Pub Date : 2021-10-24DOI: 10.1080/10428232.2021.1987755
Monique Constance-Huggins, Shaneé Moore, ZaDonna M. Slay
ABSTRACT Child sex trafficking is a troubling, yet hidden, social problem in the United States. Black girls are particularly vulnerable given the intersection of their race and gender as they navigate biological, psychological, and social vulnerabilities. Yet, little light is shed on their experiences, and consequently, strategies to practice with them are lacking. To resist the universal focus on sex trafficking, and to develop targeted approaches to address marginalized groups, such as Black girls, it is imperative to embrace critical, non-exclusionary, and non-oppressive perspectives. This paper introduces critical race theory (CRT) and employs some of its tenets to explain the oppression that Black girls face. Finally, it provides practice strategies, grounded in CRT, to meet the unique challenges of Black girls thereby advancing social work practice in an increasingly racialized context.
{"title":"Sex Trafficking of Black Girls: A Critical Race Theory Approach to Practice","authors":"Monique Constance-Huggins, Shaneé Moore, ZaDonna M. Slay","doi":"10.1080/10428232.2021.1987755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2021.1987755","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Child sex trafficking is a troubling, yet hidden, social problem in the United States. Black girls are particularly vulnerable given the intersection of their race and gender as they navigate biological, psychological, and social vulnerabilities. Yet, little light is shed on their experiences, and consequently, strategies to practice with them are lacking. To resist the universal focus on sex trafficking, and to develop targeted approaches to address marginalized groups, such as Black girls, it is imperative to embrace critical, non-exclusionary, and non-oppressive perspectives. This paper introduces critical race theory (CRT) and employs some of its tenets to explain the oppression that Black girls face. Finally, it provides practice strategies, grounded in CRT, to meet the unique challenges of Black girls thereby advancing social work practice in an increasingly racialized context.","PeriodicalId":44255,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Progressive Human Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45329957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.1080/10428232.2021.1969719
Y. Paat, Jessica Morales, Aaron Escajeda, Ray Tullius
ABSTRACT Using in-depth face-to-face interviews, this study explored 34 homeless shelter workers’ perceptions of homelessness and working with the homeless. We asked the following questions: 1) What were the barriers that homeless shelter residents faced in combating homelessness, from the perspective of the homeless shelter workers? 2) What were the challenges that homeless shelter workers encountered in working with this at-risk population? Our findings shared the realities that the homeless population faced from the lens of shelter workers with different job responsibilities (ranging from customer service workers to case managers, program directors/coordinators, and shelter administrators). Overall, we found that working with the homeless community could present a challenge for shelter workers given the limited availability of funding, discrepancies in agreement of solutions, the lack of qualified helping professionals, the limits of service coordination, preconceived judgment/prejudice from the public, and a series of obstacles that the homeless population faces including barriers to accessing services, employability, personal hardship, and social stigma.
{"title":"Insights from the shelter: Homeless shelter workers’ perceptions of homelessness and working with the homeless","authors":"Y. Paat, Jessica Morales, Aaron Escajeda, Ray Tullius","doi":"10.1080/10428232.2021.1969719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2021.1969719","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using in-depth face-to-face interviews, this study explored 34 homeless shelter workers’ perceptions of homelessness and working with the homeless. We asked the following questions: 1) What were the barriers that homeless shelter residents faced in combating homelessness, from the perspective of the homeless shelter workers? 2) What were the challenges that homeless shelter workers encountered in working with this at-risk population? Our findings shared the realities that the homeless population faced from the lens of shelter workers with different job responsibilities (ranging from customer service workers to case managers, program directors/coordinators, and shelter administrators). Overall, we found that working with the homeless community could present a challenge for shelter workers given the limited availability of funding, discrepancies in agreement of solutions, the lack of qualified helping professionals, the limits of service coordination, preconceived judgment/prejudice from the public, and a series of obstacles that the homeless population faces including barriers to accessing services, employability, personal hardship, and social stigma.","PeriodicalId":44255,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Progressive Human Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48161878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.1080/10428232.2021.1933869
S. Wahab, Gita R. Mehrotra, Ericka Kimball, Steph Ng Ping Cheung, Kelly Myers
ABSTRACT Domestic violence work typically happens within the confines of significant macro forces that shape most social work practice, including but not limited to neoliberalism, criminalization and professionalization. Using the concept of professional resistance, we discuss and present our case study research that sought to understand how these intersecting macro forces shape domestic violence advocacy training in Oregon. House Bill (HB) 3476 established privilege for certain communications between people seeking DV services and “certified advocates.” This bill mandates training for advocates as a condition for accessing privileged communications. Our research suggests that understanding dynamics of power, resistance, and compliance with macro forces that shape domestic violence advocacy training and consequently social work require epistemologies that move us beyond binary thinking, and toward the assemblage of complicated dynamics.
{"title":"Resistance and Submission: A Case Study of the Training of DV Advocates","authors":"S. Wahab, Gita R. Mehrotra, Ericka Kimball, Steph Ng Ping Cheung, Kelly Myers","doi":"10.1080/10428232.2021.1933869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2021.1933869","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Domestic violence work typically happens within the confines of significant macro forces that shape most social work practice, including but not limited to neoliberalism, criminalization and professionalization. Using the concept of professional resistance, we discuss and present our case study research that sought to understand how these intersecting macro forces shape domestic violence advocacy training in Oregon. House Bill (HB) 3476 established privilege for certain communications between people seeking DV services and “certified advocates.” This bill mandates training for advocates as a condition for accessing privileged communications. Our research suggests that understanding dynamics of power, resistance, and compliance with macro forces that shape domestic violence advocacy training and consequently social work require epistemologies that move us beyond binary thinking, and toward the assemblage of complicated dynamics.","PeriodicalId":44255,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Progressive Human Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10428232.2021.1933869","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47452542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/10428232.2021.1931649
Charlotte Akuoko-Barfi, T. McDermott, Henry Parada, Travonne Edwards
ABSTRACT This article reports on narrative interviews conducted as part of the Rights for Children and Youth Partnership Project exploring the experiences of 25 Black Caribbean youth (ages 16–26) who have navigated the child protection system in Ontario, Canada. An introduction to transracial fostering in Ontario is provided, and participants’ reflections on the significance of caregivers’ race in their experiences of out-of-home care are presented. Critical Race Theory and Anti-Black Racism are used as theoretical frameworks to guide the discussion. Themes discussed include adapting to White environments and community visibility; appropriate haircare, skincare, and food in placements; navigating Whiteness and anti-Black racism; and sense of connection with caregivers.
{"title":"“We Were in White Homes as Black Children:” Caribbean Youth’s Stories of Out-of-home Care in Ontario, Canada","authors":"Charlotte Akuoko-Barfi, T. McDermott, Henry Parada, Travonne Edwards","doi":"10.1080/10428232.2021.1931649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2021.1931649","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article reports on narrative interviews conducted as part of the Rights for Children and Youth Partnership Project exploring the experiences of 25 Black Caribbean youth (ages 16–26) who have navigated the child protection system in Ontario, Canada. An introduction to transracial fostering in Ontario is provided, and participants’ reflections on the significance of caregivers’ race in their experiences of out-of-home care are presented. Critical Race Theory and Anti-Black Racism are used as theoretical frameworks to guide the discussion. Themes discussed include adapting to White environments and community visibility; appropriate haircare, skincare, and food in placements; navigating Whiteness and anti-Black racism; and sense of connection with caregivers.","PeriodicalId":44255,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Progressive Human Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10428232.2021.1931649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46235997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/10428232.2021.1926883
C. Hyde
ABSTRACT Social work espouses a commitment to social justice, including advocating on behalf of economically disenfranchised populations. This article explores the question of whether this commitment is reflected in selected leading social work journals. A keyword search in Social Work abstracts, a content analysis of three core social work journals, and a secondary thematic analysis of articles in those journals were conducted. The keyword analysis focused on a comparison of class and non-class related article keywords in refereed articles (N = 17,725) from 2006–2015. The content analysis examined 713 referred articles that addressed class-specific content between 2011–2015 from Journal of Social Work Education, Social Work, and Research on Social Work Practice. These same articles were subject to a secondary thematic analysis. Keyword findings indicate that non-class content receives substantially more attention than class-specific content does. Among content that is class-specific, the focus is overwhelmingly on “professional” status. Other aspects of class identity, context, or practice interventions are minimally covered. Based on this study, it appears that at least three of the discipline’s leading journals neglect socio-economic class content to the detriment of practitioners, students, clients and constituents.
{"title":"Does Social Work Ignore Socio-economic Class? An Exploratory Analysis of Selected Literature","authors":"C. Hyde","doi":"10.1080/10428232.2021.1926883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2021.1926883","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social work espouses a commitment to social justice, including advocating on behalf of economically disenfranchised populations. This article explores the question of whether this commitment is reflected in selected leading social work journals. A keyword search in Social Work abstracts, a content analysis of three core social work journals, and a secondary thematic analysis of articles in those journals were conducted. The keyword analysis focused on a comparison of class and non-class related article keywords in refereed articles (N = 17,725) from 2006–2015. The content analysis examined 713 referred articles that addressed class-specific content between 2011–2015 from Journal of Social Work Education, Social Work, and Research on Social Work Practice. These same articles were subject to a secondary thematic analysis. Keyword findings indicate that non-class content receives substantially more attention than class-specific content does. Among content that is class-specific, the focus is overwhelmingly on “professional” status. Other aspects of class identity, context, or practice interventions are minimally covered. Based on this study, it appears that at least three of the discipline’s leading journals neglect socio-economic class content to the detriment of practitioners, students, clients and constituents.","PeriodicalId":44255,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Progressive Human Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10428232.2021.1926883","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43253810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/10428232.2021.1904551
Exide Advanz
{"title":"A Thought","authors":"Exide Advanz","doi":"10.1080/10428232.2021.1904551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2021.1904551","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44255,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Progressive Human Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10428232.2021.1904551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47299612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-04DOI: 10.1080/10428232.2021.1907701
David Wagner
ABSTRACT This article provides an overview of the problem of poverty and downward mobility for the elderly in the United States from the 19th Century to today. Using the author’s research with the history of poorhouses (also known as poor farms, workhouses, almshouses, and later county homes and hospitals) he describes the situation of many older people as they faced poverty, family estrangement, personal loss, and medical problems. Looking to provide a brief comparison to our past and current situation, Wagner summarizes a set of statistics about the elderly in the 21st century including low income, low savings for retirement, and lack of adequate health care to suggest that while there have been a few improvements, on the whole a majority of elderly people face the same and similar serious issues as did our forerunners.
{"title":"Age and Downward Mobility: From the Poorhouse to the Present","authors":"David Wagner","doi":"10.1080/10428232.2021.1907701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2021.1907701","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article provides an overview of the problem of poverty and downward mobility for the elderly in the United States from the 19th Century to today. Using the author’s research with the history of poorhouses (also known as poor farms, workhouses, almshouses, and later county homes and hospitals) he describes the situation of many older people as they faced poverty, family estrangement, personal loss, and medical problems. Looking to provide a brief comparison to our past and current situation, Wagner summarizes a set of statistics about the elderly in the 21st century including low income, low savings for retirement, and lack of adequate health care to suggest that while there have been a few improvements, on the whole a majority of elderly people face the same and similar serious issues as did our forerunners.","PeriodicalId":44255,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Progressive Human Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10428232.2021.1907701","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44623837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-29DOI: 10.1080/10428232.2021.1905316
Daniele Scarscelli
ABSTRACT This paper will examine the relationship between social control of deviance, ethical principles and social work. I will address this issue by adopting a specific social work theoretical perspective, that of “critical social work”. In this article a specific phase of social workers’ control of deviance in social work will be examined: the phase in which they collect information through specific fact-finding modalities, in order to decide whether, and in what way, social services will intervene. I chose a specific aspect of social work with involuntary clients to develop my analysis: child protection. I will organize my analysis in two parts. In the first part I will tackle the issue of social control in social work. I will subsequently analyze two theoretical paradigms (Positivism and Constructionism) within which child neglect and abuse are conceptualized and operationalized. In the second part, I will examine a case study, the story of a drug-addicted mother who had one of her children removed, with the aim of highlighting how the paradigm that guides fact-finding activity on a given phenomenon can influence the forms in which social control is exercised, favoring or hindering anti-oppressive practices. The analysis of mother’s story shows how the positivist framework applied by the social workers in the decision to remove her child, affected the form in which power and social control was exercised, favoring the transition from protective power to oppressive power. The categorization of clients, aimed at the identification of the risks children run in their family contexts, may reduce social workers’ activity to pure control of family life in an “antagonistic role” to their clients.
{"title":"Social Control of Deviance and Knowledge in Social Work from an Anti-oppressive Perspective","authors":"Daniele Scarscelli","doi":"10.1080/10428232.2021.1905316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2021.1905316","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper will examine the relationship between social control of deviance, ethical principles and social work. I will address this issue by adopting a specific social work theoretical perspective, that of “critical social work”. In this article a specific phase of social workers’ control of deviance in social work will be examined: the phase in which they collect information through specific fact-finding modalities, in order to decide whether, and in what way, social services will intervene. I chose a specific aspect of social work with involuntary clients to develop my analysis: child protection. I will organize my analysis in two parts. In the first part I will tackle the issue of social control in social work. I will subsequently analyze two theoretical paradigms (Positivism and Constructionism) within which child neglect and abuse are conceptualized and operationalized. In the second part, I will examine a case study, the story of a drug-addicted mother who had one of her children removed, with the aim of highlighting how the paradigm that guides fact-finding activity on a given phenomenon can influence the forms in which social control is exercised, favoring or hindering anti-oppressive practices. The analysis of mother’s story shows how the positivist framework applied by the social workers in the decision to remove her child, affected the form in which power and social control was exercised, favoring the transition from protective power to oppressive power. The categorization of clients, aimed at the identification of the risks children run in their family contexts, may reduce social workers’ activity to pure control of family life in an “antagonistic role” to their clients.","PeriodicalId":44255,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Progressive Human Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10428232.2021.1905316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41785527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.1080/10428232.2021.1895036
Alise de Bie, A. Daley, L. Ross, S. Kidd
ABSTRACT This paper takes up a call from activists and scholars in Mad and Disability Studies to pay more explicit attention to resistance. Drawing on conceptualizations of predictive, normative, and ideal expectations, we describe three ways 2SLGBTQ service users who have experienced psychosis resist unmet expectations of just treatment. These include: (1) defending self-respect through resistant thinking and resentment; (2) reducing discrepancy through lowering expectations of just treatment from others; (3) and protecting selves through distrust and self-reliance. This paper makes several contributions to existing literature: It expands our understanding of the ‘everyday’ forms of resistance that service users engage in, particularly those that are ‘quiet’ and risk being missed. By paying attention to quiet forms of resistance, we come to recognize the everyday ‘moral talk’ of service users, and opportunities for collectivizing the values underpinning this talk into ethics. Supporting the creation and affirmation of these ethics is one way for social work to address the exclusion of service users from the creation of social work ethical guidelines and respect and acknowledge the legitimacy of service user knowledges, especially their developing visions of justice and moral relations.
{"title":"Resisting Unmet Expectations as Service User Ethics: Implications for Social Work","authors":"Alise de Bie, A. Daley, L. Ross, S. Kidd","doi":"10.1080/10428232.2021.1895036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2021.1895036","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper takes up a call from activists and scholars in Mad and Disability Studies to pay more explicit attention to resistance. Drawing on conceptualizations of predictive, normative, and ideal expectations, we describe three ways 2SLGBTQ service users who have experienced psychosis resist unmet expectations of just treatment. These include: (1) defending self-respect through resistant thinking and resentment; (2) reducing discrepancy through lowering expectations of just treatment from others; (3) and protecting selves through distrust and self-reliance. This paper makes several contributions to existing literature: It expands our understanding of the ‘everyday’ forms of resistance that service users engage in, particularly those that are ‘quiet’ and risk being missed. By paying attention to quiet forms of resistance, we come to recognize the everyday ‘moral talk’ of service users, and opportunities for collectivizing the values underpinning this talk into ethics. Supporting the creation and affirmation of these ethics is one way for social work to address the exclusion of service users from the creation of social work ethical guidelines and respect and acknowledge the legitimacy of service user knowledges, especially their developing visions of justice and moral relations.","PeriodicalId":44255,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Progressive Human Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10428232.2021.1895036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48088466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-23DOI: 10.1080/10428232.2021.1873086
Vanessa Robinson-Dooley, H. Skott-Myhre
ABSTRACT This article traces the mechanism of social erasure under various regimes of global capitalism. It proposes that the current regime of virtual global capitalism has shifted the way that erasure functions in the 21st century. The article delineates new mechanisms of erasure called “double erasure.” The article then traces double erasure in the lives of Black men. Finally, proposals are made as to how social work and human services might respond to double erasure in ways that reaffirm the world of living material social relations.
{"title":"Double Erasure Under 21st Century Virtual Capitalism","authors":"Vanessa Robinson-Dooley, H. Skott-Myhre","doi":"10.1080/10428232.2021.1873086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2021.1873086","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article traces the mechanism of social erasure under various regimes of global capitalism. It proposes that the current regime of virtual global capitalism has shifted the way that erasure functions in the 21st century. The article delineates new mechanisms of erasure called “double erasure.” The article then traces double erasure in the lives of Black men. Finally, proposals are made as to how social work and human services might respond to double erasure in ways that reaffirm the world of living material social relations.","PeriodicalId":44255,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Progressive Human Services","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10428232.2021.1873086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45347923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：