This paper investigates the effects of the migration crisis of 2015 on Polish attitudes to the European Union. Superficially, there seems to have been no significant impact: even though the migration crisis resulted in hitherto unprecedented tensions between Poland and the EU, as well as a robust anti-immigrant turn in Polish public opinion, this crisis had little or no effect on the standard survey gauges of EU favorability in Poland. However, based on a comparison between the results of preand post-crisis Eurobarometer surveys (EB82.3 and EB87.3), our analysis demonstrates that while the overall perception of the EU became only slightly less favorable between 2014 and 2017, a substantial shift in the structure of public opinion did occur. Concerns over immigration were not associated with perception of the EU before the crisis but became dominant predictors after 2015.
{"title":"The Impact of the Refugee Crisison Polish Perception of the European Union","authors":"P. Cichocki, P. Jabkowski","doi":"10.26412/PSR209.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR209.02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the effects of the migration crisis of 2015 on Polish attitudes to the European Union. Superficially, there seems to have been no significant impact: even though the migration crisis resulted in hitherto unprecedented tensions between Poland and the EU, as well as a robust anti-immigrant turn in Polish public opinion, this crisis had little or no effect on the standard survey gauges of EU favorability in Poland. However, based on a comparison between the results of preand post-crisis Eurobarometer surveys (EB82.3 and EB87.3), our analysis demonstrates that while the overall perception of the EU became only slightly less favorable between 2014 and 2017, a substantial shift in the structure of public opinion did occur. Concerns over immigration were not associated with perception of the EU before the crisis but became dominant predictors after 2015.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"209 1","pages":"23-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44258595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the paper is to identify the causes of moral outrage expressed in the comments published below the interview with parents of an adult woman with Down syndrome who are also co-founders and co-runners of a “Bardziej Kochani” [“Loved more”] Association for parents of persons with Down syndrome. A qualitative analysis of the content of posts was carried out due to the status of the author of the comment (person related to the environment of people with disabilities or not). The article analyses status of emotions in sociology and discusses the perceived roles of the interviewees, especially their assumed responsibility as role models. Main causes of moral outrage emerging from the comments are presented: the way of talking about disability and people with disabilities, issues related to integration in education. Linguistic differences resulting from the status of comments’ authors were also indicated.
{"title":"Moral Outrage and the Fight for the Reputation of Children with Intellectual Disabilities.Qualitative Content Analysis of Posts Below an Interview with Parentsof a Woman with Down Syndrome","authors":"Marta Sałkowska, Elżbieta Zakrzewska-Manterys","doi":"10.26412/PSR209.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR209.05","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to identify the causes of moral outrage expressed in the comments published below the interview with parents of an adult woman with Down syndrome who are also co-founders and co-runners of a “Bardziej Kochani” [“Loved more”] Association for parents of persons with Down syndrome. A qualitative analysis of the content of posts was carried out due to the status of the author of the comment (person related to the environment of people with disabilities or not). The article analyses status of emotions in sociology and discusses the perceived roles of the interviewees, especially their assumed responsibility as role models. Main causes of moral outrage emerging from the comments are presented: the way of talking about disability and people with disabilities, issues related to integration in education. Linguistic differences resulting from the status of comments’ authors were also indicated.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"209 1","pages":"79-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46670053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The implementation of school meal reform in Poland in 2015 has been withdrawn in because of vast social resistance. The analyses of press discourse in daily newspapers reveals how the critics and resistance has been shaped. The use of content analysis and critical discourse analysis helps to identify how power relations and ideologies connected to the anti-junk-food law has been contested and redefined. The changes were manifested by abandoning healthist framing in favour of construction of new discursive worlds. In the discourse of resistance, cultural food symbols such as hunger and satiety, the ceremonial nature and pleasure of eating, economic freedom and consumer freedom were employed, and the status of taste in consumption among children was highlighted. Historical and cultural context has given the basis for such redefining and provided cultural meanings for undermining expert narrative, which has been reform’s rationale and hegemonising frame.
{"title":"Dynamic Press Discourses of School Meal Reform in Poland:from Expertise Implementation to Resistance and Rejection","authors":"E. Kopczynska","doi":"10.26412/PSR209.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR209.07","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of school meal reform in Poland in 2015 has been withdrawn in because of vast social resistance. The analyses of press discourse in daily newspapers reveals how the critics and resistance has been shaped. The use of content analysis and critical discourse analysis helps to identify how power relations and ideologies connected to the anti-junk-food law has been contested and redefined. The changes were manifested by abandoning healthist framing in favour of construction of new discursive worlds. In the discourse of resistance, cultural food symbols such as hunger and satiety, the ceremonial nature and pleasure of eating, economic freedom and consumer freedom were employed, and the status of taste in consumption among children was highlighted. Historical and cultural context has given the basis for such redefining and provided cultural meanings for undermining expert narrative, which has been reform’s rationale and hegemonising frame.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"209 1","pages":"117-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48831280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the research was to characterize the situation of intellectually disabled individuals and their families, with special stress on parents’ doubts and dilemmas which grow as their disabled children mature and enter adulthood. The subject of the study was to analyze the processual character of transformations related to bringing up children with intellectual disabilities that take place in generational families, in particular, those which are related to transformations on the level of parents’ perceptions, role, and identity. These notions were reconstructed on the basis of the personal experiences of parents of disabled children. The theoretical basis of the research was the concept of a trajectory of suffering, and the applied methodology was the grounded theory methodology.
{"title":"The Trajectory of Suffering—Parents of Childrenwith Intellectual Disability on the Future","authors":"Jakub Niedbalski","doi":"10.26412/PSR209.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR209.06","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research was to characterize the situation of intellectually disabled individuals and their families, with special stress on parents’ doubts and dilemmas which grow as their disabled children mature and enter adulthood. The subject of the study was to analyze the processual character of transformations related to bringing up children with intellectual disabilities that take place in generational families, in particular, those which are related to transformations on the level of parents’ perceptions, role, and identity. These notions were reconstructed on the basis of the personal experiences of parents of disabled children. The theoretical basis of the research was the concept of a trajectory of suffering, and the applied methodology was the grounded theory methodology.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"209 1","pages":"95-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47726670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georg Simmel’s The Philosophy of Money ([1900], 2004) contains one of the most pertinent and subtle diagnoses of modernity—a critique of economic reason moved by desire. This article shows that Simmel’s dialectic of desire has a significant affinity with Freud’s economic point of view in terms of the psychic apparatus being ruled by the pleasure principle. Considering these two libidinal economies I will focus on how the figure of homo oeconomicus transforms into homo libidinous and why money has become the symbol and form of modern life. The assumption is that money is not solely the fundamental principle of social reality—what we call hyper-modernity or late capitalism—but the reality principle as such.
{"title":"Homo Libidinous and the Economy of Desire:Rereading Simmel’s The Philosophy of Money after Freud","authors":"B. Markowska","doi":"10.26412/PSR204.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR204.05","url":null,"abstract":"Georg Simmel’s The Philosophy of Money ([1900], 2004) contains one of the most pertinent and subtle diagnoses of modernity—a critique of economic reason moved by desire. This article shows that Simmel’s dialectic of desire has a significant affinity with Freud’s economic point of view in terms of the psychic apparatus being ruled by the pleasure principle. Considering these two libidinal economies I will focus on how the figure of homo oeconomicus transforms into homo libidinous and why money has become the symbol and form of modern life. The assumption is that money is not solely the fundamental principle of social reality—what we call hyper-modernity or late capitalism—but the reality principle as such.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"204 1","pages":"486-498"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43511935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article is the result of a research project devoted to Polish historical re-enactment groups which are becoming very popular and influential and can be seen as a part of the multi-sensory culture of the event. During ethnographic research, we raised the issue of the commercialisation of historical re-enactment and the alleged educational value of the related activities, deliberating whether it was possible to reconcile faithfulness to history with the demands of commercial events, the passion with the pursuit of profit, and teaching with entertainment. The research included the evaluational dimension and questions on the role of re-enactment in the cultural policy of the country. The findings indicated that the movement was ambiguous and multidimensional and that numerous answers existed to the question about the re-enactors’ motivations essentially because the groups are divided into hobbyist re-enactors and commercial re-enactors. We found that re-enactment was effective in instilling historical knowledge, although not into the spectators, but into the re-enactors themselves. Re-enactment events usually failed to stimulate the spectators’ interest in history. A considerable majority of these events remained intellectually passive, which caused any educational effect to be momentary and superficial.
{"title":"Historical Re-enactment in Poland:Between Faithfulness to History and the Imperative of Spectacularity","authors":"Krzysztof Olechnicki, T. Szlendak","doi":"10.26412/PSR209.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR209.01","url":null,"abstract":"The article is the result of a research project devoted to Polish historical re-enactment groups which are becoming very popular and influential and can be seen as a part of the multi-sensory culture of the event. During ethnographic research, we raised the issue of the commercialisation of historical re-enactment and the alleged educational value of the related activities, deliberating whether it was possible to reconcile faithfulness to history with the demands of commercial events, the passion with the pursuit of profit, and teaching with entertainment. The research included the evaluational dimension and questions on the role of re-enactment in the cultural policy of the country. The findings indicated that the movement was ambiguous and multidimensional and that numerous answers existed to the question about the re-enactors’ motivations essentially because the groups are divided into hobbyist re-enactors and commercial re-enactors. We found that re-enactment was effective in instilling historical knowledge, although not into the spectators, but into the re-enactors themselves. Re-enactment events usually failed to stimulate the spectators’ interest in history. A considerable majority of these events remained intellectually passive, which caused any educational effect to be momentary and superficial.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"209 1","pages":"3-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69276820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sociologists traditionally focus on the power of socio-economic variables as drivers of aesthetic tastes and cultural practices, leaving other important factors outside the purview of analysis. As a remedy, this article makes use of recent progress at the intersection of the sociology of culture and network theory to show that individual interest in and preferences for art are also embedded in social relationships of a different kind. Data from a specially designed survey on personal networks and cultural tastes in Polish society is analyzed. Cultural taste is measured in detail by presenting respondents with ten color illustrations depicting different styles of visual art. These ten evaluations are then reduced to two significant dimensions (traditional vs. more modern art). The regressions analyses show distinct relations of network characteristics (such as heterogeneity, type of contacts, density, or associational membership) with the type of art preferred. The findings are interpreted in terms of social influence and affinity between cultural orientations (e.g., openness) and the manners in which social ties are developed and maintained. Additionally, the article sheds light on distinction patterns by arguing that status is claimed through specific (modern) preferences.
{"title":"Traditional vs. Modern Art : the Status and Network Antecedents of Visual Art Preferences","authors":"Michał Cebula","doi":"10.26412/PSR209.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR209.03","url":null,"abstract":"Sociologists traditionally focus on the power of socio-economic variables as drivers of aesthetic tastes and cultural practices, leaving other important factors outside the purview of analysis. As a remedy, this article makes use of recent progress at the intersection of the sociology of culture and network theory to show that individual interest in and preferences for art are also embedded in social relationships of a different kind. Data from a specially designed survey on personal networks and cultural tastes in Polish society is analyzed. Cultural taste is measured in detail by presenting respondents with ten color illustrations depicting different styles of visual art. These ten evaluations are then reduced to two significant dimensions (traditional vs. more modern art). The regressions analyses show distinct relations of network characteristics (such as heterogeneity, type of contacts, density, or associational membership) with the type of art preferred. The findings are interpreted in terms of social influence and affinity between cultural orientations (e.g., openness) and the manners in which social ties are developed and maintained. Additionally, the article sheds light on distinction patterns by arguing that status is claimed through specific (modern) preferences.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"41-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69276868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Relying on Grażyna Skąpska’s theory of the constitution as a theory of the society, the paper considers the ‘theory of the society’ provided by the constitutions (public law) of illiberal political regimes, applying a sociolegal perspective. Illiberal democracies are understood as electorally endorsed regimes produced by populism. The present paper concentrates on EU member states, using Hungarian examples. The constitution is understood as a symbolic order with a vision of society that changes social and political realities. The paper argues that illiberal constitutions do not need to depart from mainstream liberal constitutions, notwithstanding the strong nationalist element. The constitutional reality is mostly sub-constitutional and it operates at the level of statutes. The emerging political structure is based on the primacy of the executive branch which in turn serves personalistic rule in the tradition of Weberian Caesarism. The rule is centralistic and creates and consolidates social, cultural and economic dependencies. Following Szelényi and Max Weber, this traditionalist, and therefore antiliberal society (or the selection of these social structures among competing formations by the political management of the society) is described in terms of neo-feudalism. The emerging social relations are reflected in and enabled by public law. The illiberalism of the regimes is not imposed on society and it is greeted as liberation by a considerable part. This genuine sentiment, together with electoral and media manipulation is capable to sustain the illiberal personalistic regime through formally democratic processes.
{"title":"The Constitution of Illiberal Democracy as a Theory About Society","authors":"András Sajó","doi":"10.26412/PSR208.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR208.01","url":null,"abstract":"Relying on Grażyna Skąpska’s theory of the constitution as a theory of the society, the paper considers the ‘theory of the society’ provided by the constitutions (public law) of illiberal political regimes, applying a sociolegal perspective. Illiberal democracies are understood as electorally endorsed regimes produced by populism. The present paper concentrates on EU member states, using Hungarian examples. The constitution is understood as a symbolic order with a vision of society that changes social and political realities. The paper argues that illiberal constitutions do not need to depart from mainstream liberal constitutions, notwithstanding the strong nationalist element. The constitutional reality is mostly sub-constitutional and it operates at the level of statutes. The emerging political structure is based on the primacy of the executive branch which in turn serves personalistic rule in the tradition of Weberian Caesarism. The rule is centralistic and creates and consolidates social, cultural and economic dependencies. Following Szelényi and Max Weber, this traditionalist, and therefore antiliberal society (or the selection of these social structures among competing formations by the political management of the society) is described in terms of neo-feudalism. The emerging social relations are reflected in and enabled by public law. The illiberalism of the regimes is not imposed on society and it is greeted as liberation by a considerable part. This genuine sentiment, together with electoral and media manipulation is capable to sustain the illiberal personalistic regime through formally democratic processes.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"208 1","pages":"395-412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42087417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the condition of open-air markets in Poland, with particular emphasis on Kraków. The authors note that there are a declining number of open-air markets. The size of the markets is also shrinking and there are a decreasing number of stands. Similarly, survey respondents demonstrate less interest in openair markets as a shopping destination and significantly increased interest in shopping centers (malls), discount stores, supermarkets, and hypermarkets. However, open-air markets have many supporters: in particular, older people appreciate open-air markets, and not only because of the availability of fresh products at a relatively low price. They also appreciate such markets as meeting places. Open-air markets in CEE cities have always played an important commercial role and been witness to the history of these cities. For this reason and also because of the important function they play as unique public spaces, they should be protected and should receive special treatment from the local authorities.
{"title":"The Attractiveness of Open-Air Markets for Shopping in a Large CEE City:The Example of Kraków, Poland","authors":"Monika Płaziak, A. Szymańska","doi":"10.26412/PSR208.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR208.07","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the condition of open-air markets in Poland, with particular emphasis on Kraków. The authors note that there are a declining number of open-air markets. The size of the markets is also shrinking and there are a decreasing number of stands. Similarly, survey respondents demonstrate less interest in openair markets as a shopping destination and significantly increased interest in shopping centers (malls), discount stores, supermarkets, and hypermarkets. However, open-air markets have many supporters: in particular, older people appreciate open-air markets, and not only because of the availability of fresh products at a relatively low price. They also appreciate such markets as meeting places. Open-air markets in CEE cities have always played an important commercial role and been witness to the history of these cities. For this reason and also because of the important function they play as unique public spaces, they should be protected and should receive special treatment from the local authorities.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"208 1","pages":"493-510"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48790552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Incentives and Inhibitors of Sustainable Consumption: A Qualitative Study among Urmia Informants","authors":"S. Karimzadeh, M. Abbaszadeh, E. Kasparova","doi":"10.26412/PSR208.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR208.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"208 1","pages":"477-492"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43245794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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