Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201198
Li Neng-jing
Three schemes of low-altitude coverage over ground by air surveillance radars are discussed. They are the ground radar netting, the balloon lifted radars, and the AEW (airborne early warning) system. The cost-effectiveness of each scheme is analyzed and compared with others. The results show that for peacetime use the balloon radar is the best and AEW the worst, but in wartime the conclusion is reversed.<>
{"title":"A study of cost-effectiveness of low altitude coverage over ground by air surveillance radars","authors":"Li Neng-jing","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201198","url":null,"abstract":"Three schemes of low-altitude coverage over ground by air surveillance radars are discussed. They are the ground radar netting, the balloon lifted radars, and the AEW (airborne early warning) system. The cost-effectiveness of each scheme is analyzed and compared with others. The results show that for peacetime use the balloon radar is the best and AEW the worst, but in wartime the conclusion is reversed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124028972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201167
P. Snoeij, H. Pouwels, P. Koomen, P. Hoogeboom
A polarimetric SAR (synthetic aperture radar) system was designed in The Netherlands. The project is carried out in two steps. In this work, the first step, consisting of the preparatory studies including a SAR testbed, is described in detail. This SAR system will have limited capabilities, but will serve the purpose of acquiring experience with aircraft SAR and its technology. The system is built with state-of-the-art technology. Remarkable features are the fixed antenna and the low peak power, generated by solid-state devices. The use of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) in the PHARUS was investigated in a preparatory study on antenna technology. Application of MMICs would further reduce the dimensions of the radar system.<>
{"title":"PHARUS: a polarimetric C-band SAR","authors":"P. Snoeij, H. Pouwels, P. Koomen, P. Hoogeboom","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201167","url":null,"abstract":"A polarimetric SAR (synthetic aperture radar) system was designed in The Netherlands. The project is carried out in two steps. In this work, the first step, consisting of the preparatory studies including a SAR testbed, is described in detail. This SAR system will have limited capabilities, but will serve the purpose of acquiring experience with aircraft SAR and its technology. The system is built with state-of-the-art technology. Remarkable features are the fixed antenna and the low peak power, generated by solid-state devices. The use of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) in the PHARUS was investigated in a preparatory study on antenna technology. Application of MMICs would further reduce the dimensions of the radar system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122904973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201153
A. Bhanji, Daniel J. Hoppe, B. L. Conroy, A. Freiley
A proposed conceptual design for increasing the output power of an existing X-band planetary radar transmitter from 365 kW to 1 MW CW is discussed. The basic transmitter system requirements as dictated by the specifications for the radar are discussed. The characteristics and expected performance of the high-power klystron are considered, and the transmitter power amplifier system is discussed. Also discussed is the design of the exciter system. Two alternative feed systems for delivering the 1-MW CW signal to the antenna system are described. The expected performance of the beam supply, heat exchanger, and monitor and control devices is presented. An assessment of the state-of-the-art technology to meet system requirements is given, and possible areas of difficulty are summarized.<>
{"title":"Conceptual design of a 1-MW CW X-band transmitter for planetary radar","authors":"A. Bhanji, Daniel J. Hoppe, B. L. Conroy, A. Freiley","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201153","url":null,"abstract":"A proposed conceptual design for increasing the output power of an existing X-band planetary radar transmitter from 365 kW to 1 MW CW is discussed. The basic transmitter system requirements as dictated by the specifications for the radar are discussed. The characteristics and expected performance of the high-power klystron are considered, and the transmitter power amplifier system is discussed. Also discussed is the design of the exciter system. Two alternative feed systems for delivering the 1-MW CW signal to the antenna system are described. The expected performance of the beam supply, heat exchanger, and monitor and control devices is presented. An assessment of the state-of-the-art technology to meet system requirements is given, and possible areas of difficulty are summarized.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128187292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201094
E. R. Billam
Solid-state active phased array radar is examined in the context of the widely reported developments in the reduction of the radar cross sections of military targets. It is shown that this form of radar makes the optimum use of power and aperture and is an increasingly attractive approach for the detection of small targets. The possibilities for the generation of high powers with solid-state phased arrays are demonstrated, and the potential performance of a solid-state active phased array radar is presented. Such related technical issues as high power sources, efficiency, duty factor, and heat removal, together with the increased levels of clutter associated with high sensitivity radar, are discussed.<>
{"title":"Phased array radar and the detection of 'low observables'","authors":"E. R. Billam","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201094","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state active phased array radar is examined in the context of the widely reported developments in the reduction of the radar cross sections of military targets. It is shown that this form of radar makes the optimum use of power and aperture and is an increasingly attractive approach for the detection of small targets. The possibilities for the generation of high powers with solid-state phased arrays are demonstrated, and the potential performance of a solid-state active phased array radar is presented. Such related technical issues as high power sources, efficiency, duty factor, and heat removal, together with the increased levels of clutter associated with high sensitivity radar, are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123545136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201115
J. Lemieux, F. Ingels
A novel method for generation of radar waveforms having both frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK) interior coding is considered. When PSK modulation is used in a pulse compression radar the radar bandwidth can be increased without increasing peak power. The range resolution is directly proportional to the coded pulsewidth. To achieve resolution in both range and velocity, the thumbtack property of the radar ambiguity function must be preserved. It is shown that by combining FSK and PSK modulation using Costas arrays and Welti codes a significant reduction in sidelobe values will occur. In addition, inherent combined spread spectrum characteristics yield a waveform with excellent ECCM properties.<>
{"title":"Analysis of FSK/PSK modulated radar signals using Costas arrays and complementary Welti codes","authors":"J. Lemieux, F. Ingels","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201115","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method for generation of radar waveforms having both frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK) interior coding is considered. When PSK modulation is used in a pulse compression radar the radar bandwidth can be increased without increasing peak power. The range resolution is directly proportional to the coded pulsewidth. To achieve resolution in both range and velocity, the thumbtack property of the radar ambiguity function must be preserved. It is shown that by combining FSK and PSK modulation using Costas arrays and Welti codes a significant reduction in sidelobe values will occur. In addition, inherent combined spread spectrum characteristics yield a waveform with excellent ECCM properties.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115748178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201093
D. J. Strausberger, N.F. Chamberlain, F. Garber, E. Walton
The effects of a class of multipath propagation channels on the performance of a radar target classification system are considered. A Rician frequency-selective fading channel model is used to characterize the effects of the multipath propagation medium and evaluate the performances of radar target classification systems. The performances of classification algorithms that use relative amplitude, relative phase, and absolute amplitude measurements as features are investigated. Performance estimates of the various classification algorithms for interesting sets of channel parameters are obtained by means of Monte Carlo simulations.<>
{"title":"Modeling and performance of HF/OTH radar target classification systems","authors":"D. J. Strausberger, N.F. Chamberlain, F. Garber, E. Walton","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201093","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of a class of multipath propagation channels on the performance of a radar target classification system are considered. A Rician frequency-selective fading channel model is used to characterize the effects of the multipath propagation medium and evaluate the performances of radar target classification systems. The performances of classification algorithms that use relative amplitude, relative phase, and absolute amplitude measurements as features are investigated. Performance estimates of the various classification algorithms for interesting sets of channel parameters are obtained by means of Monte Carlo simulations.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124586608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201154
G. Painchaud, James A Mckenzie, M. Blanchette, A. Voy
An experimental adaptive digital pulse compression (ADPC) subsystem is described. This unit implements a complex correlation between a stored replica of the transmitted waveform and the signals received by the radar. Key to the adaptability of this unit is the use of high-speed VLSI digital ICs which permit bandwidths of up to 10 MHz, along with its ability to use a different waveform or pulse code on each transmission. The ADPC system has been evaluated using both polyphase and binary phase codes in the presence of thermal noise and interference from other waveforms which are not matched to the current transmission.<>
{"title":"An experimental adaptive digital pulse compression subsystem for multi-function radar applications","authors":"G. Painchaud, James A Mckenzie, M. Blanchette, A. Voy","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201154","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental adaptive digital pulse compression (ADPC) subsystem is described. This unit implements a complex correlation between a stored replica of the transmitted waveform and the signals received by the radar. Key to the adaptability of this unit is the use of high-speed VLSI digital ICs which permit bandwidths of up to 10 MHz, along with its ability to use a different waveform or pulse code on each transmission. The ADPC system has been evaluated using both polyphase and binary phase codes in the presence of thermal noise and interference from other waveforms which are not matched to the current transmission.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125191609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201114
R. D. Chaney, M. Burl, L. Novak
The performance of six polarimetric target detection algorithms is analyzed. The detection performance of the optimal polarimetric detector (OPD), the identity-likelihood-ratio-test (ILRT), the polarimetric whitening filter (PWF), the single-polarimetric-channel detector, the span detector, and the power maximization synthesis (PMS) detector is compared. Results for both probabilistic and deterministic targets in the presence of complex-Gaussian clutter are presented. The results of these studies indicate that the PWF and the ILRT typically achieve near optimal performance. Each remaining detection algorithm typically yields performance that is degraded compared to the performance of the OPD, the PWF, and the ILRT.<>
{"title":"On the performance of polarimetric target detection algorithms","authors":"R. D. Chaney, M. Burl, L. Novak","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201114","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of six polarimetric target detection algorithms is analyzed. The detection performance of the optimal polarimetric detector (OPD), the identity-likelihood-ratio-test (ILRT), the polarimetric whitening filter (PWF), the single-polarimetric-channel detector, the span detector, and the power maximization synthesis (PMS) detector is compared. Results for both probabilistic and deterministic targets in the presence of complex-Gaussian clutter are presented. The results of these studies indicate that the PWF and the ILRT typically achieve near optimal performance. Each remaining detection algorithm typically yields performance that is degraded compared to the performance of the OPD, the PWF, and the ILRT.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126579433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201195
J. P. Skura, C. Schemm, H. W. Ko, L. P. Manzi
The enhancement of the capability of electromagnetic parabolic equation (EMPE) and other propagation codes by using predictions from an atmospheric forecast model to provide refractivity data for range-dependent and time-varying situations is demonstrated. Starting from measured temperature and humidity data at one location and time, the JHU/APL planetary boundary layer model is used to obtained predictions for a 24-h forecast period. Predicted fields of temperature, humidity, and refractivity after 12 and 24 h are compared with measured data to verify the forecast, and vertical profiles of refractivity for each hour are provided, along with appropriate radar parameters, as input to EMPE. The EMPE calculations of expected radiation patterns as functions of height and range at selected times demonstrate the effects of hourly changes in the structure of the lower atmosphere on radar propagation. The radar propagation calculations have been repeated using the IREPS code to illustrate the similarities and differences between the two models when applied to this somewhat idealized, horizontally homogeneous situation.<>
{"title":"Radar coverage predictions through time- and range-dependent refractive atmospheres with planetary boundary layer and electromagnetic parabolic equation models","authors":"J. P. Skura, C. Schemm, H. W. Ko, L. P. Manzi","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201195","url":null,"abstract":"The enhancement of the capability of electromagnetic parabolic equation (EMPE) and other propagation codes by using predictions from an atmospheric forecast model to provide refractivity data for range-dependent and time-varying situations is demonstrated. Starting from measured temperature and humidity data at one location and time, the JHU/APL planetary boundary layer model is used to obtained predictions for a 24-h forecast period. Predicted fields of temperature, humidity, and refractivity after 12 and 24 h are compared with measured data to verify the forecast, and vertical profiles of refractivity for each hour are provided, along with appropriate radar parameters, as input to EMPE. The EMPE calculations of expected radiation patterns as functions of height and range at selected times demonstrate the effects of hourly changes in the structure of the lower atmosphere on radar propagation. The radar propagation calculations have been repeated using the IREPS code to illustrate the similarities and differences between the two models when applied to this somewhat idealized, horizontally homogeneous situation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128854399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201143
K. Molnar, W. Lin, M. O’Donnell
A combined array beamforming and channel equalization technique for mitigating the effect of external interferences and signal phase aberrations associated with an HF radar is presented. The aberration correction scheme is a nonmodel-based technique which makes use of the statistical randomness in the clutter region. It is capable of correcting phase distortions due to frequency dispersion incurred in the ionospheric propagation paths. Simulation shows that with this technique the phase distorted signal can be restored to within 1 dB loss of the undistorted signal. In order to retain the possibility of correcting phase aberration at the array element level, a two-step beamforming technique has been implemented by providing a spatial filter to exclude the strong RFI and jammers at the element level and by applying conventional beamforming on the receiver residue which contains only clutter return and local noise. The phase aberration technique is applied between the two steps after the major interferers are canceled.<>
{"title":"Beamforming and aberration correction in HF radar","authors":"K. Molnar, W. Lin, M. O’Donnell","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201143","url":null,"abstract":"A combined array beamforming and channel equalization technique for mitigating the effect of external interferences and signal phase aberrations associated with an HF radar is presented. The aberration correction scheme is a nonmodel-based technique which makes use of the statistical randomness in the clutter region. It is capable of correcting phase distortions due to frequency dispersion incurred in the ionospheric propagation paths. Simulation shows that with this technique the phase distorted signal can be restored to within 1 dB loss of the undistorted signal. In order to retain the possibility of correcting phase aberration at the array element level, a two-step beamforming technique has been implemented by providing a spatial filter to exclude the strong RFI and jammers at the element level and by applying conventional beamforming on the receiver residue which contains only clutter return and local noise. The phase aberration technique is applied between the two steps after the major interferers are canceled.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121688738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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