The paper deals with different forms of political impact on the constitutional justice. The main subject of presentation is the analysis of recent Polish experiences which can help to identify better the threats to the independence of the constitutional justice in democratic space. The first part takes the effort to describe the specific phenomenon of political pressure exerted on the constitutional justice through indirect influence (so called "political mobbing"). The argumentation developed in the paper proves that even such indirect and sometimes subtle interferences from the political elite create the very danger for accountability of constitutional justice and have a negative impact on constitutional awareness of the society. The second part deals with typical reasons (ongoing in all constitutional courts) of inevitable of the constitutional review, first of all the political procedure of appointments of the judges and the political nature of constitutional cases. The thesis is defended through the analysis of Polish experiences which indicate that the presence of politics, inherent element of the constitutional justice, cannot be automatically identified with lack of the objective and independent judgments issued by the judges. Internal independence and formal external guarantees of it allow us to avoid the pathological impact of politics. Two factors have a particularly great impact on the attitudes of judges and support them in fulfilling their responsibility: the continuity of jurisprudential lines, accumulation of constitutional experience (acquis constitutionnel) and the permanent dialogue between the constitutional courts and the international courts or among the constitutional courts in the European space.
{"title":"Politics and Constitutional Courts a Judge's Personal Perspective","authors":"M. Safjan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1123406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1123406","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with different forms of political impact on the constitutional justice. The main subject of presentation is the analysis of recent Polish experiences which can help to identify better the threats to the independence of the constitutional justice in democratic space. The first part takes the effort to describe the specific phenomenon of political pressure exerted on the constitutional justice through indirect influence (so called \"political mobbing\"). The argumentation developed in the paper proves that even such indirect and sometimes subtle interferences from the political elite create the very danger for accountability of constitutional justice and have a negative impact on constitutional awareness of the society. The second part deals with typical reasons (ongoing in all constitutional courts) of inevitable of the constitutional review, first of all the political procedure of appointments of the judges and the political nature of constitutional cases. The thesis is defended through the analysis of Polish experiences which indicate that the presence of politics, inherent element of the constitutional justice, cannot be automatically identified with lack of the objective and independent judgments issued by the judges. Internal independence and formal external guarantees of it allow us to avoid the pathological impact of politics. Two factors have a particularly great impact on the attitudes of judges and support them in fulfilling their responsibility: the continuity of jurisprudential lines, accumulation of constitutional experience (acquis constitutionnel) and the permanent dialogue between the constitutional courts and the international courts or among the constitutional courts in the European space.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"66 1","pages":"3-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68144045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1177/0097700407308147
Liping Sun
Two major approaches have dominated the field nf the sociology of development: theories of modernization, which focus on developed countries, and theories of development, which concentrate on Latin America, Africa, and East Asia. The social transformations in China, Russia, and the other European former socialist countries since 1989, however, have challenged both the traditional approaches of Sociology of Development with a series of new issues: how should one evaluate the various pathways to development in different countries and regions? how should one examine the state-society relationship in social development and transition? how can one deal with the social inequality in the process of development? These topics have expanded the scope of the Sociology of Development and provided an opportunity to construct new theories. I suggest that, in response to the practice conditions of ongoing socioeconomic transformation, new theories of transition, in addition to theories of modernization and theories of development, is the imperative need in the field of the sociology of development.
{"title":"Societal Transition New Issues in the Field of the Sociology of Development","authors":"Liping Sun","doi":"10.1177/0097700407308147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700407308147","url":null,"abstract":"Two major approaches have dominated the field nf the sociology of development: theories of modernization, which focus on developed countries, and theories of development, which concentrate on Latin America, Africa, and East Asia. The social transformations in China, Russia, and the other European former socialist countries since 1989, however, have challenged both the traditional approaches of Sociology of Development with a series of new issues: how should one evaluate the various pathways to development in different countries and regions? how should one examine the state-society relationship in social development and transition? how can one deal with the social inequality in the process of development? These topics have expanded the scope of the Sociology of Development and provided an opportunity to construct new theories. I suggest that, in response to the practice conditions of ongoing socioeconomic transformation, new theories of transition, in addition to theories of modernization and theories of development, is the imperative need in the field of the sociology of development.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"329-349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0097700407308147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65026836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1515/9781400825813.386
Dariusz Stola
This article discusses the nature of the mass murder of Jews in the town of Jedwabne, Poland, in summer 1941, in particular the question of the social organization of the killing.
本文讨论了1941年夏天发生在波兰耶德瓦布内镇的犹太人大屠杀的性质，特别是屠杀的社会组织问题。
{"title":"Jedwabne – How Was it Possible","authors":"Dariusz Stola","doi":"10.1515/9781400825813.386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400825813.386","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the nature of the mass murder of Jews in the town of Jedwabne, Poland, in summer 1941, in particular the question of the social organization of the killing.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"91-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66824834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.4135/9781608712434.n249
J. Pakulski
The article by Henryk Domanski raises the issue of the political relevance of class in postcommunist Poland, and in advanced societies in general. This is a particularly important contribution to the debate on the political impact of class because postcommunist societies seldom feature in class debates, and because the author addresses the issue in an empirically informed and theoretically sophisticated manner which is a trademark of all his publications. I only partly disagree with Domanski. While I see a convincing evidence of class-party dealignment in advanced West, I acknowledge a possiblity of class politics (re)appearing in postcommunist Poland. However, I also qualify this view, and point to the need for a more concerted research effort to resolve the "death of class" debate. I would like to start by looking at the evidence of the declining political relevance of class in advanced societies, and then focus on the Polish case.
{"title":"Class and Politics","authors":"J. Pakulski","doi":"10.4135/9781608712434.n249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781608712434.n249","url":null,"abstract":"The article by Henryk Domanski raises the issue of the political relevance of class in postcommunist Poland, and in advanced societies in general. This is a particularly important contribution to the debate on the political impact of class because postcommunist societies seldom feature in class debates, and because the author addresses the issue in an empirically informed and theoretically sophisticated manner which is a trademark of all his publications. I only partly disagree with Domanski. While I see a convincing evidence of class-party dealignment in advanced West, I acknowledge a possiblity of class politics (re)appearing in postcommunist Poland. However, I also qualify this view, and point to the need for a more concerted research effort to resolve the \"death of class\" debate. I would like to start by looking at the evidence of the declining political relevance of class in advanced societies, and then focus on the Polish case.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"2 1","pages":"187-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70652980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.13060/00380288.1999.35.4.02
L. Rabušic, Tomáš Sirovátka
Legitimacy of social policy represents a crucial condition for a long-term stability and efficiency of the social policy system. In this paper, the legitimacy of current social policy in the Czech Republic is evaluated. Also the ideas of citizens on necessary changes in the social policy system and factors that affect shaping of citizen's expectations and preferences related to this system are discussed. Four groups of factors were taken into account: first, value orientation together with ideological and political affiliation, second, pre-conceptions of the public on who is entitled to receive social benefits and on the entitlement criteria, third, citizens' opinions on a specific social policy system and its effects, and, fourth, a personal interest in the benefits or services. In general, current Czech social policy appears to enjoy a rather low legitimacy being perceived as unjust, costly and mismanaged, with inadequate benefits. In recent years ideological shifts from liberal to social-democratic opinions took place in the Czech Republic and the public requires more equality nowadays while the system of protection have followed the residual model combined with opportunistic ad hoc solutions. Improvement of the system is requested mainly for the benefits addressed to larger groups of population, which are considered as deserving categories and related to sickness, disability, child caring and child raising. The means-tested benefits which represent the core redistribution tool in the current system are not consistently supported by the public. Neither value preferences, nor political or social group affiliation, nor personal interest in benefits differentiated those requirements. This represents serious problem for the politicians who perceive the social protection system preferably as an issue suitable for shaping political profiles of their parties.
{"title":"The Czech Welfare State and its Legitimacy","authors":"L. Rabušic, Tomáš Sirovátka","doi":"10.13060/00380288.1999.35.4.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13060/00380288.1999.35.4.02","url":null,"abstract":"Legitimacy of social policy represents a crucial condition for a long-term stability and efficiency of the social policy system. In this paper, the legitimacy of current social policy in the Czech Republic is evaluated. Also the ideas of citizens on necessary changes in the social policy system and factors that affect shaping of citizen's expectations and preferences related to this system are discussed. Four groups of factors were taken into account: first, value orientation together with ideological and political affiliation, second, pre-conceptions of the public on who is entitled to receive social benefits and on the entitlement criteria, third, citizens' opinions on a specific social policy system and its effects, and, fourth, a personal interest in the benefits or services. In general, current Czech social policy appears to enjoy a rather low legitimacy being perceived as unjust, costly and mismanaged, with inadequate benefits. In recent years ideological shifts from liberal to social-democratic opinions took place in the Czech Republic and the public requires more equality nowadays while the system of protection have followed the residual model combined with opportunistic ad hoc solutions. Improvement of the system is requested mainly for the benefits addressed to larger groups of population, which are considered as deserving categories and related to sickness, disability, child caring and child raising. The means-tested benefits which represent the core redistribution tool in the current system are not consistently supported by the public. Neither value preferences, nor political or social group affiliation, nor personal interest in benefits differentiated those requirements. This represents serious problem for the politicians who perceive the social protection system preferably as an issue suitable for shaping political profiles of their parties.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66169895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rapid changes in different spheres of social life (especially the commercialization of science, the digitalization of data, and the explosion of social media) have recently influenced definitions of research situations and approaches to findings in the social sciences. While various new standards from the natural sciences have been implemented, research situations have also been shaped by circumstances related to wider cultural changes, that is, by a sort of a cultural shift, especially in the sphere of new media communication. All these phenomena have revived the discussion of ethical issues. This article analyzes the current methodological status of biographical research as part of a professional ethic construed as the systematic exploration of the methodology used by biographical researchers and the need for constant reflection on the research process. The article is devoted to different areas that may be associated with ethical concerns: the relationship between a researcher and an interviewee; problems related to the consequences of digital archiving; the proper style of doing research when there are strong expectations that the results will be disseminated; the possible consequences of using informed consent with the illusory expectation that it removes ethical dilemmas; and the practices leading to a professionalization of ethics.
{"title":"Doing Biographical Research - Ethical Concerns in Changing Social Contexts","authors":"Kaja Kaźmierska","doi":"10.26412/PSR203.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR203.06","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid changes in different spheres of social life (especially the commercialization of science, the digitalization of data, and the explosion of social media) have recently influenced definitions of research situations and approaches to findings in the social sciences. While various new standards from the natural sciences have been implemented, research situations have also been shaped by circumstances related to wider cultural changes, that is, by a sort of a cultural shift, especially in the sphere of new media communication. All these phenomena have revived the discussion of ethical issues. This article analyzes the current methodological status of biographical research as part of a professional ethic construed as the systematic exploration of the methodology used by biographical researchers and the need for constant reflection on the research process. The article is devoted to different areas that may be associated with ethical concerns: the relationship between a researcher and an interviewee; problems related to the consequences of digital archiving; the proper style of doing research when there are strong expectations that the results will be disseminated; the possible consequences of using informed consent with the illusory expectation that it removes ethical dilemmas; and the practices leading to a professionalization of ethics.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"393-411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69276735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharon Gewirtz, Alan Cribb, Understanding Education. A Sociological Perspective, Cambridge: Polity Press UK; Maiden: Polity Press, USA, 2009, pp. 240.Keywords: education, sociology of education, educational knowledge.According to the authors of Understanding Education,the sociology of education has made a very important contribution to the understanding of social and educational values and how they are produced, allocated and experienced. In other words, sociology has both descriptive/explanatory and normative agenda (emphasis by MZ). (p. vi)This excerpt contains the authors' credo around which they structured their book and its contents. Their intention was to introduce readers into the sociology of education but also to present this subdiscipline from the perspective of values. Thus, the volume does not only offer an overview of essential concepts and problems in the sociology of education but also imposes authors' vision of what this branch of sociology should stand for. The key theme in the sociology of education centres around development and balancing of educational inequalities. Therefore, it is forced to take a normative stance and to determine what is good, just or desirable. Oftentimes, it is not obvious what such an unambiguous stance should be as discussions reveal dilemmas around divergent values professed by people from various cultures and social groups, and different hierarchies of values. By analysing educational problems sociologists of education become involved into debates on practical and political solutions. Therefore, "Sociology of education [...] is a subject full of controversy and contestation [...]" (p. 21). Sociologists constantly have to ask about the nature of knowledge they have, their goals and social consequences. The sociology of education should be, to a very large extent, a reflexive discipline.Already in the first chapter Gewirtz and Cribb present various controversies and dilemmas faced by scholars researching education processes. They use some examples to show the conflict between official knowledge transmitted in recognised institutions and individuals' interests and values. This chapter also uses the pattern around which the remaining sections of the book are structured. When presenting theories and directions in the sociology of education, the authors use examples from relevant studies. This is an excellent didactic approach: various theoretical issues are presented to readers through specific research questions operationalising those issues. By showing real-life situations and research dilemmas the book becomes interesting rather than fatiguing, which is often the case with many other handbook publica- tions.The book consists of two parts. Part I offers a general introduction into the sociology of education, presenting its key theorists and major concepts. Part II analyses four key themes: social reproduction, dilemmas associated with constructing curricula, identity processes and factors determining tea
Sharon Gewirtz, Alan Cribb，《理解教育》《社会学视角》，剑桥:英国政治出版社;少女:美国政治出版社，2009年，第240页。关键词:教育，教育社会学，教育知识。《理解教育》一书的作者认为，教育社会学对理解社会和教育价值以及它们是如何产生、分配和体验的做出了非常重要的贡献。换句话说，社会学既有描述性/解释性议程，也有规范性议程(MZ强调)。这一节选包含了作者的信条，他们围绕着这些信条组织了他们的书及其内容。他们的意图是向读者介绍教育社会学，但也从价值观的角度来呈现这一分支学科。因此，该卷不仅提供了教育社会学的基本概念和问题的概述，而且还强加了作者对社会学的这个分支应该代表什么的看法。教育社会学的主要主题是发展和平衡教育不平等。因此，它被迫采取一种规范的立场，并确定什么是好的、公正的或可取的。通常情况下，这种明确的立场应该是什么并不明显，因为讨论揭示了来自不同文化和社会群体的人所信奉的不同价值观以及不同的价值观等级所带来的困境。通过分析教育问题，教育社会学家参与到实际和政治解决方案的辩论中。因此，“教育社会学[…]是一个充满争议和争论的话题[…]](第21页)。社会学家必须不断地询问他们所拥有的知识的本质，他们的目标和社会后果。教育社会学在很大程度上应该是一门反思性的学科。在第一章中，Gewirtz和Cribb已经提出了研究教育过程的学者所面临的各种争议和困境。他们用一些例子来说明在公认的机构中传播的官方知识与个人的利益和价值观之间的冲突。本章还使用了本书其余部分的结构模式。在阐述教育社会学的理论和方向时，作者引用了相关研究中的例子。这是一种极好的教学方法:通过具体的研究问题将这些问题付诸实践，向读者呈现各种理论问题。通过展示现实生活中的情况和研究困境，这本书变得有趣而不是令人疲劳，这是许多其他手册出版物经常出现的情况。这本书由两部分组成。第一部分是对教育社会学的总体介绍，介绍了教育社会学的主要理论家和主要概念。第二部分分析了四个关键主题:社会再生产、课程建构困境、认同过程和决定教师地位的因素。第八章最后阐述并总结了作者的核心思想:教育社会学是一门反思性学科。第一部分由两章组成，介绍了这一社会学分支的主要分支和学者。第一篇概述了经典理论，而第二篇则讨论了现代概念。每一个都包括一个简短的描述，然后是一个重要工作的总结，作者认为代表了一个特定的调查线。第一章主要论述了两个经典理论。它从结构功能主义开始，作为一个例子，总结了塔尔科特·帕森斯的一篇论文“学校阶级作为一种社会系统”(1959)。接下来是对符号互动主义的描述和对霍华德·s·贝克尔(Howard S. Becker)的《公立学校权威系统中的教师》(1953)的总结。作者使用这些样本论文来解释两种理论之间的本质区别，强调结构(帕森斯)和演员(教师)在创建或竞争学校制度(贝克尔)中的主导作用。…
{"title":"Understanding Education. A Sociological Perspective","authors":"M. Zahorska","doi":"10.5860/choice.47-6388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.47-6388","url":null,"abstract":"Sharon Gewirtz, Alan Cribb, Understanding Education. A Sociological Perspective, Cambridge: Polity Press UK; Maiden: Polity Press, USA, 2009, pp. 240.Keywords: education, sociology of education, educational knowledge.According to the authors of Understanding Education,the sociology of education has made a very important contribution to the understanding of social and educational values and how they are produced, allocated and experienced. In other words, sociology has both descriptive/explanatory and normative agenda (emphasis by MZ). (p. vi)This excerpt contains the authors' credo around which they structured their book and its contents. Their intention was to introduce readers into the sociology of education but also to present this subdiscipline from the perspective of values. Thus, the volume does not only offer an overview of essential concepts and problems in the sociology of education but also imposes authors' vision of what this branch of sociology should stand for. The key theme in the sociology of education centres around development and balancing of educational inequalities. Therefore, it is forced to take a normative stance and to determine what is good, just or desirable. Oftentimes, it is not obvious what such an unambiguous stance should be as discussions reveal dilemmas around divergent values professed by people from various cultures and social groups, and different hierarchies of values. By analysing educational problems sociologists of education become involved into debates on practical and political solutions. Therefore, \"Sociology of education [...] is a subject full of controversy and contestation [...]\" (p. 21). Sociologists constantly have to ask about the nature of knowledge they have, their goals and social consequences. The sociology of education should be, to a very large extent, a reflexive discipline.Already in the first chapter Gewirtz and Cribb present various controversies and dilemmas faced by scholars researching education processes. They use some examples to show the conflict between official knowledge transmitted in recognised institutions and individuals' interests and values. This chapter also uses the pattern around which the remaining sections of the book are structured. When presenting theories and directions in the sociology of education, the authors use examples from relevant studies. This is an excellent didactic approach: various theoretical issues are presented to readers through specific research questions operationalising those issues. By showing real-life situations and research dilemmas the book becomes interesting rather than fatiguing, which is often the case with many other handbook publica- tions.The book consists of two parts. Part I offers a general introduction into the sociology of education, presenting its key theorists and major concepts. Part II analyses four key themes: social reproduction, dilemmas associated with constructing curricula, identity processes and factors determining tea","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71129757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：