conditions are, the higher goaf maintenance costs is and the lower the mining intensity is. So, as mining develops, production cost constantly grows while the commercial component content decreases, which negatively affects total production performance indicators. Therefore, searching for ways to solve the problem of backfill cost reduction remains an urgent practical task of mining. It is possible to optimize backfill costs under changing and constantly deteriorating mining and geological conditions without reducing mining productivity by means of the underground geotechnology with artificial industrially-modified mass formation with the required geotechnical characteristics. The technology is presented in this work and is aimed at the effective development of the field reserves. Research objective is to develop and substantiate the parameters of underground geotechnology with worked-out area backfilling, which controls geotechnical characteristics of an artificial industrially-modified mass during the stoping. Methods of research. A room-and-pillar mining method was designed and its parameters were substantiated, taking into account natural mining and geological conditions and mining technical conditions formed in the course of stoping. The research was based on theoretical calculations and geomechanical modeling. Results. A variant of a room-and-pillar mining method has been developed with worked-out area backfilling with dry rock and further consolidation with a hardening mixture and compaction by breaking reserves in a compressive medium. The results obtained showed the mining method’s effectiveness. The study substantiates the rational values of the mining method structural element parameters. In particular, the size of the chamber wall is determined, located at an angle of 80°, with the reinforced layer up to 5 m thick and 1.5 MPa strong. Conclusions. A variant of the mining method can be used when mining inclined and steeply pitching ore bodies in difficult mining and geological conditions.
{"title":"The technology of forming a backfill mass with the specified geotechnical characteristics","authors":"E. Borovikov, A. Mazhitov","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-52-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-52-61","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. To reduce ore loss and impoverishment, high-value non-ferrous metal reserves are commonly developed by the mining methods with worked-out area backfilling. Regardless of the type and methods of backfill mass formation, worked-out area backfilling, being a way to control the rock state, is highly labor intensive and incurs additional costs, therefore increasing the cost of stoping. During field exploitation, mining and geological conditions tend to constantly deteriorate, and complex mining conditions form, which is accompanied by decreased content of the commercial component. The more complex the mining conditions are, the higher goaf maintenance costs is and the lower the mining intensity is. So, as mining develops, production cost constantly grows while the commercial component content decreases, which negatively affects total production performance indicators. Therefore, searching for ways to solve the problem of backfill cost reduction remains an urgent practical task of mining. It is possible to optimize backfill costs under changing and constantly deteriorating mining and geological conditions without reducing mining productivity by means of the underground geotechnology with artificial industrially-modified mass formation with the required geotechnical characteristics. The technology is presented in this work and is aimed at the effective development of the field reserves. Research objective is to develop and substantiate the parameters of underground geotechnology with worked-out area backfilling, which controls geotechnical characteristics of an artificial industrially-modified mass during the stoping. Methods of research. A room-and-pillar mining method was designed and its parameters were substantiated, taking into account natural mining and geological conditions and mining technical conditions formed in the course of stoping. The research was based on theoretical calculations and geomechanical modeling. Results. A variant of a room-and-pillar mining method has been developed with worked-out area backfilling with dry rock and further consolidation with a hardening mixture and compaction by breaking reserves in a compressive medium. The results obtained showed the mining method’s effectiveness. The study substantiates the rational values of the mining method structural element parameters. In particular, the size of the chamber wall is determined, located at an angle of 80°, with the reinforced layer up to 5 m thick and 1.5 MPa strong. Conclusions. A variant of the mining method can be used when mining inclined and steeply pitching ore bodies in difficult mining and geological conditions.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78297565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-136-145
V. Tauger, L. Kochneva, E. Volkov
Introduction. High-quality ventilation of underground workings is an important condition for safe and accident-free mining. Research on aerological situation control in work areas is ongoing, but the problem of creating reliable adaptive ventilation systems for shafts and mines remains urgent despite the progress made. In course of excavation, the system of workings on the horizon develops a highly complex structure. Auxiliary ventilation is often the only way to achieve high-quality air exchange in the working area. Methods of research. To continuously provide the working area with an estimated amount of fresh air, as well as to intensify ventilation if the concentration of toxic contaminants is increased, mine auxiliary fans (MAF) are used. The best way to improve MAF environmental and economic efficiency is to automatically control the fan capacity. Results and analysis. The program embedded in the programmable logic controller (PLC) provides for comparing the transmitters readings and the aerological situation allowed by the parameters as well as making a decision on changing the fan capacity. If the change is required, the PLC sends an appropriate command to the controller to adjust the fan engine speed. The MAF scheme is simplified if the blind drift is straight because the transmitter is in the line of sight of the receiver and there is no need for a repeater. The UMP design is of a minimal complexity when the mine working is straight and the control task is limited to ensuring constant air flow supplied to the bottom-hole zone. Out of all the data devices, only the flow transmitter remains in the circuit, while the repeater and PLC are excluded. It should also be noted that during the entire period of tunneling, the fan of an unregulated MAF creates an excess power consumption, therefore consuming more electricity than the fan of an intelligent mechatronic module (IMM). Conclusions. Conversion of MAF to IMM will provide the required amount of fresh air to the bottom-hole zone increasing the safety of miners. Real-time control of IMM capacity will significantly reduce energy consumption and create favorable conditions for optimizing ventilation according to the “price-quality” criterion.
{"title":"Mine auxiliary fan in the form of an intelligent mechatronic module","authors":"V. Tauger, L. Kochneva, E. Volkov","doi":"10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-136-145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2023-2-136-145","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. High-quality ventilation of underground workings is an important condition for safe and accident-free mining. Research on aerological situation control in work areas is ongoing, but the problem of creating reliable adaptive ventilation systems for shafts and mines remains urgent despite the progress made. In course of excavation, the system of workings on the horizon develops a highly complex structure. Auxiliary ventilation is often the only way to achieve high-quality air exchange in the working area. Methods of research. To continuously provide the working area with an estimated amount of fresh air, as well as to intensify ventilation if the concentration of toxic contaminants is increased, mine auxiliary fans (MAF) are used. The best way to improve MAF environmental and economic efficiency is to automatically control the fan capacity. Results and analysis. The program embedded in the programmable logic controller (PLC) provides for comparing the transmitters readings and the aerological situation allowed by the parameters as well as making a decision on changing the fan capacity. If the change is required, the PLC sends an appropriate command to the controller to adjust the fan engine speed. The MAF scheme is simplified if the blind drift is straight because the transmitter is in the line of sight of the receiver and there is no need for a repeater. The UMP design is of a minimal complexity when the mine working is straight and the control task is limited to ensuring constant air flow supplied to the bottom-hole zone. Out of all the data devices, only the flow transmitter remains in the circuit, while the repeater and PLC are excluded. It should also be noted that during the entire period of tunneling, the fan of an unregulated MAF creates an excess power consumption, therefore consuming more electricity than the fan of an intelligent mechatronic module (IMM). Conclusions. Conversion of MAF to IMM will provide the required amount of fresh air to the bottom-hole zone increasing the safety of miners. Real-time control of IMM capacity will significantly reduce energy consumption and create favorable conditions for optimizing ventilation according to the “price-quality” criterion.","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87492041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-15DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-58-72
O. Barzut, M. Surso
A dynamic of radial growth of spruce near a quarry of kimberlite pipes is investigated in this study. The quarry is considered as a potential source of anthropogenic impact. The research takes place at the central part of the White Sea Kuloi plateau, at the diamond deposit named after M.V. Lomonosov. The wood cores for dendrochronological analysis are from six trail plots located at different distances from the active quarry. The annual radial increment of spruce in all plots ranges from medium to high or very high. It is noticed that spruce trees have different durations of depression and expression cycles. The growth rates of the trees from the same plot do not coincide, or they show similarities to certain periods of tree’s life with cyclical patterns. In most cases, minimum and maximum extremes are observed near the well-known values of solar activity cycles. An inverse relationship is found between duration and repetition of the cycles. The measurements from all trail plots show a decrease in the amplitude of radial growth, which started in 2000. It took much greater extent in the period from 2010 to 2019. The samples of the spruce, which were taken from the oligotrophic habitats located near the quarry, indicate an increase of width of annual rings in the last 10–20 years. Fifty percent of them reveal a distinct radial extent. The trees from the most distant trail area are characterized by high simultaneity in the dynamics of the annual layers. Moreover, it is found a decrease in the maximum value of radial growth relative to the entire series of observations. Likewise, a reduce in the amplitude of increments is noted as a rise in the repeatability of relative growth indices below the regular values. It can be assumed that the change in the trend of radial growth in spruce in the oligotrophic habitats is mostly associated with the formation of а depression cone and, as a result, a general lowering of the groundwater level. For citation: Barzut O.S., Surso M.V. Radial Growth of Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. × P. obovata Ledeb.) in the Conditions of Mining Impact. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 2, pp. 58–72. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-58-72
{"title":"Radial Growth of Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. × P. obovata Ledeb.) in the Conditions of Mining Impact","authors":"O. Barzut, M. Surso","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-58-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-58-72","url":null,"abstract":"A dynamic of radial growth of spruce near a quarry of kimberlite pipes is investigated in this study. The quarry is considered as a potential source of anthropogenic impact. The research takes place at the central part of the White Sea Kuloi plateau, at the diamond deposit named after M.V. Lomonosov. The wood cores for dendrochronological analysis are from six trail plots located at different distances from the active quarry. The annual radial increment of spruce in all plots ranges from medium to high or very high. It is noticed that spruce trees have different durations of depression and expression cycles. The growth rates of the trees from the same plot do not coincide, or they show similarities to certain periods of tree’s life with cyclical patterns. In most cases, minimum and maximum extremes are observed near the well-known values of solar activity cycles. An inverse relationship is found between duration and repetition of the cycles. The measurements from all trail plots show a decrease in the amplitude of radial growth, which started in 2000. It took much greater extent in the period from 2010 to 2019. The samples of the spruce, which were taken from the oligotrophic habitats located near the quarry, indicate an increase of width of annual rings in the last 10–20 years. Fifty percent of them reveal a distinct radial extent. The trees from the most distant trail area are characterized by high simultaneity in the dynamics of the annual layers. Moreover, it is found a decrease in the maximum value of radial growth relative to the entire series of observations. Likewise, a reduce in the amplitude of increments is noted as a rise in the repeatability of relative growth indices below the regular values. It can be assumed that the change in the trend of radial growth in spruce in the oligotrophic habitats is mostly associated with the formation of а depression cone and, as a result, a general lowering of the groundwater level. For citation: Barzut O.S., Surso M.V. Radial Growth of Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst. × P. obovata Ledeb.) in the Conditions of Mining Impact. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 2, pp. 58–72. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-58-72","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87855235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-15DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-26-37
P. Feklistov, I. Bolotov, A. Sobolev, N. Babich, N. Sungurova, V. Melekhov
The studies are carried out in pine stands situated on the forest boundaries, which are in between the open space locations and forest growth areas. The investigations were made on the territory of the Kholmogorskiy and Primorskiy districts in the Arkhangelsk region. The purpose of the research is to identify the characteristics of meteorological factors at different distances from the edge of phytocenosis as well as their influence on the undergrowth and ground vegetation in the ecotone zone. For this purpose, the vegetation, which grew on the transects at different distances from the edge of the phytocenosis, is described in layers. The transects were positioned perpendicular to the forest boundary. The following parameters were described and measured, such as undergrowth, ground vegetation, luminance, air temperature, wind speed, air humidity. The taxation of the stand was accomplished by using relascopic circular platforms. It is found that luminance, air temperature, and wind speed naturally decrease with distance from the edge of the phytocenosis deeper into the forest. The decrease in luminance can be revealed to 8 m, temperature to 8–15 m, wind speed to 30 m. However, air humidity increases up to 8 m. A correlation between meteorological factors and the distance from the edge of the phytocenosis is determined. The distribution of the undergrowth according to the edges of phytocenosis has a consistent pattern. The undergrowth of heliophytes of pine, birch, and aspen is most abundant at the edge of phytocenoses, and their numbers decrease with distance from the edge. The undergrowth of sciophytes either increases or its quantity does not change. Such distributions are confirmed by correlation analysis. The resulting figures are rated as significant or high. They are reliable at the significance level of 0.05. The number of plants in the grass-shrub tier decreases with the distance deep into the forest. Any define conclusion can’t be made regarding the moss-lichen tier. In general, it can be concluded that the size of the ecotone zone in terms of meteorological factors and indicators of vegetation is 12–14 m. For citation: Feklistov P.A., Sobolev A.N., Babich N.A., Sungurova N.R., Melekhov V.I., Bolotov I.N. Edge Effect in Pine Stands in the Northern Taiga. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 2, pp. 26–37. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-26-37
{"title":"Edge Effect in Pine Stands in the Northern Taiga","authors":"P. Feklistov, I. Bolotov, A. Sobolev, N. Babich, N. Sungurova, V. Melekhov","doi":"10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-26-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-26-37","url":null,"abstract":"The studies are carried out in pine stands situated on the forest boundaries, which are in between the open space locations and forest growth areas. The investigations were made on the territory of the Kholmogorskiy and Primorskiy districts in the Arkhangelsk region. The purpose of the research is to identify the characteristics of meteorological factors at different distances from the edge of phytocenosis as well as their influence on the undergrowth and ground vegetation in the ecotone zone. For this purpose, the vegetation, which grew on the transects at different distances from the edge of the phytocenosis, is described in layers. The transects were positioned perpendicular to the forest boundary. The following parameters were described and measured, such as undergrowth, ground vegetation, luminance, air temperature, wind speed, air humidity. The taxation of the stand was accomplished by using relascopic circular platforms. It is found that luminance, air temperature, and wind speed naturally decrease with distance from the edge of the phytocenosis deeper into the forest. The decrease in luminance can be revealed to 8 m, temperature to 8–15 m, wind speed to 30 m. However, air humidity increases up to 8 m. A correlation between meteorological factors and the distance from the edge of the phytocenosis is determined. The distribution of the undergrowth according to the edges of phytocenosis has a consistent pattern. The undergrowth of heliophytes of pine, birch, and aspen is most abundant at the edge of phytocenoses, and their numbers decrease with distance from the edge. The undergrowth of sciophytes either increases or its quantity does not change. Such distributions are confirmed by correlation analysis. The resulting figures are rated as significant or high. They are reliable at the significance level of 0.05. The number of plants in the grass-shrub tier decreases with the distance deep into the forest. Any define conclusion can’t be made regarding the moss-lichen tier. In general, it can be concluded that the size of the ecotone zone in terms of meteorological factors and indicators of vegetation is 12–14 m. For citation: Feklistov P.A., Sobolev A.N., Babich N.A., Sungurova N.R., Melekhov V.I., Bolotov I.N. Edge Effect in Pine Stands in the Northern Taiga. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 2, pp. 26–37. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-26-37","PeriodicalId":44136,"journal":{"name":"Lesnoy Zhurnal-Forestry Journal","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83440676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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