Pub Date : 2025-06-24DOI: 10.1177/16118944251349327
Wolfram Kaiser
This article introduces and discusses the incipient historiography of the European Parliament. It argues that more systematic research in this direction has strong potential to overcome limitations of research both on European integration and the member states. It can encourage and support those working on national history, or histories, to leave their intellectual ghettos and explore both vertical and horizontal connections in contemporary European history. Researching and writing about the history of the European Parliament can also contribute to a broader interdisciplinary debate about transnational democracy beyond the state, in what is now the highly institutionalised and legally integrated European Union. Focussing on the period of the Cold War, the article sets out a research agenda for addressing the internal politics of the European Parliament, its role in post-war European democracy and polity-building; and its underrated contribution to the Europeanization of policymaking. What could result is, befitting for a pluralistic democratic institution, not one, but several histories of the European Parliament and transnational democracy.
{"title":"Histories of the European Parliament during the Cold War: Transnational Democracy in the Making?","authors":"Wolfram Kaiser","doi":"10.1177/16118944251349327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944251349327","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces and discusses the incipient historiography of the European Parliament. It argues that more systematic research in this direction has strong potential to overcome limitations of research both on European integration and the member states. It can encourage and support those working on national history, or histories, to leave their intellectual ghettos and explore both vertical and horizontal connections in contemporary European history. Researching and writing about the history of the European Parliament can also contribute to a broader interdisciplinary debate about transnational democracy beyond the state, in what is now the highly institutionalised and legally integrated European Union. Focussing on the period of the Cold War, the article sets out a research agenda for addressing the internal politics of the European Parliament, its role in post-war European democracy and polity-building; and its underrated contribution to the Europeanization of policymaking. What could result is, befitting for a pluralistic democratic institution, not one, but several histories of the European Parliament and transnational democracy.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144371284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-06DOI: 10.1177/16118944251332095
Kiran Klaus Patel, Kenneth Weisbrode
Why do international organisations die? Their causes of death deserve attention and analysis. Europe in the 20th century with its plenitude of international organisations provides a rich ground for studying why some of them died, why some lived, why some were resurrected from near-death and why some survive as institutional shells, or zombies. The introduction to this special issue summarises the cases that follow in order to discern a pattern or logic of institutional death in modern European history. A pattern is elusive because causal and conditional factors are almost impossible to separate in cases of institutional death. Yet they show that, in contrast to state collapse, international organisations more often die from without – that is, for external, contextual reasons – than from within. However powerful some external factors, such as war, can be, institutional death is rarely predetermined. In one form or another international organisations possess a strong will to live.
{"title":"Vanished Institutions: The Life and Death of Europe's International Organisations – Introduction","authors":"Kiran Klaus Patel, Kenneth Weisbrode","doi":"10.1177/16118944251332095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944251332095","url":null,"abstract":"Why do international organisations die? Their causes of death deserve attention and analysis. Europe in the 20th century with its plenitude of international organisations provides a rich ground for studying why some of them died, why some lived, why some were resurrected from near-death and why some survive as institutional shells, or zombies. The introduction to this special issue summarises the cases that follow in order to discern a pattern or logic of institutional death in modern European history. A pattern is elusive because causal and conditional factors are almost impossible to separate in cases of institutional death. Yet they show that, in contrast to state collapse, international organisations more often die from without – that is, for external, contextual reasons – than from within. However powerful some external factors, such as war, can be, institutional death is rarely predetermined. In one form or another international organisations possess a strong will to live.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"282 1","pages":"116-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143910548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-05DOI: 10.1177/16118944251331411
Seth A Johnston
A newly elected president declares NATO ‘obsolete’ and announces his country's withdrawal from parts of the transatlantic Alliance. Some European leaders fear a more complete abandonment. Although France remained a treaty ally after Charles de Gaulle's 1966 announcement, this episode remains the most significant rejection of NATO's organisation in its history. And yet, the potentially fatal crisis catalysed adaptations in the Alliance so successful that they endured through the end of the Cold War. This case offers lessons about institutional endurance in the face of such crisis. NATO adapted boldly, but also prudently; slowly perhaps, but effectively. The high politics of competing national interests and the high stakes of nuclear deterrence demanded change but could not afford catastrophe. How institutions adapt – and by whom – can mean the difference between vanishing and revitalising.
{"title":"NATO’s ‘Near Death’ and the Study of ‘Vanishing Institutions’","authors":"Seth A Johnston","doi":"10.1177/16118944251331411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944251331411","url":null,"abstract":"A newly elected president declares NATO ‘obsolete’ and announces his country's withdrawal from parts of the transatlantic Alliance. Some European leaders fear a more complete abandonment. Although France remained a treaty ally after Charles de Gaulle's 1966 announcement, this episode remains the most significant rejection of NATO's organisation in its history. And yet, the potentially fatal crisis catalysed adaptations in the Alliance so successful that they endured through the end of the Cold War. This case offers lessons about institutional endurance in the face of such crisis. NATO adapted boldly, but also prudently; slowly perhaps, but effectively. The high politics of competing national interests and the high stakes of nuclear deterrence demanded change but could not afford catastrophe. How institutions adapt – and by whom – can mean the difference between vanishing and revitalising.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"35 1","pages":"246-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143910552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-28DOI: 10.1177/16118944251331427
Daniel Hedinger
During the early 1930s, a number of fascist international organisations emerged in Europe and East Asia. Italy's ambition to universalise fascism led to the establishment of the Action Committees for the Universality of Rome (Comitati d’Azione per l’Universalità di Roma, CAUR) in mid-1933. Meanwhile, some months earlier, Japan's continental expansion and the founding of Manchukuo brought about the creation of the Greater Asia Association (Dai Ajia Kyōkai). For a moment, it seemed that the time had come for a proper fascist international aimed at an ultranationalist revision of the League of Nations and at fighting the Comintern on a global level. During the 1930s, fascist internationalism was the ideology-driven motor beyond such projects. However, by the latter half of the decade, all of them had failed. In Europe, heightened competition between Germany and Italy left little space for a pan-European fascist organisation. In Asia, the colonial context of the region and Japan's expansion placed almost insurmountable obstacles in the way of an East Asian fascist international, and it turned out that the connection between the two centres of gravitation in Asia and Europe would not be established through any kind of fascist international organisation. This article discusses how and why the fascist internationals of the early 1930s vanished, stressing that, in the end, the rising Axis alliance was much more driven by transimperial radicalisation. In other words, Italy, Germany and Japan did not rely on a proper fascist international institution to plunge the world into a new world war. Nonetheless, as this article shows, the manner of the failure and vanishing of fascist internationalism is essential in understanding the scope and nature of global fascism in the interwar years.
20世纪30年代初，欧洲和东亚出现了一批法西斯国际组织。意大利要使法西斯主义普遍化的野心导致在1933年中期成立了罗马普遍性行动委员会（Comitati d 'Azione per l ' universalit di Roma， CAUR）。与此同时，几个月前，日本的大陆扩张和满洲国的成立带来了大亚洲协会（Dai Ajia Kyōkai）的成立。一时间，似乎是时候建立一个真正的法西斯国际组织了，其目的是对国际联盟进行极端民族主义的修正，并在全球范围内与共产国际进行斗争。在20世纪30年代，法西斯国际主义是这些项目之外的意识形态驱动的发动机。然而，到那个年代的后半段，所有这些都失败了。在欧洲，德国和意大利之间日益激烈的竞争几乎没有给泛欧法西斯组织留下空间。在亚洲，该地区的殖民背景和日本的扩张为建立东亚法西斯国际设置了几乎不可逾越的障碍，事实证明，亚洲和欧洲两个引力中心之间的联系不可能通过任何形式的法西斯国际组织建立起来。本文讨论了20世纪30年代早期的法西斯国际是如何以及为什么消失的，并强调，最终，崛起的轴心国联盟更多地受到跨帝国激进化的推动。换句话说，意大利、德国和日本没有依靠一个适当的法西斯国际机构将世界拖入一场新的世界大战。尽管如此，正如本文所示，法西斯国际主义的失败和消失的方式对于理解两次世界大战期间全球法西斯主义的范围和性质至关重要。
{"title":"Fascist Internationalism: From a Vanished Institution to a Failed Concept?","authors":"Daniel Hedinger","doi":"10.1177/16118944251331427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944251331427","url":null,"abstract":"During the early 1930s, a number of fascist international organisations emerged in Europe and East Asia. Italy's ambition to universalise fascism led to the establishment of the Action Committees for the Universality of Rome (Comitati d’Azione per l’Universalità di Roma, CAUR) in mid-1933. Meanwhile, some months earlier, Japan's continental expansion and the founding of Manchukuo brought about the creation of the Greater Asia Association (Dai Ajia Kyōkai). For a moment, it seemed that the time had come for a proper fascist international aimed at an ultranationalist revision of the League of Nations and at fighting the Comintern on a global level. During the 1930s, fascist internationalism was the ideology-driven motor beyond such projects. However, by the latter half of the decade, all of them had failed. In Europe, heightened competition between Germany and Italy left little space for a pan-European fascist organisation. In Asia, the colonial context of the region and Japan's expansion placed almost insurmountable obstacles in the way of an East Asian fascist international, and it turned out that the connection between the two centres of gravitation in Asia and Europe would not be established through any kind of fascist international organisation. This article discusses how and why the fascist internationals of the early 1930s vanished, stressing that, in the end, the rising Axis alliance was much more driven by transimperial radicalisation. In other words, Italy, Germany and Japan did not rely on a proper fascist international institution to plunge the world into a new world war. Nonetheless, as this article shows, the manner of the failure and vanishing of fascist internationalism is essential in understanding the scope and nature of global fascism in the interwar years.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-25DOI: 10.1177/16118944251331415
Karen Gram-Skjoldager, Haakon Andreas Ikonomou
In this article, we revisit the story of the League of Nations’ (1919–1946) death. Throughout its existence, the League served as an instrument for a series of important experiments in organising European politics and negotiating Europe's place in the wider global order. To understand the League's demise and legacy, we need to study these different conceptions of Europe, their shortcomings, failures and legacies. The article explores three such conceptions: (1) the Eurocentric civilisational order that played a foundational role in the early 1920s; (2) the European regional agenda that rose to prominence as a product of the French-German rapprochement of the late 1920s; and (3) the new technocratic visions of regional European cooperation that were associated with a deteriorating international political climate in the 1930s. The Atlantic heritage, with the transfer of experiences, functions and personnel from the League to the UN during and after the World War II, is addressed in the article's fourth and final sections. Our argument is that these European visions were attempts to manage the turbulent and skewed post-war world order by an Eurocentric organisation that from its very inception was hampered by the fact that one of its chief designers, namely the United States, opted not to join. In a broader perspective, we show that in order to understand how international organisations die, we should work with a deeper historical perspective that considers the effects of their various life stages.
{"title":"European Lives and Deaths – Atlantic Revival? The Europeanness of the League of Nations’ Protracted Demise","authors":"Karen Gram-Skjoldager, Haakon Andreas Ikonomou","doi":"10.1177/16118944251331415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944251331415","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we revisit the story of the League of Nations’ (1919–1946) death. Throughout its existence, the League served as an instrument for a series of important experiments in organising European politics and negotiating Europe's place in the wider global order. To understand the League's demise and legacy, we need to study these different conceptions of Europe, their shortcomings, failures and legacies. The article explores three such conceptions: (1) the Eurocentric civilisational order that played a foundational role in the early 1920s; (2) the European regional agenda that rose to prominence as a product of the French-German rapprochement of the late 1920s; and (3) the new technocratic visions of regional European cooperation that were associated with a deteriorating international political climate in the 1930s. The Atlantic heritage, with the transfer of experiences, functions and personnel from the League to the UN during and after the World War II, is addressed in the article's fourth and final sections. Our argument is that these European visions were attempts to manage the turbulent and skewed post-war world order by an Eurocentric organisation that from its very inception was hampered by the fact that one of its chief designers, namely the United States, opted not to join. In a broader perspective, we show that in order to understand how international organisations die, we should work with a deeper historical perspective that considers the effects of their various life stages.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143872808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-25DOI: 10.1177/16118944251331428
Tobias Witschke
The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was the first and most notable post-war supranational community advancing the process of European integration. It is also the only such community which ceased to exist after 50 years, as laid down in its founding treaty. Based on archival research, this article reviews the discussion on the future of the ECSC Treaty within the European institutions held at the beginning of the 1990s, which confirmed the expiry date of 2002. It challenges the view, expressed even within European institutions, that the Treaty expired because of outdated legal provisions, as these were in fact still used and applied in the 1980s, especially during the European steel crisis. However, this discussion produced no compelling reason why the European coal and steel industries should not be integrated into the general EU common market after 2002, also in view of the upcoming enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe. In fact, even after its disappearance, the ECSC's financial legacy continued to contribute to EU policy objectives.
{"title":"The Quiet End of the Front-Runner: The Expiry of the European Coal and Steel Community","authors":"Tobias Witschke","doi":"10.1177/16118944251331428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944251331428","url":null,"abstract":"The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was the first and most notable post-war supranational community advancing the process of European integration. It is also the only such community which ceased to exist after 50 years, as laid down in its founding treaty. Based on archival research, this article reviews the discussion on the future of the ECSC Treaty within the European institutions held at the beginning of the 1990s, which confirmed the expiry date of 2002. It challenges the view, expressed even within European institutions, that the Treaty expired because of outdated legal provisions, as these were in fact still used and applied in the 1980s, especially during the European steel crisis. However, this discussion produced no compelling reason why the European coal and steel industries should not be integrated into the general EU common market after 2002, also in view of the upcoming enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe. In fact, even after its disappearance, the ECSC's financial legacy continued to contribute to EU policy objectives.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143876088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-29DOI: 10.1177/16118944251315934
Martin Conway, Camilo Erlichman, Sandrine Kott, Ido de Haan, Adrian Grama, Felix Römer
{"title":"Social Justice after the 20th Century. Edited by Martin Conway and Camilo Erlichman","authors":"Martin Conway, Camilo Erlichman, Sandrine Kott, Ido de Haan, Adrian Grama, Felix Römer","doi":"10.1177/16118944251315934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/16118944251315934","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/1611-89442016014004002
Michel Espagne, Jonas Kreienbaum, Frederic Cooper, Christoph Conrad, Philipp Ther
{"title":"Forum II H ow to Write Modern European History Today? Statements to Jörn Leonhard’s JMEH-Forum","authors":"Michel Espagne, Jonas Kreienbaum, Frederic Cooper, Christoph Conrad, Philipp Ther","doi":"10.1177/1611-89442016014004002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1611-89442016014004002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/1611-89442016014004003
Daniel Hedinger, Daniel Siemens
{"title":"The Legal Moment in International History: Global Perspectives on Doing Law and Writing History in Nuremberg and Tokyo, 1945–1948.","authors":"Daniel Hedinger, Daniel Siemens","doi":"10.1177/1611-89442016014004003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1611-89442016014004003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/1611-89442016014004007
Urs Matthias Zachmann
History still looms large in the politics of East Asia. Rather than settling into a modicum of consensus, debates on how to understand and commemorate the Second World War even seem to gain in intensity and emotionality with the passage of time. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the debates on landmark cases of (post-) transitional justice, particularly the Tokyo Trial of 1946–1948 and later, more recent trials. This article seeks to point out the role which jurists and juridical forms play in shaping the historical narratives of the trials and in proliferating their contentiousness. Thus, the perspective of Japanese jurists at the Tokyo Trial betrays an ingrained scepticism towards international law as an absolute standard and the agnostic rejection of any higher juridical authority to establish historical truth. As a consequence, jurists at the Atomic Bombing Trial of 1963 tried to regain autonomy by creating an alternative narrative against a hegemonic, but absent party (the US). This practice has become a standard procedure in East Asia, as can be seen in the Comfort Women decision of 2011 and related cases in Korea and the Philippines. Common to all these cases is their inherently adversarial structure. This juridical form has a number of consequences for understanding the role of the involved parties, the legal and epistemic limitations of the truth they establish and the equally limited function of trials to act as substitute for genuine reconciliation.
{"title":"From Nanking to Hiroshima to Seoul: (Post-)Transitional Justice, Juridical Forms and the Construction of Wartime Memory","authors":"Urs Matthias Zachmann","doi":"10.1177/1611-89442016014004007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1611-89442016014004007","url":null,"abstract":"History still looms large in the politics of East Asia. Rather than settling into a modicum of consensus, debates on how to understand and commemorate the Second World War even seem to gain in intensity and emotionality with the passage of time. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the debates on landmark cases of (post-) transitional justice, particularly the Tokyo Trial of 1946–1948 and later, more recent trials. This article seeks to point out the role which jurists and juridical forms play in shaping the historical narratives of the trials and in proliferating their contentiousness. Thus, the perspective of Japanese jurists at the Tokyo Trial betrays an ingrained scepticism towards international law as an absolute standard and the agnostic rejection of any higher juridical authority to establish historical truth. As a consequence, jurists at the Atomic Bombing Trial of 1963 tried to regain autonomy by creating an alternative narrative against a hegemonic, but absent party (the US). This practice has become a standard procedure in East Asia, as can be seen in the Comfort Women decision of 2011 and related cases in Korea and the Philippines. Common to all these cases is their inherently adversarial structure. This juridical form has a number of consequences for understanding the role of the involved parties, the legal and epistemic limitations of the truth they establish and the equally limited function of trials to act as substitute for genuine reconciliation.","PeriodicalId":44275,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern European History","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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