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Digital twins in the minerals industry – a comprehensive review 矿业中的数字孪生——全面回顾
Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2023.2257479
Juncong Qu, Mehmet S. Kizil, Mohsen Yahyaei, Peter F. Knights
ABSTRACTDigital Twins (DT) have become popular in various industries to solve complex problems. A true DT allows for bidirectional real-time data flows between the physical and virtual worlds.The term DT was often overused, leading to confusion about its capabilities therefore this paper provides a review of the current state of DT and its applications in the minerals industry. Existing literature shows a slow adoption of DTs in the minerals industry, which is largely due to challenges associated with geological unpredictability, legacy system integration, cost, skill gaps, cybersecurity, and lack of standards.Combining immersive visualisation with real-time spatial computer graphics could improve the usability and acceptance of DTs in the minerals industry which has been used successfully in training while underexplored for operational scenarios. The study concludes by highlighting the need for further research to understand the effectiveness of such an approach in mineral operations.KEYWORDS: Digital twinsmining and mineral processingIndustry 4.0internet of thingsdigitalisationsystem integrationextended realitycorporate Metaverse Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by University of Queensland.
摘要数字孪生(digital Twins, DT)已广泛应用于各行业解决复杂问题。真正的DT允许物理世界和虚拟世界之间的双向实时数据流。DT这个术语经常被过度使用,导致对其功能的混淆,因此本文提供了DT的现状及其在矿物工业中的应用的回顾。现有文献显示,DTs在矿产行业的采用缓慢,这主要是由于与地质不可预测性、遗留系统集成、成本、技能差距、网络安全以及缺乏标准相关的挑战。将身临其境的可视化与实时空间计算机图形结合起来,可以提高矿物工业中dt的可用性和接受度,这种技术已成功地用于培训,但未充分探索用于业务情景。研究报告最后强调需要进一步研究,以了解这种方法在矿物作业中的有效性。关键词:数字孪生采矿与选矿工业4.0物联网数字化系统集成扩展现实企业元世界披露声明作者未报告潜在利益冲突。本研究得到了昆士兰大学的支持。
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引用次数: 0
Mining Metaverse – a future collaborative tool for best practice mining 挖掘Metaverse——一个用于最佳实践挖掘的未来协作工具
IF 1.1 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2023.2235155
P. Stothard
ABSTRACT Futuristic views of mine operations allude to the use of immersive virtual worlds that transport people into what is now called a Metaverse, a network of 3D virtual worlds that can be experienced by an unlimited number of people simultaneously. The concept and benefit of combining real and virtual worlds have been around for many decades and have evolved considerably in recent years. When these are presented as a digital twin with bidirectional data and collaboration capability, potential exists for a powerful communications tool for mining operations. Hence, it is time to discuss the Metaverse from a mining perspective and this paper asks, ‘What is the Metaverse and how does it relate to mining?’ This paper presents some case studies, concepts, a model and considers the benefits of a Mining Metaverse as a communications tool that enhances decision making via remote collaboration.
矿山作业的未来主义观点暗示使用沉浸式虚拟世界,将人们带入现在所谓的虚拟世界,这是一个可以由无限数量的人同时体验的3D虚拟世界网络。将真实世界和虚拟世界结合起来的概念和好处已经存在了几十年,并且在最近几年有了很大的发展。当它们作为具有双向数据和协作能力的数字孪生体呈现时,就有可能成为采矿作业的强大通信工具。因此,是时候从挖矿的角度来讨论虚拟世界了,本文提出了这样一个问题:“什么是虚拟世界?它与挖矿有什么关系?”本文介绍了一些案例研究、概念、模型,并考虑了采矿虚拟世界作为一种通信工具的好处,这种工具可以通过远程协作增强决策制定。
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引用次数: 1
Reliability evaluation of CAN-bus connectors with tailored testing 基于定制测试的can总线连接器可靠性评估
IF 1.1 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2023.2235496
P. Ojala, J. Rämö, Juha Miettinen, M. Vilkko
ABSTRACT Controller Area Network (CAN-bus) is a default solution for digital control in machinery. The CAN-bus structure uses connector components to extend cabling and join subsystems. The connectors are IP-classified, so they tolerate humidity and particle ingress. Ingress protection also provides durability against other stress factors. Usually, connectors are exposed to multiple stress factors, but the stress levels are durable. In mining applications, however, stress levels can be high, and other factors become significant, so IP classification does not necessarily indicate sufficient durability. Tailored testing can be used to identify suitable components for a specific purpose. In this study, the actual stress factors of an underground mine drill were used in tailored tests. The results showed significant differences in reliability between connector models with the same IP code. The ranking of the components varied depending on the stress factors used. This highlights the importance of using actual operating conditions when evaluating reliability.
控制器局域网(can总线)是机械设备数字控制的默认解决方案。can总线结构使用连接器组件来扩展布线和连接子系统。连接器是ip分类的,因此它们可以容忍湿度和颗粒进入。入口保护也提供了抗其他压力因素的耐久性。通常,连接器暴露在多种应力因素下,但应力水平是持久的。然而,在采矿应用中,应力水平可能很高,其他因素也变得很重要,因此IP分类不一定表明足够的耐用性。量身定制的测试可用于识别适合特定用途的组件。本研究采用某井下钻机的实际应力因子进行了定制试验。结果表明,具有相同IP代码的连接器型号之间的可靠性存在显着差异。组件的排名取决于所使用的应力因素。这突出了在评估可靠性时使用实际运行条件的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainable open pit fleet management system: integrating economic and environmental objectives into truck allocation 可持续露天矿车队管理系统:将经济和环境目标整合到卡车分配中
IF 1.1 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2023.2233230
Matin Ghasempour Anaraki, A. M. Afrapoli
ABSTRACT Fleet management systems in open pit mines make two important semi-dynamic and dynamic decisions to maximize utilization of available equipment: the decision of allocation and the decision of dispatching the trucks to the shovels. In this paper, we propose a bi-objective mathematical model that incorporates the minimization of carbon emission into the allocation optimization model. We also consider different inputs that might impact upon truck allocation decisions such as the fleet size, truck velocity, truck age groups, etc. The presented mathematical model is examined using two different case studies from an iron mine and a copper mine containing a different number of shovels, dumps, and trucks. The results reveal that the developed model enhances the production performance while controlling emissions. It is indicated that the average truck velocity and, the age of trucks are among the critical factors, which can highly affect the amount of carbon emissions.
露天矿山车队管理系统为最大限度地利用现有设备,进行了两项重要的半动态决策和动态决策:分配决策和车辆调度决策。在本文中,我们提出了一个将碳排放最小化纳入分配优化模型的双目标数学模型。我们还考虑了可能影响卡车分配决策的不同输入,如车队规模、卡车速度、卡车年龄组等。所提出的数学模型是通过两个不同的案例研究来检验的,这些案例研究来自一个铁矿和一个铜矿,其中包含不同数量的铲子、垃圾场和卡车。结果表明,该模型在控制排放的同时提高了生产性能。结果表明,卡车平均速度和车龄是影响碳排放量的关键因素。
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引用次数: 0
A Genetic algorithm scheme for large scale open-pit mine production scheduling 大型露天矿生产调度的遗传算法方案
IF 1.1 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2023.2228071
N. Azadi, Hossein Mirzaei-Nasirabad, Amin Mousavi
ABSTRACT Due to the large size of open-pit mines’ long-term production scheduling (OPMPS) problem in large-scale deposits, it is challenging to solve that problem as the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model. This study used an approach of the genetic algorithm (GA) to tackle this challenge. So, in a small hypothetical deposit, based on the blocks in the ultimate pit limit and scenarios with 2–6 phases, net present values (NPV) and computational times obtained from the GA and MILP model were compared to evaluate the GA. Also, the GA was applied to a large-scale deposit to determine the efficiency of the GA in real deposits. The maximum NPV was obtained for the four-phase scenario in the hypothetical deposit and the six-phase scenario in the large-scale deposit. Although the GA’s NPV decreased slightly compared to the global optimum solution from the MILP model, the computational time was significantly reduced.
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引用次数: 0
Development of site specific blasting index parameters based on single hole blast test cratering 基于单孔爆破试验坑的现场特定爆破指标参数的制定
IF 1.1 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2023.2219128
J. Aubertin, M. Wimmer, Masoud Sedghi
ABSTRACT An experimental method is proposed to assess blasting requirements based on in-situ cratering behavior. The method relies on single hole blast (SHB) tests to derive burden-dependent relationships. A non-linear crater model of the form is calibrated from SHB test results to describe the cratering behavior. Parameters and represent characteristic blastability index parameters that depend on geomechanical and operational conditions. A series of experimental SHB tests were conducted at three hard rock mines. The craters were mapped to capture the breakout profile and calibrate the model. Results showed that coefficient presents an inverse linear correlation with burden , while exponent s is approximately constant for a considerable range of burden values. Experimental results are used to define burden dependent relationship for bench blast designs and blasthole placement in underground development rounds. A complementary analysis addresses the prevalence of multiple cratering mechanisms according to geology and burden dimension.
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引用次数: 0
Review of recent developments in short-term mine planning and IPCC with a research agenda 审查短期矿山规划和政府间气候变化专门委员会的最新发展,并提出研究议程
IF 1.1 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2023.2218170
Nasib Al Habib, E. Ben-Awuah, H. Askari-Nasab
ABSTRACT In-Pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC) has gained momentum in recent years to replace trucks partially or fully in large open pit mines because of the shovel-truck system's increasing fuel and labour costs and conveyor systems' low operating costs and less greenhouse gas emissions. This article reviews the most recent literature since 2010 on short-term planning, based on different formulation and solution approaches, and IPCC, based on primary objectives such as optimum crusher location, economic/environmental comparison etc., to find the research gaps and future research opportunities in short-term planning with IPCC. The review reveals that hardly any short-term planning model can generate mine extraction sequences with IPCC integration. Therefore, a short-term planning methodology considering the IPCC system would be a pioneering step in the mine planning literature. Hence, the authors propose a theoretical short-term planning framework with IPCC as a future research direction.
近年来,由于铲车系统不断增加的燃料和劳动力成本以及输送系统的低运行成本和更少的温室气体排放,在大型露天矿山中,坑内破碎和输送(IPCC)已经获得了部分或完全取代卡车的势头。本文回顾了2010年以来关于短期规划的最新文献,基于不同的制定和解决方法,以及IPCC,基于最佳破碎机位置,经济/环境比较等主要目标,寻找IPCC在短期规划中的研究空白和未来的研究机会。研究表明,几乎没有任何短期规划模型能够生成与IPCC集成的矿山开采序列。因此,考虑到政府间气候变化专门委员会系统的短期规划方法将是矿山规划文献中的一个开创性步骤。因此,作者提出了一个以IPCC为未来研究方向的理论短期规划框架。
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引用次数: 2
Training of load haul dump (LHD) machine operators: a case study at LKAB’s Kiirunavaara mine 铲运机操作员的培训:以LKAB的Kiirunavaara矿为例
IF 1.1 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2023.2217669
Muhammad Tariq, A. Gustafson, H. Schunnesson
ABSTRACT Mining is a high-risk industry, so efficiency and safety are key priorities. Technological advancements, such as digitisation, digitalisation, and automation have made mines safer. These developments have also highlighted the need for operators with updated skills and improved education programs. This study analysed the training of semi-autonomous and manual Load Haul Dump (LHD) operators’ at LKAB’s Kiirunavaara mine, focusing on operators’ training, perspective and integration of more recent tool such as simulator training. The survey questionnaire was sent to all 120 LHD operators. 86 answers were received, giving response rate of 70%. Results showed that operators generally were satisfied with how the training was structured, organised, and delivered. However, they wanted to add more topics, including practical loading, spending time with departments of other sub-processes, etc. In addition, 36% of the operators, including 20% of those operating semi-autonomous LHDs, and 80% of those operating manual LHDs, found simulator training difficult.
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引用次数: 0
Dumping oversize rock fragments in orepasses: the impact on the production cycle of a sublevel caving operation 在过山口倾倒超大岩块:对分段崩落法生产周期的影响
IF 1.1 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2023.2215560
S. Manzoor, A. Gustafson, H. Schunnesson
ABSTRACT Oversize rock fragments are highly undesired in a sublevel caving (SLC) operation as they affect the production cycle, equipment, and infrastructure. In this study, a field test was carried out in Malmberget mine to analyse the impact of oversize fragments on the production cycle and the costs of different procedures for handling such fragments. The tests involved monitoring of dumping oversize fragments in two orepasses, one with a grizzly and the other one without a grizzly, using cameras. The cycle times of load-haul-dump (LHD) machines were determined for both orepasses. The results indicate that the grizzly increased the availability and productivity of the orepass despite increasing the cycle time of the LHD machines. Moreover, installation of a boulder breaker system along with the grizzly can further increase the productivity and the cost of such a system will be paid off in a shorter time in terms of enhanced productivity.
在分段崩落法(SLC)作业中,超大岩石碎片是非常不希望出现的,因为它们会影响生产周期、设备和基础设施。在本研究中,在Malmberget矿山进行了现场试验,以分析超大碎片对生产周期的影响以及处理此类碎片的不同程序的成本。测试包括使用摄像机监控在两个通道中倾倒超大碎片,一个有灰熊,另一个没有灰熊。确定了两次超限时的装卸车(LHD)机的周期时间。结果表明,尽管增加了LHD机器的循环时间,但灰熊提高了矿道的利用率和生产率。此外,与灰熊一起安装破石系统可以进一步提高生产率,并且就提高生产率而言,这种系统的成本将在更短的时间内得到回报。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing stope performance using georeferenced octrees and multivariate analysis 利用地理参考八叉树和多变量分析评估采场性能
IF 1.1 Q3 MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/25726668.2023.2205080
B. McFadyen, M. Grenon, K. Woodward, Y. Potvin
ABSTRACT This paper presents the first steps towards a new stope design approach, where stope overbreak (OB; rock mined outside of the design) and underbreak (UB; planned rock left behind) is assessed using statistical multivariate analysis (principal component analysis [PCA] and partial least square [PLS]) and georeferenced data measured at an approximately cubic metre resolution (octrees). Results showed that OB is observed in areas of the stope where there is a large blasting energy proxy, large undercut and towards the middle of the face. UB tends to be observed near the border of the faces and where there is large blasting standoff and toeing of the rings. The resolution of the data and the use of multivariate analysis have enabled the depiction of an accurate interpretation of the variation of stope performance along the design surface, going beyond the simple per face analysis.
本文介绍了一种新的采场设计方法的第一步,其中采场超断(OB;在设计外开采的岩石)和溃底(UB;使用统计多变量分析(主成分分析[PCA]和偏最小二乘[PLS])和以大约立方米分辨率(八叉树)测量的地理参考数据对规划遗留岩石进行评估。结果表明:在采场爆破能量代理大、切槽大、靠近工作面中部的区域出现OB;UB倾向于在面边界附近以及有大爆破距离和环的脚趾处观察到。数据的分辨率和多变量分析的使用使得沿着设计面的采场性能变化的描述能够准确解释,而不是简单的逐面分析。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Mining Technology-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy
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