Pub Date : 2017-05-04DOI: 10.12807/TI.109202.2017.A03
Salai Biak Za Lian Ching
This paper presents a study of the techniques employed by paraprofessional Chin-Hakha community interpreters when interpreting in a medical setting. Data was collected through a simulated dialogue in which participants were asked to interpret consecutively. Participants were then interviewed about their decision-making processes in formulating renditions of a number of medical terms. Lexical analysis found that Chin-Hakha interpreters produce interpretations of medical terminology according to certain observable patterned constructions. Overall, this study confirms the community interpreter’s role as a ‘negotiator’ of language, where interpreters negotiate the intended meaning of specialised terminology by using their own ‘storeroom’ of linguistic skills and medical knowledge so as to be successful in rendering medical conversations.
{"title":"Medical Terminology Rendition Techniques Employed by Paraprofessional Chin-Hakha English Interpreters","authors":"Salai Biak Za Lian Ching","doi":"10.12807/TI.109202.2017.A03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.109202.2017.A03","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study of the techniques employed by paraprofessional Chin-Hakha community interpreters when interpreting in a medical setting. Data was collected through a simulated dialogue in which participants were asked to interpret consecutively. Participants were then interviewed about their decision-making processes in formulating renditions of a number of medical terms. Lexical analysis found that Chin-Hakha interpreters produce interpretations of medical terminology according to certain observable patterned constructions. Overall, this study confirms the community interpreter’s role as a ‘negotiator’ of language, where interpreters negotiate the intended meaning of specialised terminology by using their own ‘storeroom’ of linguistic skills and medical knowledge so as to be successful in rendering medical conversations.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"20 1","pages":"38-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84956347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-28DOI: 10.12807/TI.109201.2017.A05
M. Shamy, R. Ricoy
Interpreting Studies has witnessed a growing interest in language specificity and its role in cognitive processing during simultaneous interpreting. The aim of this study is to establish trainee-interpreters’ perceptions of language-pair-specific difficulties when working from English into Arabic in simultaneous mode. Fifteen postgraduate interpreting students were asked to perform two simultaneous interpreting tasks, into which language-pair-specific problem triggers had been incorporated. Process data was generated by applying the method of retrospection, the objective of which was to ascertain whether the problem triggers were perceived by the participants as such, and to identify the strategies, if any, that they employed to deal with them. Subsequently, a comparison was drawn between the perceptions that the participants verbalized and their actual performances. Although the limitations of the method will be acknowledged, the use of retrospection yielded interesting data that can help enhance language-specific interpreter training. This approach is particularly innovative in the context of the language combination English-Arabic, which has received little scholarly attention to date. The information that can be gleaned from the application of the method can contribute to process-oriented research in interpreting pedagogy: “tapping into the minds” of trainee interpreters can help researchers and educators determine the factors that encumber students’ performances and gain a better understanding of the development of strategic competence.
{"title":"Retrospective protocols: Tapping into the minds of interpreting trainees","authors":"M. Shamy, R. Ricoy","doi":"10.12807/TI.109201.2017.A05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.109201.2017.A05","url":null,"abstract":"Interpreting Studies has witnessed a growing interest in language specificity and its role in cognitive processing during simultaneous interpreting. The aim of this study is to establish trainee-interpreters’ perceptions of language-pair-specific difficulties when working from English into Arabic in simultaneous mode. Fifteen postgraduate interpreting students were asked to perform two simultaneous interpreting tasks, into which language-pair-specific problem triggers had been incorporated. Process data was generated by applying the method of retrospection, the objective of which was to ascertain whether the problem triggers were perceived by the participants as such, and to identify the strategies, if any, that they employed to deal with them. Subsequently, a comparison was drawn between the perceptions that the participants verbalized and their actual performances. Although the limitations of the method will be acknowledged, the use of retrospection yielded interesting data that can help enhance language-specific interpreter training. This approach is particularly innovative in the context of the language combination English-Arabic, which has received little scholarly attention to date. The information that can be gleaned from the application of the method can contribute to process-oriented research in interpreting pedagogy: “tapping into the minds” of trainee interpreters can help researchers and educators determine the factors that encumber students’ performances and gain a better understanding of the development of strategic competence.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"22 1","pages":"51-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85296862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-28DOI: 10.12807/TI.109201.2017.A04
R. Ricoy
Interviews have been commonly used as a data-gathering instrument in research which approaches interpreting as a socially-situated practice (e.g. Angelelli, 2004; Inghilleri, 2006 & 2012). This paper focuses on a set of six interviews conducted with indigenous community leaders who had participated in an interpreter-mediated consultation process led by the Peruvian government in the Ucayali region between March and September of 2015. The aim is not to discuss the findings derived from the interviews themselves, but, rather, to evaluate critically the implications of adapting a well-established method for the purposes of studying the role of interpreting in a novel socio-political context. The objective of the interviews was to garner information regarding the interviewees’ perceptions of the role of the interpreters, not from a clients’ perspective (the interpreters had been trained and employed by the government), but as end-users, or beneficiaries, of the interpreters’ work. They were conducted in Spanish, which was the second language of all the interviewees, who had varying degrees of bilingualism. Thus, the underlying hypothesis was that they would have been able to evaluate the competence of the interpreters throughout the consultation process, which could color their perceptions as to their performance and also, potentially, their remit. The decision was made to depart from clear-cut methodological distinctions between types of interview and adopt a hybrid approach: the questions were open-ended, but fixed, as in structured interviews; on the other hand, the possibility of seeking clarification or of prompting a follow-up (e.g. examples) to the interviewees’ answers was left open, as in semi-structured interviews. An interest in how Peruvian indigenous communities construct meaning from their experience of linguistically and culturally mediated exchanges between themselves and the state underpins the choice of method. Its potential limitations is considered and measured against the benefits of tailoring research tools to the study of new realities which result from the involvement of interpreters in emerging legislated scenarios.
{"title":"To Interview or Not to Interview: A Critical Approach to Assessing End-Users' Perceptions of the Role of 21st Century Indigenous Interpreters in Peru","authors":"R. Ricoy","doi":"10.12807/TI.109201.2017.A04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.109201.2017.A04","url":null,"abstract":"Interviews have been commonly used as a data-gathering instrument in research which approaches interpreting as a socially-situated practice (e.g. Angelelli, 2004; Inghilleri, 2006 & 2012). This paper focuses on a set of six interviews conducted with indigenous community leaders who had participated in an interpreter-mediated consultation process led by the Peruvian government in the Ucayali region between March and September of 2015. The aim is not to discuss the findings derived from the interviews themselves, but, rather, to evaluate critically the implications of adapting a well-established method for the purposes of studying the role of interpreting in a novel socio-political context. The objective of the interviews was to garner information regarding the interviewees’ perceptions of the role of the interpreters, not from a clients’ perspective (the interpreters had been trained and employed by the government), but as end-users, or beneficiaries, of the interpreters’ work. They were conducted in Spanish, which was the second language of all the interviewees, who had varying degrees of bilingualism. Thus, the underlying hypothesis was that they would have been able to evaluate the competence of the interpreters throughout the consultation process, which could color their perceptions as to their performance and also, potentially, their remit. The decision was made to depart from clear-cut methodological distinctions between types of interview and adopt a hybrid approach: the questions were open-ended, but fixed, as in structured interviews; on the other hand, the possibility of seeking clarification or of prompting a follow-up (e.g. examples) to the interviewees’ answers was left open, as in semi-structured interviews. An interest in how Peruvian indigenous communities construct meaning from their experience of linguistically and culturally mediated exchanges between themselves and the state underpins the choice of method. Its potential limitations is considered and measured against the benefits of tailoring research tools to the study of new realities which result from the involvement of interpreters in emerging legislated scenarios.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"38 1","pages":"36-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83014299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-06DOI: 10.12807/TI.108201.2016.A04
M. Z. Sulaiman
Following the rapid growth of the tourism industry worldwide, translation has become one of the most practical means of cross-cultural tourism promotion. In fact, tourism promotional materials (TPMs) are considered one of the most translated types of texts in the world today. However, this type of translated materials has frequently been criticised for its poor standard. While several studies have addressed this issue by focusing on the textual aspects of translated TPMs, research seems to be scarce on the main agents involved in TPM translation, particularly the translation commissioner who is considered a determining factor under skopos theory. In an attempt to fill this gap, and to pave the way for the mapping of possible best practices in cross-cultural TPM production, this study explores the actual practices of TPM commissioners of a tourism authority by investigating what they deem to be the ideal scenario for the creation of effective cross-cultural TPMs and the extent to which they are able to realise this ideal scenario in the commercial world. The main source of data for this study is a semi-structured interview conducted with two experienced managers of an Australian state tourism authority directly responsible for the commissioning of cross-cultural TPMs. The investigation reveals that there is a gap between what the commissioners deem to be the ideal scenario for the production of cross-cultural TPMs and the actual practices of the commissioners due to a number of misconceptions regarding the nature of translation and the role of translators. This study argues that addressing these misconceptions has the potential to not only improve the effectiveness and efficiency of cross-cultural tourism promotion but more importantly uplift the image of the translation profession as a whole.
{"title":"The misunderstood concept of translation in tourism promotion","authors":"M. Z. Sulaiman","doi":"10.12807/TI.108201.2016.A04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.108201.2016.A04","url":null,"abstract":"Following the rapid growth of the tourism industry worldwide, translation has become one of the most practical means of cross-cultural tourism promotion. In fact, tourism promotional materials (TPMs) are considered one of the most translated types of texts in the world today. However, this type of translated materials has frequently been criticised for its poor standard. While several studies have addressed this issue by focusing on the textual aspects of translated TPMs, research seems to be scarce on the main agents involved in TPM translation, particularly the translation commissioner who is considered a determining factor under skopos theory. In an attempt to fill this gap, and to pave the way for the mapping of possible best practices in cross-cultural TPM production, this study explores the actual practices of TPM commissioners of a tourism authority by investigating what they deem to be the ideal scenario for the creation of effective cross-cultural TPMs and the extent to which they are able to realise this ideal scenario in the commercial world. The main source of data for this study is a semi-structured interview conducted with two experienced managers of an Australian state tourism authority directly responsible for the commissioning of cross-cultural TPMs. The investigation reveals that there is a gap between what the commissioners deem to be the ideal scenario for the production of cross-cultural TPMs and the actual practices of the commissioners due to a number of misconceptions regarding the nature of translation and the role of translators. This study argues that addressing these misconceptions has the potential to not only improve the effectiveness and efficiency of cross-cultural tourism promotion but more importantly uplift the image of the translation profession as a whole.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"42 1","pages":"53-68"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2016-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80596960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-01DOI: 10.12807/TI.108201.2016.A01
Benjamin Screen
This article reports on a key-logging experiment carried out in order to investigate the effect that Translation Memory matches in the 70%-95% range have on particular aspects of the translation process. Operationalising the translation process as text (re)production following Englund-Dimitrova (2005), Translog-II is used to investigate whether the use of fuzzy matches in this range can reduce cognitive effort based on Working Memory Capacity and recorded pauses, to study the effect that adapting and correcting fuzzy matches in this range has on linear and non-linear writing processes, and to examine variables related to revision, time and productivity. Results show that initial reading time and self-revision is longer in the case of fuzzy match correction compared to manual translation. Data also show however that cognitive load as measured by pauses is reduced and that productivity is also increased. Significant differences are also observed in terms of text production strategies between the translators who edited the fuzzy matches and those who translated without them.
{"title":"What does translation memory do to translation? The effect of translation memory output on specific aspects of the translation process","authors":"Benjamin Screen","doi":"10.12807/TI.108201.2016.A01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.108201.2016.A01","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports on a key-logging experiment carried out in order to investigate the effect that Translation Memory matches in the 70%-95% range have on particular aspects of the translation process. Operationalising the translation process as text (re)production following Englund-Dimitrova (2005), Translog-II is used to investigate whether the use of fuzzy matches in this range can reduce cognitive effort based on Working Memory Capacity and recorded pauses, to study the effect that adapting and correcting fuzzy matches in this range has on linear and non-linear writing processes, and to examine variables related to revision, time and productivity. Results show that initial reading time and self-revision is longer in the case of fuzzy match correction compared to manual translation. Data also show however that cognitive load as measured by pauses is reduced and that productivity is also increased. Significant differences are also observed in terms of text production strategies between the translators who edited the fuzzy matches and those who translated without them.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"248 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2016-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76779594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-06DOI: 10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A03
Ulf Norberg, Ursula Stachl-Peier, L. Tiittula
Speech-to-text (STT) interpreting is a type of intralingual interpreting mostly used by late deafened and hearing impaired persons who have a spoken language as their first language. In Finland, Sweden and Austria the speech-to-text transfer is performed in real-time by interpreters using a (specially adapted or standard) keyboard that is connected to a screen. As a result of different legislative frameworks governing services for the disabled, STT interpreting has developed differently in different countries and so far there has been little international cooperation. STT interpreting has also been largely ignored by Translation and Interpreting Studies. This paper examines the situation in Finland and Sweden, where STT interpreting training programmes have been available since the 1980s, and Austria, where the first training programme started in 2010, and investigates the norms, values and expectations that guide STT interpreters’ practice in the three countries. It also looks at the factors necessary for the development of a distinct ‘STT interpreting culture’.
{"title":"Speech-to-text interpreting in Finland, Sweden and Austria","authors":"Ulf Norberg, Ursula Stachl-Peier, L. Tiittula","doi":"10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A03","url":null,"abstract":"Speech-to-text (STT) interpreting is a type of intralingual interpreting mostly used by late deafened and hearing impaired persons who have a spoken language as their first language. In Finland, Sweden and Austria the speech-to-text transfer is performed in real-time by interpreters using a (specially adapted or standard) keyboard that is connected to a screen. As a result of different legislative frameworks governing services for the disabled, STT interpreting has developed differently in different countries and so far there has been little international cooperation. STT interpreting has also been largely ignored by Translation and Interpreting Studies. This paper examines the situation in Finland and Sweden, where STT interpreting training programmes have been available since the 1980s, and Austria, where the first training programme started in 2010, and investigates the norms, values and expectations that guide STT interpreters’ practice in the three countries. It also looks at the factors necessary for the development of a distinct ‘STT interpreting culture’.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"12 1","pages":"36-49"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2015-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80451771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michaela Albl-Mikasa, E. Glatz, Gertrud Hofer, M. Sleptsova
Our paper is based on the Swiss research project ‘Interpreting in Medical Settings: Roles, Requirements and Responsibility’, which was supported by a grant of the Swiss Commission for Technology and Innovation (KTI) and carried out by an interdisciplinary team comprising medical specialists from the University Hospital of Basel (Marina Sleptsova and colleagues) and interpreting studies/applied linguistics researchers from the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) (Gertrud Hofer and colleagues). It explores videotape transcriptions of 12 authentic interpreted conversations between German speaking doctors/medical staff and patients of Turkish or Albanian origin. The analysis finds that culture-specific expressions produced by the patients occur rarely and do not pose any interpreting problems. By contrast, phatic tokens and hedges play an important role in medical personnel’s presentation of their interactional, trust building, diagnostic and therapeutic intentions. Although these expressions are essential communication elements geared at building patients’ compliance and establishing doctors’ safeguards, they are rarely or inconsistently rendered by the interpreters. It is argued that, while medical interpreters may have plausible reasons not to render these expressions, they would still need to be made aware of the significance of such pragmatic aspects of communication in training courses and/or pre-encounter briefings. More generally, empirical research – similar to that on questioning style and questioning techniques – should focus more on the exploration of discourse markers, meta-discourse comments and rapport-building expressions of different types of utterance and discourse practices in healthcare interpreting settings.
{"title":"Caution and compliance in medical encounters. Non-interpretation of hedges and phatic tokens","authors":"Michaela Albl-Mikasa, E. Glatz, Gertrud Hofer, M. Sleptsova","doi":"10.21256/ZHAW-4060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21256/ZHAW-4060","url":null,"abstract":"Our paper is based on the Swiss research project ‘Interpreting in Medical Settings: Roles, Requirements and Responsibility’, which was supported by a grant of the Swiss Commission for Technology and Innovation (KTI) and carried out by an interdisciplinary team comprising medical specialists from the University Hospital of Basel (Marina Sleptsova and colleagues) and interpreting studies/applied linguistics researchers from the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) (Gertrud Hofer and colleagues). It explores videotape transcriptions of 12 authentic interpreted conversations between German speaking doctors/medical staff and patients of Turkish or Albanian origin. The analysis finds that culture-specific expressions produced by the patients occur rarely and do not pose any interpreting problems. By contrast, phatic tokens and hedges play an important role in medical personnel’s presentation of their interactional, trust building, diagnostic and therapeutic intentions. Although these expressions are essential communication elements geared at building patients’ compliance and establishing doctors’ safeguards, they are rarely or inconsistently rendered by the interpreters. It is argued that, while medical interpreters may have plausible reasons not to render these expressions, they would still need to be made aware of the significance of such pragmatic aspects of communication in training courses and/or pre-encounter briefings. More generally, empirical research – similar to that on questioning style and questioning techniques – should focus more on the exploration of discourse markers, meta-discourse comments and rapport-building expressions of different types of utterance and discourse practices in healthcare interpreting settings.","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"9 1","pages":"76-89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2015-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84192678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A08
Heidi Salaets, K. Balogh
1. Introduction Before discussing the final examination in LI (Legal Interpreting) at KU Leuven, Antwerp campus, we would like to shed some light on the use of concepts without going into too much detail, however, or reinventing the wheel. We will also briefly explain the situation in Belgium and outline those elements which we will be unable to discuss in this contribution for reasons of space. 1.1 Certification through independent bodies The final LI examination in combination with the other (written) examinations on legal knowledge, legal terminology, methodology and sources of law leads to certification, meaning that "certificates are usually awarded after completion of a course of study and demonstration of mastery of the knowledge or skills imparted in courses" (Mikkelson, 2013, p. 66). Furthermore, Mikkelson notes the following: Credentialing or certification, whereby mastery of the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to practice the profession is verified by an independent body, is inextricably linked to this formative education. (2013, p. 67). Unfortunately, this is not yet the case in Belgium where no national register of sworn translators and interpreters exists and the title of legal interpreter is not protected. As a result, there are no standardized procedures allowing one to become a legal interpreter; each court has its own system for the recruitment of interpreters. The court of Antwerp alone has strict rules about the education, training, evaluation and certification of interpreters. This has come about as a result of the court's close collaboration with the LIT department of KU Leuven, Antwerp campus. Consequently, we are still light years away from welldesigned specific certification tests like those in the United States (Feuerle, 2013) or other countries such as Australia, Austria, Canada, Sweden or the UK (Hlavac, 2013). Nevertheless, the fact that an independent body exists in Belgium that certifies community interpreters, together with our experience as graders and contributors to the design of tests for community interpreters, were of great help in developing actual legal interpreting evaluation criteria. Vermeiren, Van Gucht and De Bontridder (2009) write about the certification of social interpreters (i.e. community interpreters) in the early years, while Roels (2013) explains how this certification process evolved, which led not only to a better and more valid test design, but also to training for graders and guidelines for more reliability in the testing procedure. 1.2 Assessment and evaluation We wish to state clearly at this point that we will not comment in detail on the assessment procedure of the LIT course at KU Leuven, Antwerp campus. This would take in too much detail and would mean starting from screening during the admission procedure, moving on to feedback during class performances (formative assessment), and then to the final examination (summative assessment). Instead, only the LI evaluation at the
1. 在讨论比利时鲁汶大学安特卫普校区LI(法律口译)的期末考试之前，我们想要阐明一些概念的使用，而不是过多的细节，或者重新发明车轮。我们还将简要说明比利时的局势，并概述由于篇幅限制，我们将无法在本文中讨论的那些因素。最后的LI考试与法律知识、法律术语、方法和法律来源的其他(书面)考试相结合，导致认证，这意味着“证书通常在完成课程学习并证明掌握课程所传授的知识或技能后颁发”(Mikkelson, 2013, p. 66)。此外，Mikkelson还指出:证书或认证与这种形成性教育有着密不可分的联系，通过证书或认证，学生掌握了从事该职业所需的知识、技能和能力，并由一个独立的机构进行验证。(2013，第67页)。不幸的是，比利时的情况并非如此，该国没有国家注册的宣誓翻译和口译员，法律口译员的头衔也不受保护。因此，没有标准化的程序允许一个人成为一名法律口译员;每个法院都有自己的口译员招聘制度。仅安特卫普法院就对口译员的教育、培训、评估和认证有严格的规定。这是法院与比利时鲁汶大学安特卫普校区的文学学系密切合作的结果。因此，我们距离像美国(Feuerle, 2013)或其他国家(如澳大利亚、奥地利、加拿大、瑞典或英国(Hlavac, 2013)那样精心设计的特定认证测试还有很长的路要走。然而，比利时有一个对社区口译员进行认证的独立机构，加上我们作为评分员和设计社区口译员考试的贡献者的经验，对制定实际的法律口译评价标准有很大帮助。Vermeiren, Van Gucht和De Bontridder(2009)写了早期社会口译员(即社区口译员)的认证，而Roels(2013)解释了这一认证过程是如何演变的，这不仅导致了更好和更有效的测试设计，而且还导致了对评分员的培训和测试过程中更可靠的指导原则。我们希望在这一点上清楚地说明，我们不会详细评论在鲁汶大学安特卫普校区的文学课程的评估程序。这将涉及太多的细节，并且意味着从入学过程中的筛选开始，然后在课堂表现中进行反馈(形成性评估)，然后到期末考试(总结性评估)。相反，这里只讨论课程结束时的LI评估，因为它评估了候选人的表现和成就，而评估程序衡量个人的表现和进步，给出反馈，使表现得到改善。评价和评估之间的术语差异在许多来源中都得到了强调(参见例如CIE, n.d;pcr、无日期;ITLAL, n.d)或根据它们发生的时间段进行的各种评估)。正如美国教、学与学术领导研究所(Institute for Teaching, Learning and Academic Leadership, ITLAL, n.d.)所言:评估是通过观察和测量客观地了解事物的状态或状况的过程。教学评估是指对教学效果进行衡量。“形成性”评估是为了改进它而进行的测量。“总结性”评估就是我们通常所说的“评估”。…
{"title":"Development of Reliable Evaluation Tools in Legal Interpreting: A Test Case","authors":"Heidi Salaets, K. Balogh","doi":"10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A08","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction Before discussing the final examination in LI (Legal Interpreting) at KU Leuven, Antwerp campus, we would like to shed some light on the use of concepts without going into too much detail, however, or reinventing the wheel. We will also briefly explain the situation in Belgium and outline those elements which we will be unable to discuss in this contribution for reasons of space. 1.1 Certification through independent bodies The final LI examination in combination with the other (written) examinations on legal knowledge, legal terminology, methodology and sources of law leads to certification, meaning that \"certificates are usually awarded after completion of a course of study and demonstration of mastery of the knowledge or skills imparted in courses\" (Mikkelson, 2013, p. 66). Furthermore, Mikkelson notes the following: Credentialing or certification, whereby mastery of the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to practice the profession is verified by an independent body, is inextricably linked to this formative education. (2013, p. 67). Unfortunately, this is not yet the case in Belgium where no national register of sworn translators and interpreters exists and the title of legal interpreter is not protected. As a result, there are no standardized procedures allowing one to become a legal interpreter; each court has its own system for the recruitment of interpreters. The court of Antwerp alone has strict rules about the education, training, evaluation and certification of interpreters. This has come about as a result of the court's close collaboration with the LIT department of KU Leuven, Antwerp campus. Consequently, we are still light years away from welldesigned specific certification tests like those in the United States (Feuerle, 2013) or other countries such as Australia, Austria, Canada, Sweden or the UK (Hlavac, 2013). Nevertheless, the fact that an independent body exists in Belgium that certifies community interpreters, together with our experience as graders and contributors to the design of tests for community interpreters, were of great help in developing actual legal interpreting evaluation criteria. Vermeiren, Van Gucht and De Bontridder (2009) write about the certification of social interpreters (i.e. community interpreters) in the early years, while Roels (2013) explains how this certification process evolved, which led not only to a better and more valid test design, but also to training for graders and guidelines for more reliability in the testing procedure. 1.2 Assessment and evaluation We wish to state clearly at this point that we will not comment in detail on the assessment procedure of the LIT course at KU Leuven, Antwerp campus. This would take in too much detail and would mean starting from screening during the admission procedure, moving on to feedback during class performances (formative assessment), and then to the final examination (summative assessment). Instead, only the LI evaluation at the ","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"PP 1","pages":"103-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84605078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A02
Simo K. Määttä
1. Introduction The study of language ideologies, i.e. cultural conceptions of the nature, purpose, and function of language (Gal & Woolard, 1995, p. 130; Woolard & Schieffelin, 1994) has been an important field of inquiry in sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, and critical discourse studies for over thirty decades. To some extent, language ideologies have also been studied in the context of public service interpreting, i.e. community interpreting, and legal and courtroom interpreting in particular. Thus, many studies have argued that monolithic, monolingual language ideologies, in which generalizations about the nature and function of language are based on monolingual and institutionalized contexts, in fact dominate legal services. These ideologies have also been identified as a major source of linguistic injustice in interpretermediated encounters (see e.g. Angermeyer, 2008, 2014; Berk-Seligson, 2008; Haviland, 2003; Maryns, 2006). However, in interpreting studies, larger social phenomena and institutional constraints that link the interpreter's performance to language ideologies have not attracted much attention. This paper contends that many problems and phenomena related to public service interpreting that are thought to emanate from cultural differences or the interpreter's general lack of competence (see e.g. Hale, 2004, p. 238; Pollabauer, 2006; Rudvin, 2006) or lack of accuracy due to the interpreter's omission of words and discourse markers or other pragmatic information (BerkSeligson, 1999; Hale, 2004, p. 239) can be interpreted as resulting from language ideologies. Furthermore, the paper argues that monolingual and monolithic language ideologies need to be explained in connection with the practices in which they appear and become reified. While ideologies can be defined as sets of beliefs or ideas having an object, typically a contested concept such as language, the practices reifying them can be conceived as discourses, i.e. systematic ways of using language in a particular way, directing the formation of meanings, creating a prototypical set of oral, written, and multimodal genres and texts, and enacting, reifying, and enforcing ideologies within a field of activity or an institution (Maatta, 2014; Maatta & Pietikainen, 2014). One of the most important practices within the public service is transcribing and reporting in the written form, based on the particularities of written language and specific written genres. This discourse of reporting characterizes all encounters between public service providers and service users in much of the world today and therefore also in public service interpreting. Both discourse and ideology are essentially contested, polysemic concepts. While the way in which these notions are used in this paper may seem unorthodox from the viewpoint of translation and interpreting studies, certain links to descriptive translation studies (e.g. Toury, 2012) can be identified. Thus, grosso modo, ideologies co
{"title":"Interpreting the discourse of reporting: The case of screening interviews with asylum seekers and police interviews in Finland","authors":"Simo K. Määttä","doi":"10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/TI.107203.2015.A02","url":null,"abstract":"1. Introduction The study of language ideologies, i.e. cultural conceptions of the nature, purpose, and function of language (Gal & Woolard, 1995, p. 130; Woolard & Schieffelin, 1994) has been an important field of inquiry in sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, and critical discourse studies for over thirty decades. To some extent, language ideologies have also been studied in the context of public service interpreting, i.e. community interpreting, and legal and courtroom interpreting in particular. Thus, many studies have argued that monolithic, monolingual language ideologies, in which generalizations about the nature and function of language are based on monolingual and institutionalized contexts, in fact dominate legal services. These ideologies have also been identified as a major source of linguistic injustice in interpretermediated encounters (see e.g. Angermeyer, 2008, 2014; Berk-Seligson, 2008; Haviland, 2003; Maryns, 2006). However, in interpreting studies, larger social phenomena and institutional constraints that link the interpreter's performance to language ideologies have not attracted much attention. This paper contends that many problems and phenomena related to public service interpreting that are thought to emanate from cultural differences or the interpreter's general lack of competence (see e.g. Hale, 2004, p. 238; Pollabauer, 2006; Rudvin, 2006) or lack of accuracy due to the interpreter's omission of words and discourse markers or other pragmatic information (BerkSeligson, 1999; Hale, 2004, p. 239) can be interpreted as resulting from language ideologies. Furthermore, the paper argues that monolingual and monolithic language ideologies need to be explained in connection with the practices in which they appear and become reified. While ideologies can be defined as sets of beliefs or ideas having an object, typically a contested concept such as language, the practices reifying them can be conceived as discourses, i.e. systematic ways of using language in a particular way, directing the formation of meanings, creating a prototypical set of oral, written, and multimodal genres and texts, and enacting, reifying, and enforcing ideologies within a field of activity or an institution (Maatta, 2014; Maatta & Pietikainen, 2014). One of the most important practices within the public service is transcribing and reporting in the written form, based on the particularities of written language and specific written genres. This discourse of reporting characterizes all encounters between public service providers and service users in much of the world today and therefore also in public service interpreting. Both discourse and ideology are essentially contested, polysemic concepts. While the way in which these notions are used in this paper may seem unorthodox from the viewpoint of translation and interpreting studies, certain links to descriptive translation studies (e.g. Toury, 2012) can be identified. Thus, grosso modo, ideologies co","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"6 1","pages":"21-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83809666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-01DOI: 10.12807/ti.107202.2015.r02
Silvia Parra
Gallego Hernandez, D. (2012). Traduccion economica y corpus: del concepto a la concordancia. Aplicacion al frances y al espanol. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante As its title would indicate, this volume addresses economic translation and the use of corpora from both a theoretical and conceptual approach, which the author Daniel Gallego illustrates with a number of examples applied to translation in the French-Spanish language pair. However, this book is far more ambitious and interesting than the title suggests at first glance, given its two main objectives and its potential usefulness for different types of readers. The first aim of the author is to lay the theoretical foundation for defining the concept of economic translation, understood as translation applied in the fields of economics, trade and finance. The second aim is to present a documentation model to use and create corpora in the practice of economic translation. The documentation methodology proposed by Dr Gallego is based on the use of Internet as a primary tool both to obtain information from textual resources (web as corpus), as demonstrated by the author in his doctoral thesis, and to compile such resources (web for corpus). To achieve his purpose, Gallego has structured the presentation of the results of his exhaustive research work into seven chapters, of which I will only present the most significant aspects. In the first chapter (1), the author considers diverse variables, realities and interpretations to analyse the concepts of economic translation and economic language, providing a framework to identify the parameters for defining these two notions. Of special interest is the concept of economic language--in a broad sense (through verbal statements on economics as a discipline and in its professional dimension) and also a more limited one--as well as the relationship of the many denominations and labels attributed to it (economic language/academic language and business language/professional languages) according to each communicative situation. In the second chapter (2) Gallego analyses in depth the different names used to refer to economic translation. To this end, he presents the relevant definitions considering the agents (socio-economic, commercial) and entities (organizations) involved in this type of translation. He concludes by providing two definitions of economic translation (one broad, the other more limited), opting for the former (the broad one) which he proceeds to address in a coherent manner in the next chapter covering the literature on economic translation. The author's analysis in the third chapter (3) of works related to economic translation in its broadest sense offers a bibliographic classification to characterise this activity and identify the problems involved in practising and training for it. The criteria used for this purpose include subject matter categories--such as economic terminology and its variants; the terminology creation process and its t
Gallego Hernandez, D.(2012)。基于主体的贸易经济学:概念与协调。应用范围:西班牙语。阿利坎特:阿利坎特大学正如其标题所示，本卷从理论和概念两方面阐述了经济翻译和语料库的使用，作者丹尼尔·加莱戈(Daniel Gallego)用一些应用于法语-西班牙语翻译的例子来说明这一点。然而，考虑到它的两个主要目标和它对不同类型的读者的潜在用处，这本书远比标题所暗示的更有野心和有趣。本文的第一个目的是为定义经济翻译的概念奠定理论基础，将经济翻译理解为经济、贸易和金融领域的翻译。第二个目的是提出一个在经济翻译实践中使用和创建语料库的文档模型。Gallego博士提出的文献方法论是基于使用互联网作为主要工具，既可以从文本资源(web as corpus)获取信息，如作者在其博士论文中所展示的，也可以编译这些资源(web for corpus)。为了达到他的目的，加莱戈将他详尽的研究工作的结果分为七章，我将只介绍其中最重要的方面。在第一章(1)中，作者考虑了不同的变量、现实和解释来分析经济翻译和经济语言的概念，提供了一个框架来确定定义这两个概念的参数。特别有趣的是经济语言的概念——在广义上(通过对经济学作为一门学科及其专业维度的口头陈述)和更有限的概念——以及根据每种交际情况赋予它的许多名称和标签(经济语言/学术语言和商业语言/专业语言)之间的关系。在第二章(2)中，Gallego深入分析了用于指代经济翻译的不同名称。为此，他提出了涉及这类翻译的代理人(社会经济、商业)和实体(组织)的相关定义。最后，他提供了两种经济翻译的定义(一种是广义的，另一种更有限)，选择了前者(广义的)，他将在下一章中以连贯的方式讨论经济翻译的文献。作者在第三章(3)中对最广泛意义上的经济翻译相关著作进行了分析，提供了一个书目分类来描述这一活动的特征，并确定了实践和培训中涉及的问题。用于此目的的标准包括主题类别-例如经济术语及其变体;术语的创造过程及其翻译(文化异构或跨文化不对称);关于英语在经济翻译中的运用的争论;隐喻的使用(经济和金融话语中最常见的特征之一)——以及几部作品的方法论方法。第四章(4)讨论了在文献过程中使用互联网对经济文本翻译的影响(来源和可用资源)。原始文献来源的性质，由作者分类为语言、主题和个人，根据相应的数字环境决定了查询和工具的类型。特别有趣的是对平行文本(作为主题和语言文献来源)的使用的分析，这是作者提出的工作方法的基础，以及由于根据各种因素所使用的资源的互补性而需要核实信息。…
{"title":"Gallego Hernandez, D. (2012). Traduction Economica Y Corpus: Del Concepto a la Concordancia. Aplicacion Al Frances Y Al Espanol","authors":"Silvia Parra","doi":"10.12807/ti.107202.2015.r02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12807/ti.107202.2015.r02","url":null,"abstract":"Gallego Hernandez, D. (2012). Traduccion economica y corpus: del concepto a la concordancia. Aplicacion al frances y al espanol. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante As its title would indicate, this volume addresses economic translation and the use of corpora from both a theoretical and conceptual approach, which the author Daniel Gallego illustrates with a number of examples applied to translation in the French-Spanish language pair. However, this book is far more ambitious and interesting than the title suggests at first glance, given its two main objectives and its potential usefulness for different types of readers. The first aim of the author is to lay the theoretical foundation for defining the concept of economic translation, understood as translation applied in the fields of economics, trade and finance. The second aim is to present a documentation model to use and create corpora in the practice of economic translation. The documentation methodology proposed by Dr Gallego is based on the use of Internet as a primary tool both to obtain information from textual resources (web as corpus), as demonstrated by the author in his doctoral thesis, and to compile such resources (web for corpus). To achieve his purpose, Gallego has structured the presentation of the results of his exhaustive research work into seven chapters, of which I will only present the most significant aspects. In the first chapter (1), the author considers diverse variables, realities and interpretations to analyse the concepts of economic translation and economic language, providing a framework to identify the parameters for defining these two notions. Of special interest is the concept of economic language--in a broad sense (through verbal statements on economics as a discipline and in its professional dimension) and also a more limited one--as well as the relationship of the many denominations and labels attributed to it (economic language/academic language and business language/professional languages) according to each communicative situation. In the second chapter (2) Gallego analyses in depth the different names used to refer to economic translation. To this end, he presents the relevant definitions considering the agents (socio-economic, commercial) and entities (organizations) involved in this type of translation. He concludes by providing two definitions of economic translation (one broad, the other more limited), opting for the former (the broad one) which he proceeds to address in a coherent manner in the next chapter covering the literature on economic translation. The author's analysis in the third chapter (3) of works related to economic translation in its broadest sense offers a bibliographic classification to characterise this activity and identify the problems involved in practising and training for it. The criteria used for this purpose include subject matter categories--such as economic terminology and its variants; the terminology creation process and its t","PeriodicalId":44242,"journal":{"name":"Translation & Interpreting-The International Journal of Translation and Interpreting","volume":"5 1","pages":"95"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85993075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：