Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2022.2066316
B. Kuckartz, Euler F. V. Victoria, R. Peroni
ABSTRACT Environmental issues and sustainability are currently being discussed and studied in several areas of mining technology; combining these issues with improved mining operation and management is part of strategic mine planning. Waste management plays an important role in this process, as an alternative way of minimising environmental impacts and achieving more attractive economic scenarios, such as backfilling the pit. This study aimed to evaluate the application of the multi-stage dumping sequence (MSDS) in conjunction with in-pit deposition strategy for a phosphate mine providing general orientations and limits of applicability of the method. The MSDS makes use of temporary waste dumps which gives operational flexibility regarding waste management while reducing the Net Present Cost (NPC) (up to 8% in this study) compared with the traditional and sometimes untouchable rule of no re-handling approach during waste disposal.
{"title":"Establishing the quantitative and qualitative limits of the applicability of the multi-stage dumping sequence in open pit mining","authors":"B. Kuckartz, Euler F. V. Victoria, R. Peroni","doi":"10.1080/25726668.2022.2066316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2022.2066316","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Environmental issues and sustainability are currently being discussed and studied in several areas of mining technology; combining these issues with improved mining operation and management is part of strategic mine planning. Waste management plays an important role in this process, as an alternative way of minimising environmental impacts and achieving more attractive economic scenarios, such as backfilling the pit. This study aimed to evaluate the application of the multi-stage dumping sequence (MSDS) in conjunction with in-pit deposition strategy for a phosphate mine providing general orientations and limits of applicability of the method. The MSDS makes use of temporary waste dumps which gives operational flexibility regarding waste management while reducing the Net Present Cost (NPC) (up to 8% in this study) compared with the traditional and sometimes untouchable rule of no re-handling approach during waste disposal.","PeriodicalId":44166,"journal":{"name":"Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"27 1","pages":"169 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90779636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2022.2058816
R. Hansen
ABSTRACT A fire in a mine will pose risks to mining personnel, where the smoke spread will be one of the risks. The smoke spread will be largely determined by the stratification. This paper studies the smoke stratification in a mine with a burning vehicle, for varying surface roughness, surface material, and impact of the vehicle. Datawas provided from full-scale experiments in an underground mine. The proposed fire gas temperature correlations successfully captured the smoke stratification in the mine and the influencing turbulence. A numerical model predicted thatnon-stratified conditions can be expected at shorter distances in a mine compared with a tunnel. Longer distances to non-stratified conditions can be expected for materials with low volumetric heat capacity. A long-lasting fire will result in longer distances to non-stratified conditions. With decreasing fire gas temperatures, the heated surface may slow down the decrease or even maintain the distances to non-stratified conditions.
{"title":"Smoke stratification in a mine drift with a burning mining vehicle","authors":"R. Hansen","doi":"10.1080/25726668.2022.2058816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2022.2058816","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A fire in a mine will pose risks to mining personnel, where the smoke spread will be one of the risks. The smoke spread will be largely determined by the stratification. This paper studies the smoke stratification in a mine with a burning vehicle, for varying surface roughness, surface material, and impact of the vehicle. Datawas provided from full-scale experiments in an underground mine. The proposed fire gas temperature correlations successfully captured the smoke stratification in the mine and the influencing turbulence. A numerical model predicted thatnon-stratified conditions can be expected at shorter distances in a mine compared with a tunnel. Longer distances to non-stratified conditions can be expected for materials with low volumetric heat capacity. A long-lasting fire will result in longer distances to non-stratified conditions. With decreasing fire gas temperatures, the heated surface may slow down the decrease or even maintain the distances to non-stratified conditions.","PeriodicalId":44166,"journal":{"name":"Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"26 11","pages":"129 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72398497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2022.2072559
J. Macneil, R. Dimitrakopoulos, R. Peattie
ABSTRACT Several of the world’s largest open-pit mines are expected to consider making a transition to underground mining because of the opportunity to access an increased amount of reserves and extend a mine’s life. A case study exploring the optimal transition depth from open pit to underground mining at AngloGold Ashanti’s Geita gold mine in Tanzania is presented herein. The approach considered assesses the problem by evaluating the profits of a set of candidate transition depths, which have been identified by the mining operation as viable opportunities. An accurate valuation for each candidate’s transition depth is derived by producing yearly mine plans based on uncertainty, which outline expected yearly cash flows. Compared with the conventional deterministic approach, the results of this study show a 23% net present value increase for the stochastic mine plans, as well as an improved production performance and the ability to meet mill requirements throughout the life-of-mine.
{"title":"A stochastic mine planning approach to determine the optimal open pit to underground mining transition depth – case study at the Geita gold mine, Tanzania","authors":"J. Macneil, R. Dimitrakopoulos, R. Peattie","doi":"10.1080/25726668.2022.2072559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2022.2072559","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Several of the world’s largest open-pit mines are expected to consider making a transition to underground mining because of the opportunity to access an increased amount of reserves and extend a mine’s life. A case study exploring the optimal transition depth from open pit to underground mining at AngloGold Ashanti’s Geita gold mine in Tanzania is presented herein. The approach considered assesses the problem by evaluating the profits of a set of candidate transition depths, which have been identified by the mining operation as viable opportunities. An accurate valuation for each candidate’s transition depth is derived by producing yearly mine plans based on uncertainty, which outline expected yearly cash flows. Compared with the conventional deterministic approach, the results of this study show a 23% net present value increase for the stochastic mine plans, as well as an improved production performance and the ability to meet mill requirements throughout the life-of-mine.","PeriodicalId":44166,"journal":{"name":"Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"9 1","pages":"181 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79463988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2022.2064260
Younes Aalian, Amin Mousavi, M. Bsiri
ABSTRACT The open-pit production planning is one of the most important steps of mine design which becomes a hard and challenging optimization problem in large-scale mineral deposits. A common approach in such a situation is to cluster mining blocks (smallest mining units) into larger units. In this paper, an integer non-linear programming model of the constrained block clustering is developed with the objective of minimizing grade deviations while blocks are geometrically connected within a cluster and the shape and size of individual clusters are in the pre-defined range. Then, a population-based iterated local search algorithm is presented to solve this nonlinear model and find a near-optimum solution. The proposed model and the solution approach were applied to a case study of a gold and silver deposit with 40,947 blocks. The mining blocks are grouped into 1966 clusters which then mine planner can solve production scheduling in less computational time.
{"title":"A new mathematical model for the optimization of block aggregation in open pit mines","authors":"Younes Aalian, Amin Mousavi, M. Bsiri","doi":"10.1080/25726668.2022.2064260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2022.2064260","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The open-pit production planning is one of the most important steps of mine design which becomes a hard and challenging optimization problem in large-scale mineral deposits. A common approach in such a situation is to cluster mining blocks (smallest mining units) into larger units. In this paper, an integer non-linear programming model of the constrained block clustering is developed with the objective of minimizing grade deviations while blocks are geometrically connected within a cluster and the shape and size of individual clusters are in the pre-defined range. Then, a population-based iterated local search algorithm is presented to solve this nonlinear model and find a near-optimum solution. The proposed model and the solution approach were applied to a case study of a gold and silver deposit with 40,947 blocks. The mining blocks are grouped into 1966 clusters which then mine planner can solve production scheduling in less computational time.","PeriodicalId":44166,"journal":{"name":"Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"37 1","pages":"149 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85396329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2022.2064261
J. Hadjigeorgiou, Y. Potvin
ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a benchmarking study on face support practice in seismically active mines in Australia and Canada. The choice of ground support strategies is based on the anticipated strainburst hazard as well as corporate, legislative, and operational requirements. Although mines appear to employ similar face support standards, using friction rock stabilizers and mesh, the details and the resulting coverage vary from site to site. The variations in design and coverage result in significantly different residual risks. The case is made for documenting strainburst events at the mining face and using this information to formally assess the effectiveness of implemented face support practice at the various mine sites.
{"title":"Benchmarking face support practice in seismically active mines","authors":"J. Hadjigeorgiou, Y. Potvin","doi":"10.1080/25726668.2022.2064261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2022.2064261","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a benchmarking study on face support practice in seismically active mines in Australia and Canada. The choice of ground support strategies is based on the anticipated strainburst hazard as well as corporate, legislative, and operational requirements. Although mines appear to employ similar face support standards, using friction rock stabilizers and mesh, the details and the resulting coverage vary from site to site. The variations in design and coverage result in significantly different residual risks. The case is made for documenting strainburst events at the mining face and using this information to formally assess the effectiveness of implemented face support practice at the various mine sites.","PeriodicalId":44166,"journal":{"name":"Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"8 1","pages":"159 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82507435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-17DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2022.2086357
W. Felsch, C. A. Ortiz, H. M. Lima, E. C. Rodovalho
ABSTRACT The mining industry is currently undergoing a significant evolution in its production processes to search for greater sustainability in its operations. Historically, identifying the low performance of equipment occurs with inspections on the mining faces or through management reports. However, through the advent of technology and greater processing and data transmission capacity, many companies have developed research to improve the decision-making process to identify events in real-time to increase mine safety and act on low-performance equipment. Thus, this paper presents the development of a cyber-physical system to control loading productivity for open-pit mines. Furthermore, the tool allows analysis of the productivity, which generates alarms in low-performance situations measured according to pre-established targets. In the practical applications of the method, the increase in loading productivity reached 4.71% by reducing process variability. In addition, the stability of the loading operation resulted in the lowest queues, fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
{"title":"An innovative cyber-physical system aimed at increasing productivity in the mining industry","authors":"W. Felsch, C. A. Ortiz, H. M. Lima, E. C. Rodovalho","doi":"10.1080/25726668.2022.2086357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2022.2086357","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The mining industry is currently undergoing a significant evolution in its production processes to search for greater sustainability in its operations. Historically, identifying the low performance of equipment occurs with inspections on the mining faces or through management reports. However, through the advent of technology and greater processing and data transmission capacity, many companies have developed research to improve the decision-making process to identify events in real-time to increase mine safety and act on low-performance equipment. Thus, this paper presents the development of a cyber-physical system to control loading productivity for open-pit mines. Furthermore, the tool allows analysis of the productivity, which generates alarms in low-performance situations measured according to pre-established targets. In the practical applications of the method, the increase in loading productivity reached 4.71% by reducing process variability. In addition, the stability of the loading operation resulted in the lowest queues, fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.","PeriodicalId":44166,"journal":{"name":"Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"23 1","pages":"228 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78640607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2022.2078090
Sheo Shankar Rai, V. Murthy, Rahul Kumar, M. Maniteja, Ashutosh Kumar Singh
ABSTRACT Overburden removal is a major activity of surface coal mining and accounts for over 60–70% of the costs. Cast blasting is integral to overburden removal using draglines. Knowledge of cast blasting was combined with data analytics and machine learning algorithms to predict cast blast percentage. In a typical study, the cast percentage is predicted as a function of key input variables, namely (1) height to burden (H/b) ratio, (2) height to width (H/W) ratio, (3) length to width (L/W) ratio, (4) effective in-hole explosive density (de – te/m3), (5) powder factor (PF) (m3/kg – volume of rock broken per kg of explosive), and (6) average delay per unit width of burden (ms/m). Random forest algorithm was used under five-fold cross-validation with 68 datasets split into 57 for training and 11 for testing purposes. The model produced an R 2 value of 69.16% and 67.37% respectively on the training and testing data.
{"title":"Using machine learning algorithms to predict cast blasting performance in surface mining","authors":"Sheo Shankar Rai, V. Murthy, Rahul Kumar, M. Maniteja, Ashutosh Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1080/25726668.2022.2078090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2022.2078090","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Overburden removal is a major activity of surface coal mining and accounts for over 60–70% of the costs. Cast blasting is integral to overburden removal using draglines. Knowledge of cast blasting was combined with data analytics and machine learning algorithms to predict cast blast percentage. In a typical study, the cast percentage is predicted as a function of key input variables, namely (1) height to burden (H/b) ratio, (2) height to width (H/W) ratio, (3) length to width (L/W) ratio, (4) effective in-hole explosive density (de – te/m3), (5) powder factor (PF) (m3/kg – volume of rock broken per kg of explosive), and (6) average delay per unit width of burden (ms/m). Random forest algorithm was used under five-fold cross-validation with 68 datasets split into 57 for training and 11 for testing purposes. The model produced an R 2 value of 69.16% and 67.37% respectively on the training and testing data.","PeriodicalId":44166,"journal":{"name":"Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"20 1","pages":"191 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82703528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-03DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2022.2082152
Sunny Murmu, G. Budi
ABSTRACT A FLAC3D based model has been developed to estimate the extent of coal wall spalling for a longwall face having a working depth of 406.5 m during the main weighting period. The results obtained from the model helped in characterizing two key phases of main weighting, namely, peak stress, and main fall period based on vertical stress concentration factor, percentage of yield zones, and extent of yielding ahead of the face. The maximum extent of coal wall spalling of 2 m was observed during the main fall period. Spalling is mainly concentrated near the upper-middle and the top sections of the face.
{"title":"Analysis of failure associated with longwall face during the main weighting period using a numerical modelling approach","authors":"Sunny Murmu, G. Budi","doi":"10.1080/25726668.2022.2082152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2022.2082152","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A FLAC3D based model has been developed to estimate the extent of coal wall spalling for a longwall face having a working depth of 406.5 m during the main weighting period. The results obtained from the model helped in characterizing two key phases of main weighting, namely, peak stress, and main fall period based on vertical stress concentration factor, percentage of yield zones, and extent of yielding ahead of the face. The maximum extent of coal wall spalling of 2 m was observed during the main fall period. Spalling is mainly concentrated near the upper-middle and the top sections of the face.","PeriodicalId":44166,"journal":{"name":"Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"59 1","pages":"210 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88666787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-26DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2022.2078091
Alexandra Radl, R. Mitra, Elisabeth Clausen
ABSTRACT For the scaling process to be successful, it is important to first detect the loose rock. Even today, this task is mainly performed by experienced personnel. This leads to opportunities for increased potential to use sensor driven digital assistance systems. This paper presents a review and analysis of sensor-based loose rock detection methods considering the specific conditions of testing and use. The investigations can be classified into three categories based on their respective sensor technology approach. The opportunities for automating the scaling process highly depend on the method used. If scaling is conducted manually, the pre-entry examination could be automated. For the automation of the entire process, the use of machinery is more beneficial. Long wave infrared (LWIR) cameras or visual techniques have a great potential. However, in the case of LWIR, innovative methods for generating a sufficient heat flow between air and rock need to be developed in future.
{"title":"Loose rock detection methods for automating the scaling process","authors":"Alexandra Radl, R. Mitra, Elisabeth Clausen","doi":"10.1080/25726668.2022.2078091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2022.2078091","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT For the scaling process to be successful, it is important to first detect the loose rock. Even today, this task is mainly performed by experienced personnel. This leads to opportunities for increased potential to use sensor driven digital assistance systems. This paper presents a review and analysis of sensor-based loose rock detection methods considering the specific conditions of testing and use. The investigations can be classified into three categories based on their respective sensor technology approach. The opportunities for automating the scaling process highly depend on the method used. If scaling is conducted manually, the pre-entry examination could be automated. For the automation of the entire process, the use of machinery is more beneficial. Long wave infrared (LWIR) cameras or visual techniques have a great potential. However, in the case of LWIR, innovative methods for generating a sufficient heat flow between air and rock need to be developed in future.","PeriodicalId":44166,"journal":{"name":"Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"60 1","pages":"249 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76510336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2022.2053424
Mahmoud Said, A. El-Midany
ABSTRACT In this paper, the net present value (NPV) of a phosphate ore beneficiation flowsheet is analysed under appropriate technical-economic conditions, considering all related uncertainties, using a new Economic Mine Value (EMV) dynamic model to assess the feasibility of the flowsheet. The stochastic NPV of the dynamic model showed that the project is 53.3% more economically viable than the static deterministic NPV. Risk analysis showed that the net present value-at-risk (NPVaR) is likely to achieve a value less than zero, with a 4.7% chance of incurring a financial loss. In addition, sensitivity analysis ranked the model variables according to their impact on the stochastic NPV. The NPV was optimized by adjusting the capacity and capital costs (CAPEX) as decision variables, imposing the price as a model constraint, and using a NPVaR of 1% to maximize NPV. The EMV model is a universal model that can be applied to various mineral deposits.
{"title":"Financial risk analysis with uncertainties of phosphate ore beneficiation","authors":"Mahmoud Said, A. El-Midany","doi":"10.1080/25726668.2022.2053424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2022.2053424","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this paper, the net present value (NPV) of a phosphate ore beneficiation flowsheet is analysed under appropriate technical-economic conditions, considering all related uncertainties, using a new Economic Mine Value (EMV) dynamic model to assess the feasibility of the flowsheet. The stochastic NPV of the dynamic model showed that the project is 53.3% more economically viable than the static deterministic NPV. Risk analysis showed that the net present value-at-risk (NPVaR) is likely to achieve a value less than zero, with a 4.7% chance of incurring a financial loss. In addition, sensitivity analysis ranked the model variables according to their impact on the stochastic NPV. The NPV was optimized by adjusting the capacity and capital costs (CAPEX) as decision variables, imposing the price as a model constraint, and using a NPVaR of 1% to maximize NPV. The EMV model is a universal model that can be applied to various mineral deposits.","PeriodicalId":44166,"journal":{"name":"Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"24 1","pages":"115 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73480503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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