Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/1611-89442016014004002
Michel Espagne, Jonas Kreienbaum, Frederic Cooper, Christoph Conrad, Philipp Ther
{"title":"Forum II H ow to Write Modern European History Today? Statements to Jörn Leonhard’s JMEH-Forum","authors":"Michel Espagne, Jonas Kreienbaum, Frederic Cooper, Christoph Conrad, Philipp Ther","doi":"10.1177/1611-89442016014004002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1611-89442016014004002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/1611-89442016014004003
Daniel Hedinger, Daniel Siemens
{"title":"The Legal Moment in International History: Global Perspectives on Doing Law and Writing History in Nuremberg and Tokyo, 1945–1948.","authors":"Daniel Hedinger, Daniel Siemens","doi":"10.1177/1611-89442016014004003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1611-89442016014004003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/1611-89442016014004007
Urs Matthias Zachmann
History still looms large in the politics of East Asia. Rather than settling into a modicum of consensus, debates on how to understand and commemorate the Second World War even seem to gain in intensity and emotionality with the passage of time. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the debates on landmark cases of (post-) transitional justice, particularly the Tokyo Trial of 1946–1948 and later, more recent trials. This article seeks to point out the role which jurists and juridical forms play in shaping the historical narratives of the trials and in proliferating their contentiousness. Thus, the perspective of Japanese jurists at the Tokyo Trial betrays an ingrained scepticism towards international law as an absolute standard and the agnostic rejection of any higher juridical authority to establish historical truth. As a consequence, jurists at the Atomic Bombing Trial of 1963 tried to regain autonomy by creating an alternative narrative against a hegemonic, but absent party (the US). This practice has become a standard procedure in East Asia, as can be seen in the Comfort Women decision of 2011 and related cases in Korea and the Philippines. Common to all these cases is their inherently adversarial structure. This juridical form has a number of consequences for understanding the role of the involved parties, the legal and epistemic limitations of the truth they establish and the equally limited function of trials to act as substitute for genuine reconciliation.
{"title":"From Nanking to Hiroshima to Seoul: (Post-)Transitional Justice, Juridical Forms and the Construction of Wartime Memory","authors":"Urs Matthias Zachmann","doi":"10.1177/1611-89442016014004007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1611-89442016014004007","url":null,"abstract":"History still looms large in the politics of East Asia. Rather than settling into a modicum of consensus, debates on how to understand and commemorate the Second World War even seem to gain in intensity and emotionality with the passage of time. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the debates on landmark cases of (post-) transitional justice, particularly the Tokyo Trial of 1946–1948 and later, more recent trials. This article seeks to point out the role which jurists and juridical forms play in shaping the historical narratives of the trials and in proliferating their contentiousness. Thus, the perspective of Japanese jurists at the Tokyo Trial betrays an ingrained scepticism towards international law as an absolute standard and the agnostic rejection of any higher juridical authority to establish historical truth. As a consequence, jurists at the Atomic Bombing Trial of 1963 tried to regain autonomy by creating an alternative narrative against a hegemonic, but absent party (the US). This practice has become a standard procedure in East Asia, as can be seen in the Comfort Women decision of 2011 and related cases in Korea and the Philippines. Common to all these cases is their inherently adversarial structure. This juridical form has a number of consequences for understanding the role of the involved parties, the legal and epistemic limitations of the truth they establish and the equally limited function of trials to act as substitute for genuine reconciliation.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/1611-89442016014004005
Kim Christian Priemel
It has long been a matter of contention what role the Nuremberg Trials accorded to the murder of the European Jews. While especially early historiography considered the Allied war crimes proceedings the beginning of «Holocaust trials», a later generation of scholars would argue that the extermination of Europe’s Jews was both under- and misrepresented in the course of the 1945–1949 trials. The present article sets out to reconcile both views by pointing to the heterogeneity of the Nuremberg record, which offered a vast panorama of Holocaust-related evidence and highlighted crimes against Jews at pivotal moments of the trials while also allowing differing, often contradictory narratives to stand side by side. Judicial procedure, however, tended to privilege intentionalist interpretations, and many historians would adopt this prominently formulated paradigm rather than amend it by drawing on the more comprehensive trial record. The article submits that, even measured by the anachronistic standard of present-day Holocaust historiography, Nuremberg’s findings fare surprisingly well.
{"title":"Beyond the Saturation Point of Horror. The Holocaust at Nuremberg Revisited","authors":"Kim Christian Priemel","doi":"10.1177/1611-89442016014004005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1611-89442016014004005","url":null,"abstract":"It has long been a matter of contention what role the Nuremberg Trials accorded to the murder of the European Jews. While especially early historiography considered the Allied war crimes proceedings the beginning of «Holocaust trials», a later generation of scholars would argue that the extermination of Europe’s Jews was both under- and misrepresented in the course of the 1945–1949 trials. The present article sets out to reconcile both views by pointing to the heterogeneity of the Nuremberg record, which offered a vast panorama of Holocaust-related evidence and highlighted crimes against Jews at pivotal moments of the trials while also allowing differing, often contradictory narratives to stand side by side. Judicial procedure, however, tended to privilege intentionalist interpretations, and many historians would adopt this prominently formulated paradigm rather than amend it by drawing on the more comprehensive trial record. The article submits that, even measured by the anachronistic standard of present-day Holocaust historiography, Nuremberg’s findings fare surprisingly well.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/1611-89442016014004004
Daniel Hedinger
The Tokyo and Nuremberg tribunals led to the disappearance of the Axis alliance. In this process, a domestication of the past commenced in both Germany and Japan as the memory of the war became regionalised and, above all, nationalised. This has had paradoxical consequences to this day: we have been left with a history of the Second World War in which the world has been left out. This article argues that the starting point for these developments is to be found in the judicial logic of the proceedings, particularly in how the charge of a global conspiracy against peace was applied and finally rejected at Nuremberg and Tokyo. The «judicial model» pre-empted many of the later historiographical debates. As is shown, those tribunals also generated the sources that proved to be of fundamental importance for historiography in the decades that followed. The argument is made that we should not merely see the Axis through the prism of the tribunals. Rather, the «judicial model» should be discarded and the focus shifted to the complex, interacting and transnational relations between Germany, Italy and Japan before 1945. What then becomes apparent is a global Axis moment in the interwar period. This will help us better understand the worldwide entanglements from which the Second World War originated.
{"title":"A Global Conspiracy? The Berlin – Tokyo – Rome Axis on Trial and its Impact on the Historiography of the Second World War","authors":"Daniel Hedinger","doi":"10.1177/1611-89442016014004004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1611-89442016014004004","url":null,"abstract":"The Tokyo and Nuremberg tribunals led to the disappearance of the Axis alliance. In this process, a domestication of the past commenced in both Germany and Japan as the memory of the war became regionalised and, above all, nationalised. This has had paradoxical consequences to this day: we have been left with a history of the Second World War in which the world has been left out. This article argues that the starting point for these developments is to be found in the judicial logic of the proceedings, particularly in how the charge of a global conspiracy against peace was applied and finally rejected at Nuremberg and Tokyo. The «judicial model» pre-empted many of the later historiographical debates. As is shown, those tribunals also generated the sources that proved to be of fundamental importance for historiography in the decades that followed. The argument is made that we should not merely see the Axis through the prism of the tribunals. Rather, the «judicial model» should be discarded and the focus shifted to the complex, interacting and transnational relations between Germany, Italy and Japan before 1945. What then becomes apparent is a global Axis moment in the interwar period. This will help us better understand the worldwide entanglements from which the Second World War originated.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1177/16118944241307766
Patricia Hertel, Sasha D Pack
The progressive elevation of ideologies and discourses of free movement constitutes a vital narrative of modern European history. This introduction offers a brief genealogy of free movement in European thought and politics in modern liberalism since the late eighteenth century and outlines the actors, spaces and conflicts of free movement in postwar Europe. Furthermore, it offers a discussion of the place of free movement in recent historiography.
{"title":"Free Movement in Postwar Europe: Exploring a Multivalent Concept. Introduction","authors":"Patricia Hertel, Sasha D Pack","doi":"10.1177/16118944241307766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944241307766","url":null,"abstract":"The progressive elevation of ideologies and discourses of free movement constitutes a vital narrative of modern European history. This introduction offers a brief genealogy of free movement in European thought and politics in modern liberalism since the late eighteenth century and outlines the actors, spaces and conflicts of free movement in postwar Europe. Furthermore, it offers a discussion of the place of free movement in recent historiography.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-17DOI: 10.1177/16118944241307153
Ashley M. Morin
The era of the Troubles in Belfast brought both challenges to free movement and grassroots responses to such challenges. The conflict itself inspired divisions and barriers to mobility within the city, notably including the establishment of British Army checkpoints and the construction of various “peace walls” under the direction of the British Government. While the geospatial significance of the Troubles remains a popular and necessary subject of discourse within scholarship on the conflict, less attention has been given to considering its relative impact on people's daily lives. Interrogating the question of impartiality in conflict-related polices, such as the Falls Road Curfew and internment, helps contextualize disproportionate disruptions to mobility in the city. Additionally, conflict-related violence frequently impacted access to transportation, contributing to community-based initiatives to improve movement throughout the city, notably the introduction of black taxi services in the 1970s. By focusing on Belfast during the Troubles, this article considers the relationships among free movement, conflict, governments, and community-based responses to such challenges.
{"title":"Conflict and Urban Mobility: Challenges and Responses to Free Movement in Belfast during the Troubles","authors":"Ashley M. Morin","doi":"10.1177/16118944241307153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944241307153","url":null,"abstract":"The era of the Troubles in Belfast brought both challenges to free movement and grassroots responses to such challenges. The conflict itself inspired divisions and barriers to mobility within the city, notably including the establishment of British Army checkpoints and the construction of various “peace walls” under the direction of the British Government. While the geospatial significance of the Troubles remains a popular and necessary subject of discourse within scholarship on the conflict, less attention has been given to considering its relative impact on people's daily lives. Interrogating the question of impartiality in conflict-related polices, such as the Falls Road Curfew and internment, helps contextualize disproportionate disruptions to mobility in the city. Additionally, conflict-related violence frequently impacted access to transportation, contributing to community-based initiatives to improve movement throughout the city, notably the introduction of black taxi services in the 1970s. By focusing on Belfast during the Troubles, this article considers the relationships among free movement, conflict, governments, and community-based responses to such challenges.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-13DOI: 10.1177/16118944241307134
Lise Foisneau
This article seeks to tshed light on the history of twentieth-century sedentarization policies in metropolitan France. It analyses the implementation of the so called ‘Tsigane Hamlet’, completed in the town of Plan-de-Grasse in the Alpes-Maritimes in 1966. This Hamlet concerned Roma and Sinti families that, even in the 1960s, were continuing to experience the harsh after-effects of the War and had been unable to reestablish their previous patterns of mobility and circulation. The first part describes the circulation patterns of the ancestors of Hamlet residents and discusses some of the World War II-era persecutions inflicted on them. The second part then analyses the principles of sedentarization on which this collective residential project was founded. This article reflects on the freedom of movement of Romani communities in post-war France.
{"title":"A Policy to Sedentarize ‘Nomads’: The ‘Tsigane Hamlet’ in Plan-de-Grasse, France, 1966","authors":"Lise Foisneau","doi":"10.1177/16118944241307134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944241307134","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to tshed light on the history of twentieth-century sedentarization policies in metropolitan France. It analyses the implementation of the so called ‘Tsigane Hamlet’, completed in the town of Plan-de-Grasse in the Alpes-Maritimes in 1966. This Hamlet concerned Roma and Sinti families that, even in the 1960s, were continuing to experience the harsh after-effects of the War and had been unable to reestablish their previous patterns of mobility and circulation. The first part describes the circulation patterns of the ancestors of Hamlet residents and discusses some of the World War II-era persecutions inflicted on them. The second part then analyses the principles of sedentarization on which this collective residential project was founded. This article reflects on the freedom of movement of Romani communities in post-war France.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142974674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-13DOI: 10.1177/16118944241307143
Natalia Nunez-Bargueno
This article illustrates how Catholicism contributed to the rebuilding of local and transnational mobility in early Cold War Europe. After World War II came to an end, Christian hopes for a post-war spiritual renewal led to a significant resurgence of religion in the West. The trauma of division and oppression, as well as the fear of a devastating international nuclear war, resulted in a particular enthusiasm for spirituality. Transnational pilgrimages and similar religious gatherings thrived. In addition, largely as a result of Pius XII's promotion of Catholic Action, the participation and mobility of Catholics in national and international forums (including the UN) increased. One particularly interesting case study is the 1952 International Eucharistic Congress (IEC) in Barcelona. The gathering was organized by a formerly Axis-aligned dictatorship: Franco's Spain. In the late 1940s, the country had been condemned to diplomatic isolation due to its wartime ties with the Axis powers. It was also subject to strict curtailments imposed on the internal circulation of goods, people, and ideas. Consequently, organizing the Congress posed considerable challenges for the regime, including the regulation of attendance by determining who was permitted to participate (i.e. pilgrims, refugees) and who was barred (i.e. migrants). In the end, the Congress brought together nearly two million faithful Catholics from all over the world. As a mass international event and an example of ‘religion in motion’ (Hervieu-Léger, 1999), the Barcelona IEC offers a significant opportunity to advance and nuance the historical understanding of the powerful local and international mobilities that have played a role in shaping the contemporary world.
{"title":"Between Politics and Devotion: Religion and Mobility at the International Eucharistic Congress of Barcelona (1952)","authors":"Natalia Nunez-Bargueno","doi":"10.1177/16118944241307143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944241307143","url":null,"abstract":"This article illustrates how Catholicism contributed to the rebuilding of local and transnational mobility in early Cold War Europe. After World War II came to an end, Christian hopes for a post-war spiritual renewal led to a significant resurgence of religion in the West. The trauma of division and oppression, as well as the fear of a devastating international nuclear war, resulted in a particular enthusiasm for spirituality. Transnational pilgrimages and similar religious gatherings thrived. In addition, largely as a result of Pius XII's promotion of Catholic Action, the participation and mobility of Catholics in national and international forums (including the UN) increased. One particularly interesting case study is the 1952 International Eucharistic Congress (IEC) in Barcelona. The gathering was organized by a formerly Axis-aligned dictatorship: Franco's Spain. In the late 1940s, the country had been condemned to diplomatic isolation due to its wartime ties with the Axis powers. It was also subject to strict curtailments imposed on the internal circulation of goods, people, and ideas. Consequently, organizing the Congress posed considerable challenges for the regime, including the regulation of attendance by determining who was permitted to participate (i.e. pilgrims, refugees) and who was barred (i.e. migrants). In the end, the Congress brought together nearly two million faithful Catholics from all over the world. As a mass international event and an example of ‘religion in motion’ (Hervieu-Léger, 1999), the Barcelona IEC offers a significant opportunity to advance and nuance the historical understanding of the powerful local and international mobilities that have played a role in shaping the contemporary world.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142974673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1177/16118944241290890
Christina von Hodenberg, Kerstin Brückweh, Eva Maria Gajek, Reiko Hayashi, Jon Lawrence, María Francisca Rengifo Streeter, Daria Tisch
{"title":"Social Science Data as a Challenge for Contemporary History","authors":"Christina von Hodenberg, Kerstin Brückweh, Eva Maria Gajek, Reiko Hayashi, Jon Lawrence, María Francisca Rengifo Streeter, Daria Tisch","doi":"10.1177/16118944241290890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944241290890","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142541383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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