{"title":"Characteristics of Studies in an Environment of Persons with Intellectual Disability - Ethical and Methodological Deliberations","authors":"Jakub Niedbalski","doi":"10.26412/PSR202.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR202.08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"279-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69277018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reading, Writing and Political Competence","authors":"M. Wenzel, Marta Żerkowska-Balas","doi":"10.26412/PSR202.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR202.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"147-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69276439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper the author interprets the changing role of mass media in social processes over recent decades. Society’s perception of mass media is also investigated, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe. The author explores mass media’s position in the societies of the region, asking how these societies interpret media messages. He analyzes the context of people’s reservations about media messages (people’s misgivings, conditioned by social history). One of the key arguments of the paper is that the majority of audiences in the countries concerned have grown more sceptical of mass media messages than have the audiences of Western European countries. According to the author, various social groups consider that the mass media is heavily politicized and that its construction of reality has little in common with their own interpretations.
{"title":"A Culture of Resistance : Mass Media and Its Social Perception in Central and Eastern Europe","authors":"B. Bognár","doi":"10.26412/PSR202.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR202.05","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the author interprets the changing role of mass media in social processes over recent decades. Society’s perception of mass media is also investigated, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe. The author explores mass media’s position in the societies of the region, asking how these societies interpret media messages. He analyzes the context of people’s reservations about media messages (people’s misgivings, conditioned by social history). One of the key arguments of the paper is that the majority of audiences in the countries concerned have grown more sceptical of mass media messages than have the audiences of Western European countries. According to the author, various social groups consider that the mass media is heavily politicized and that its construction of reality has little in common with their own interpretations.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"202 1","pages":"225-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69276855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article regards the public debate focusing on the assessment of the political transformation and the model of modernisation implemented in Poland after 1989. In recent years, the conservative and right-wing criticism, which focused on pro-Western modernisation and the liberal discourse of transformational success, is more and more often accompanied with self-criticising statements uttered by the former liberal leaders of the democratic transformation and with appeals for a radical retribution of the past which are put forward by the young generation of Polish intellectuals. On the basis of the analysis of the public discourse between 2013 and 2017, the author differentiates between the retribution and reckoning dimensions of the liberal and leftist discourse, reconstructing its interpretative and argumentative structures. The discourse of ‘being disappointed with the transformation’ is considered a symptom of the condition of public debate in Poland.
{"title":"Was Another Modernisation Possible? Liberal and Leftist Critique of the Transformation in the Public Debate in Poland","authors":"Magdalena Nowicka-Franczak","doi":"10.26412/PSR203.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR203.02","url":null,"abstract":"The article regards the public debate focusing on the assessment of the political transformation and the model of modernisation implemented in Poland after 1989. In recent years, the conservative and right-wing criticism, which focused on pro-Western modernisation and the liberal discourse of transformational success, is more and more often accompanied with self-criticising statements uttered by the former liberal leaders of the democratic transformation and with appeals for a radical retribution of the past which are put forward by the young generation of Polish intellectuals. On the basis of the analysis of the public discourse between 2013 and 2017, the author differentiates between the retribution and reckoning dimensions of the liberal and leftist discourse, reconstructing its interpretative and argumentative structures. The discourse of ‘being disappointed with the transformation’ is considered a symptom of the condition of public debate in Poland.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"203 1","pages":"321-343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69277061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Much like Western societies with developed economies, Polish society has become increasingly consumer-oriented, as is manifested by Poles’ desire for instant pleasure and the search for the meaning and sense of life through the purchase and consumption of goods and services available on the market. Such an approach could be positively or negatively connected with a healthy lifestyle. The aim of our study was to explore the relationship between a healthy lifestyle and the pro-consumer orientation in Poland. The study involved a survey conducted in 2016 on a nationwide sample of 1,000 people. The findings suggest that a pro-consumer orientation is positively correlated with those elements of a healthy lifestyle that are trendy and symbolize membership in certain social groups. On the other hand, this orientation is inversely correlated with behaviors that require constant self-control and do not bring immediate benefits.
{"title":"Healthy Lifestyle and Pro-Consumer Orientation among Poles","authors":"A. Borowiec, I. Lignowska","doi":"10.26412/PSR203.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26412/PSR203.04","url":null,"abstract":"Much like Western societies with developed economies, Polish society has become increasingly consumer-oriented, as is manifested by Poles’ desire for instant pleasure and the search for the meaning and sense of life through the purchase and consumption of goods and services available on the market. Such an approach could be positively or negatively connected with a healthy lifestyle. The aim of our study was to explore the relationship between a healthy lifestyle and the pro-consumer orientation in Poland. The study involved a survey conducted in 2016 on a nationwide sample of 1,000 people. The findings suggest that a pro-consumer orientation is positively correlated with those elements of a healthy lifestyle that are trendy and symbolize membership in certain social groups. On the other hand, this orientation is inversely correlated with behaviors that require constant self-control and do not bring immediate benefits.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"359-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69277097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.1515/9781618117397-005
M. Kaczmarczyk
IntroductionThe physicist David Bohm wrote that one of the main obstacles to dialogue lay in the human inability to differentiate between one's tentative opinion and one's personal background consisting of past experiences, emotions, and a sense of identity. According to Bohm, we tend to defend our thoughts as parts of our person but, on the other hand, it is precisely the fragmentation of the world through thought that is responsible for the errors and illusions of our cognition. As Bohm put it, 'thought is very active, but the process of thought thinks that it is doing nothing-that it is just telling you the way things are' (Bohm 1996: 11- 12). In other words, each thought has a blind spot, which is the process of thought itself. This continuous process produces conjectures and images that order the world and secure a sense of continuity for the thinking subject. Therefore, the gradual process of identitybuilding through thought has a dark side: the immunization of individuals against a critical self-awareness and, as a consequence, a loss of truth. For this reason, dialogue poses a theoretical problem: being focused on one's own thought enhances narratives that harmonize with the paths of action taken in the past and makes them unquestionable while they may be precisely what poses a problem.In the following paper I depict sociology as the art of dealing with a specific aspect of that fundamental problem. In the first section I illustrate the problem by comparing selected classical concepts of sociology and society. In the second section I differentiate between dialogue, communication, and interaction. The third section introduces the existential idea of dialogue on the grounds of the Socratic approach to thought. Finally, the concluding fourth section demonstrates the dialogical practices in sociology.Thought and SocietyWhat is controversial in sociology is not the human being nor the society in their respective solitude, but the relationship between individual and society or, to quote the famous handbook by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman (1966), the internalization of the society in the individual and the externalization of the individual in the society. These simultaneous processes may be interpreted as metaphors of the problem of dialogue highlighted by Bohm.Max Weber defines 'society' at different places, once with reference to Tonnies' concept of Gesellschaft (1976 [1922]: 22), and once as a 'general structural form' of communities (1976 [1922]: 212). But at the heart of his idea of sociology lies a continuous interest in the conduct of individual actors who orient themselves either at the expectations of others or at social orders (1976 [1922]: 11-12). According to this concept, societies are no more than complex bundles of conjectures produced by actors who advocate their more or less stable, material and ideal interests. As a result, the essence of social reality is a lengthy conflict between parties who continue to produce sophistica
{"title":"Towards a Dialogical Sociology","authors":"M. Kaczmarczyk","doi":"10.1515/9781618117397-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618117397-005","url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionThe physicist David Bohm wrote that one of the main obstacles to dialogue lay in the human inability to differentiate between one's tentative opinion and one's personal background consisting of past experiences, emotions, and a sense of identity. According to Bohm, we tend to defend our thoughts as parts of our person but, on the other hand, it is precisely the fragmentation of the world through thought that is responsible for the errors and illusions of our cognition. As Bohm put it, 'thought is very active, but the process of thought thinks that it is doing nothing-that it is just telling you the way things are' (Bohm 1996: 11- 12). In other words, each thought has a blind spot, which is the process of thought itself. This continuous process produces conjectures and images that order the world and secure a sense of continuity for the thinking subject. Therefore, the gradual process of identitybuilding through thought has a dark side: the immunization of individuals against a critical self-awareness and, as a consequence, a loss of truth. For this reason, dialogue poses a theoretical problem: being focused on one's own thought enhances narratives that harmonize with the paths of action taken in the past and makes them unquestionable while they may be precisely what poses a problem.In the following paper I depict sociology as the art of dealing with a specific aspect of that fundamental problem. In the first section I illustrate the problem by comparing selected classical concepts of sociology and society. In the second section I differentiate between dialogue, communication, and interaction. The third section introduces the existential idea of dialogue on the grounds of the Socratic approach to thought. Finally, the concluding fourth section demonstrates the dialogical practices in sociology.Thought and SocietyWhat is controversial in sociology is not the human being nor the society in their respective solitude, but the relationship between individual and society or, to quote the famous handbook by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman (1966), the internalization of the society in the individual and the externalization of the individual in the society. These simultaneous processes may be interpreted as metaphors of the problem of dialogue highlighted by Bohm.Max Weber defines 'society' at different places, once with reference to Tonnies' concept of Gesellschaft (1976 [1922]: 22), and once as a 'general structural form' of communities (1976 [1922]: 212). But at the heart of his idea of sociology lies a continuous interest in the conduct of individual actors who orient themselves either at the expectations of others or at social orders (1976 [1922]: 11-12). According to this concept, societies are no more than complex bundles of conjectures produced by actors who advocate their more or less stable, material and ideal interests. As a result, the essence of social reality is a lengthy conflict between parties who continue to produce sophistica","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"3-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66851478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeffrey David Iirk and Adam Mrozowicki (eds.), Realist Biography and European Policy An Innovative Approach to European Policy Studies Lueven: Lueven University Press 2013, pp. 228 ISBN: 9789058679710The Editors and Authors of the collected volume (that is an outcome of the international workshop "Realist biography and European policy") assume that integration of the tradition of biographical research and critical realism (as proposed by Margaret Archer) "is not only possible, but it can be also beneficial for the exploration of newly emerging research filled at the European level." (p. 13). This declaration, however, should be reconsidered in many points (some of them will be discussed below). The idea of the book is very interesting and thought-provoking. It is worth the attention of scholars in social sciences and policy makers.The volume consist of 8 chapters organized into 3 main sections. It begins with 2 theoretical chapters on the key ideas of critical realism. The next part (chapters 3-5) offers an overview of three European projects (Sostris, Euroidentities and ENRIEAST) that aimed to understand "ordinary citizens" of Europe and their problems, attitudes, meaning systems, orientation horizons and frames of references and knowledge horizons from their own perspective. This "bottom-up" perspective sometimes disregarded by European policy makers seems to be of crucial importance for the creation of Europe (a sense of being European). Finally, the last sections (chapters 6-8) of the book concentrate on various aspects of sphere of work that are intertwined with the process of "becoming Europe/an."Before discussing selected chapters covering different topics, I would like to address briefly three issues: 1) running the risk of oversimplification while trying to integrate (allegedly) similar theoretical concepts and methods of empirical data analysis; 2) recent "perception" of biographical methods that have become very popular and are perceived as homogenous and 3) 'night' (chaotic and inevitably coupled with processes of severe suffering) side of social reality.1) Any attempt to combine different theoretical and methodological approaches may imply danger of (over)simplification of the research problem as well as unconscious overlooking or / and wilful overpassing of crucial differences. In this volume the Authors endeavour not only to put together critical realism with biographical methods, but also try to "bring to a common denominator" various concepts (i.e. "reflexivity" and "biographical work") as well as refer and apply various approaches to biographical analysis (mainly: Biographic-Narrative Interpretative Method (BNIM) as developed by Prue Chamberlayne and Tom Wengraf, Daniel Bertaux's life history method and autobiographical narrative interview method by Fritz Schutze). Although, many of these ideas are intriguing and promising, some others, raise many doubts and questions. Therefore, this task seems to be risky in itself.2) 'Biograp
{"title":"Realist Biography and European Policy","authors":"K. Waniek","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt14jxsz3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt14jxsz3","url":null,"abstract":"Jeffrey David Iirk and Adam Mrozowicki (eds.), Realist Biography and European Policy An Innovative Approach to European Policy Studies Lueven: Lueven University Press 2013, pp. 228 ISBN: 9789058679710The Editors and Authors of the collected volume (that is an outcome of the international workshop \"Realist biography and European policy\") assume that integration of the tradition of biographical research and critical realism (as proposed by Margaret Archer) \"is not only possible, but it can be also beneficial for the exploration of newly emerging research filled at the European level.\" (p. 13). This declaration, however, should be reconsidered in many points (some of them will be discussed below). The idea of the book is very interesting and thought-provoking. It is worth the attention of scholars in social sciences and policy makers.The volume consist of 8 chapters organized into 3 main sections. It begins with 2 theoretical chapters on the key ideas of critical realism. The next part (chapters 3-5) offers an overview of three European projects (Sostris, Euroidentities and ENRIEAST) that aimed to understand \"ordinary citizens\" of Europe and their problems, attitudes, meaning systems, orientation horizons and frames of references and knowledge horizons from their own perspective. This \"bottom-up\" perspective sometimes disregarded by European policy makers seems to be of crucial importance for the creation of Europe (a sense of being European). Finally, the last sections (chapters 6-8) of the book concentrate on various aspects of sphere of work that are intertwined with the process of \"becoming Europe/an.\"Before discussing selected chapters covering different topics, I would like to address briefly three issues: 1) running the risk of oversimplification while trying to integrate (allegedly) similar theoretical concepts and methods of empirical data analysis; 2) recent \"perception\" of biographical methods that have become very popular and are perceived as homogenous and 3) 'night' (chaotic and inevitably coupled with processes of severe suffering) side of social reality.1) Any attempt to combine different theoretical and methodological approaches may imply danger of (over)simplification of the research problem as well as unconscious overlooking or / and wilful overpassing of crucial differences. In this volume the Authors endeavour not only to put together critical realism with biographical methods, but also try to \"bring to a common denominator\" various concepts (i.e. \"reflexivity\" and \"biographical work\") as well as refer and apply various approaches to biographical analysis (mainly: Biographic-Narrative Interpretative Method (BNIM) as developed by Prue Chamberlayne and Tom Wengraf, Daniel Bertaux's life history method and autobiographical narrative interview method by Fritz Schutze). Although, many of these ideas are intriguing and promising, some others, raise many doubts and questions. Therefore, this task seems to be risky in itself.2) 'Biograp","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68702433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The state and the people","authors":"Jacek Raciborski","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1f886s6.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1f886s6.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"173 1","pages":"3-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68790828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/EJ.9789004165694.I-450.13
P. Sztompka
The author reviews two opposite traditional positions on the role of values and value judgements in sociological research and theory: treating values as a bias interfering in research, or treating values as ideology providing privileged access to knowledge. He traces the recent revival of the debate about valuations, focusing particularly on the claims of the so-called "public sociology." Then the author's own position is outlined based on the fundamental particularity of the social sciences as contrasted with the natural sciences. The old argument that values do not follow from facts is acknowledged as true in the sense of logical deduction, but in the social sciences we encounter different mechanism of implication, which may be called "sociological syllogism:" values may follow from facts, and facts may imply values because, on the one hand, people act on their axiological beliefs, and human actions constitute social facts, and on the other hand, social facts (e.g. about poverty, inequality, degradation, crime, terrorism) mobilize moral impulses and valuational commitments. In other words values shape meanings of human actions and resulting social facts, and the knowledge of facts acquires valuational meaning by mobilizing human axiological impulses. The strict separation of facts and values does not work in the social sciences; there is a two-directional link between the two. This opens the possibility for "sociological ethics" deriving normative standards of social life from the research results of sociology.
{"title":"The Return to Values in Recent Sociological Theory","authors":"P. Sztompka","doi":"10.1163/EJ.9789004165694.I-450.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/EJ.9789004165694.I-450.13","url":null,"abstract":"The author reviews two opposite traditional positions on the role of values and value judgements in sociological research and theory: treating values as a bias interfering in research, or treating values as ideology providing privileged access to knowledge. He traces the recent revival of the debate about valuations, focusing particularly on the claims of the so-called \"public sociology.\" Then the author's own position is outlined based on the fundamental particularity of the social sciences as contrasted with the natural sciences. The old argument that values do not follow from facts is acknowledged as true in the sense of logical deduction, but in the social sciences we encounter different mechanism of implication, which may be called \"sociological syllogism:\" values may follow from facts, and facts may imply values because, on the one hand, people act on their axiological beliefs, and human actions constitute social facts, and on the other hand, social facts (e.g. about poverty, inequality, degradation, crime, terrorism) mobilize moral impulses and valuational commitments. In other words values shape meanings of human actions and resulting social facts, and the knowledge of facts acquires valuational meaning by mobilizing human axiological impulses. The strict separation of facts and values does not work in the social sciences; there is a two-directional link between the two. This opens the possibility for \"sociological ethics\" deriving normative standards of social life from the research results of sociology.","PeriodicalId":44204,"journal":{"name":"Polish Sociological Review","volume":"43 1","pages":"247-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64587377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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