Pub Date : 2017-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1379245
M. Rosland, Jacqueline Montpetit, V. Mendes
ABSTRACT Approved Instruments for Breath Testing in Canada require the use of alcohol standards to ensure that they are in proper working order at the time of testing. Newer generation breath testing instruments allow for the use of Dry Gas (ethanol and nitrogen in compressed gas tanks) as the alcohol standard. Three areas were evaluated: (1) consistency of alcohol readings over time as the gas tank depletes; (2) altitude compensation in the Intox EC/IR II and Datamaster-DMT at two different elevations; and (3) the effect of exposing the dry gas tanks to weather conditions that could be encountered during shipping or storage. The results demonstrated that (1) the concentration of alcohol was found to remain stable as the tank emptied; (2) both instruments correctly compensated for the change in atmospheric pressure due to elevation change; and (3) when dry gas tanks from different manufacturers were subjected to −20°C for 48 hours, some tanks were found to have decreased pressure and an increase in alcohol concentration. Some tanks exposed to freezing temperatures for an extended period may not produce the appropriate reading and as such precautions should be taken when shipping or storing dry gas tanks in cold temperatures.
{"title":"Practical use of commercially available compressed (dry gas) alcohol standards","authors":"M. Rosland, Jacqueline Montpetit, V. Mendes","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1379245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1379245","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Approved Instruments for Breath Testing in Canada require the use of alcohol standards to ensure that they are in proper working order at the time of testing. Newer generation breath testing instruments allow for the use of Dry Gas (ethanol and nitrogen in compressed gas tanks) as the alcohol standard. Three areas were evaluated: (1) consistency of alcohol readings over time as the gas tank depletes; (2) altitude compensation in the Intox EC/IR II and Datamaster-DMT at two different elevations; and (3) the effect of exposing the dry gas tanks to weather conditions that could be encountered during shipping or storage. The results demonstrated that (1) the concentration of alcohol was found to remain stable as the tank emptied; (2) both instruments correctly compensated for the change in atmospheric pressure due to elevation change; and (3) when dry gas tanks from different manufacturers were subjected to −20°C for 48 hours, some tanks were found to have decreased pressure and an increase in alcohol concentration. Some tanks exposed to freezing temperatures for an extended period may not produce the appropriate reading and as such precautions should be taken when shipping or storing dry gas tanks in cold temperatures.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"197 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1379245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48451664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-11DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1371435
O. Jasuja, Kulvir Singh
ABSTRACT Steel and aluminum metals have extensive uses, and on their surfaces, various non-porous surface techniques are being applied for the development of latent fingermarks. Recently, aqueous electrolytes have been reported for the development of latent fingermarks on metal surfaces. The metal surfaces were immersed in the electrolyte solution for development of latent marks but the immersion method for large and bulky fixed surfaces seems to be unrealistic. Therefore, in the current work, gel-based electrolytes have been prepared and applied to fixed or vertical surfaces. The suggested method has also been evaluated by a comparative assessment with powdering, cyanoacrylate fuming, and small particle reagent methods.
{"title":"Visualizing latent fingermarks by aqueous electrolyte gel on fixed aluminum and steel surfaces","authors":"O. Jasuja, Kulvir Singh","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1371435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1371435","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Steel and aluminum metals have extensive uses, and on their surfaces, various non-porous surface techniques are being applied for the development of latent fingermarks. Recently, aqueous electrolytes have been reported for the development of latent fingermarks on metal surfaces. The metal surfaces were immersed in the electrolyte solution for development of latent marks but the immersion method for large and bulky fixed surfaces seems to be unrealistic. Therefore, in the current work, gel-based electrolytes have been prepared and applied to fixed or vertical surfaces. The suggested method has also been evaluated by a comparative assessment with powdering, cyanoacrylate fuming, and small particle reagent methods.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"181 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1371435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58695758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-25DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1328160
McKenney A. Hackett, L. Gorczynski, T. L. Martin
ABSTRACT This study investigated the frequency, magnitude, and duration of the mouth alcohol effect (MAE) following the ingestion of non-alcoholic food or beverages on two approved screening devices (ASD): the Dräger Alcotest 6810 and Alco-Sensor FST. Preliminary testing revealed only 5% of 39 non-alcohol containing food and beverage items tested produced a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) ≥10 mg/100 mL on the Dräger Alcotest 6810 whereas there were no positive responses on the Alco-Sensor FST. Subsequent testing on 52 subjects consuming Dempster's® White Bread, Wonder™ 100% Whole Wheat Bread, 7-Up® and/or Rockstar® energy drink showed the MAE to be small in both alcohol-free and alcohol-positive subjects. The maximum BrAC produced in an alcohol-free subject was 22 mg/100 mL which dissipated within 90 seconds following ingestion. In alcohol-positive subjects, statistically significant increases in the BrAC were observed following ingestion of select breads and beverages; however, the increase was of sufficiently low magnitude that analytical and sampling variability could account for the differences observed. The MAE following ingestion of non-alcohol-containing food and beverages is rare, transient, and of low magnitude. There is negligible risk that motorists will be negatively impacted by this effect.
{"title":"The effect of non-alcoholic food and beverage consumption on preliminary breath alcohol testing by the Dräger Alcotest 6810 and Alco-Sensor FST","authors":"McKenney A. Hackett, L. Gorczynski, T. L. Martin","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1328160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1328160","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigated the frequency, magnitude, and duration of the mouth alcohol effect (MAE) following the ingestion of non-alcoholic food or beverages on two approved screening devices (ASD): the Dräger Alcotest 6810 and Alco-Sensor FST. Preliminary testing revealed only 5% of 39 non-alcohol containing food and beverage items tested produced a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) ≥10 mg/100 mL on the Dräger Alcotest 6810 whereas there were no positive responses on the Alco-Sensor FST. Subsequent testing on 52 subjects consuming Dempster's® White Bread, Wonder™ 100% Whole Wheat Bread, 7-Up® and/or Rockstar® energy drink showed the MAE to be small in both alcohol-free and alcohol-positive subjects. The maximum BrAC produced in an alcohol-free subject was 22 mg/100 mL which dissipated within 90 seconds following ingestion. In alcohol-positive subjects, statistically significant increases in the BrAC were observed following ingestion of select breads and beverages; however, the increase was of sufficiently low magnitude that analytical and sampling variability could account for the differences observed. The MAE following ingestion of non-alcohol-containing food and beverages is rare, transient, and of low magnitude. There is negligible risk that motorists will be negatively impacted by this effect.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"131 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1328160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49191407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-23DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1328161
C. H. Teo, Siti Nur Musliha Mohamad Noor, K. Wong
ABSTRACT Frixion ink, which has been introduced into Malaysia's market in recent years, has a special characteristic that it can fade under heat or be rubbed off. Hence there is potential that Frixion ink could be misused repeatedly on the same document for fraudulent purposes. Although such alteration cases have not been reported in Malaysia yet, suitable methods ought to be developed so that local document examiners are prepared beforehand for such situations. The first part of this experiment focuses on deciphering of faded Frixion ink pen strokes while the second part is aimed at differentiating between the faded and fresh Frixion ink without affecting the original state of the documents. Black, blue and red Frixion inks were deposited on foolscap paper and the pen strokes were allowed to fade away through heat or erasure before new entries were overwritten onto the same spot using the same colour of pen. Results showed that the colour of Frixion ink faded completely under both heat and friction from an eraser but the indentation of pen strokes were still observable by treating the samples using Electrostatic Detection Apparatus and the Video Spectral Comparator 6000. Faded blue and black Frixion ink pen strokes could be deciphered clearly under ultraviolet lighting and most preset excitation wavelengths of infrared luminescence while only four wavelength bands of infrared luminescence could be used for the faded red Frixion ink. For overwritten handwriting entries in the second part of the experiment, faded and fresh Frixion ink pen strokes of all colours could be distinguished successfully under ultraviolet lighting. Under infrared luminescence, faded and fresh blue Frixion ink could be differentiated at most preset excitation wavelengths of infrared luminescence while only some of those are useful for black and red Frixion ink. Since this Frixion ink could be abused with criminal intentions due to its unique quality, it is important to raise the awareness of this issue among laboratories and agencies in Malaysia to ensure that the possibility of alteration cases by using Frixion ink was not overlooked.
{"title":"Ink that disappears: examination of questioned documents related to Frixion ink in Malaysia","authors":"C. H. Teo, Siti Nur Musliha Mohamad Noor, K. Wong","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1328161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1328161","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Frixion ink, which has been introduced into Malaysia's market in recent years, has a special characteristic that it can fade under heat or be rubbed off. Hence there is potential that Frixion ink could be misused repeatedly on the same document for fraudulent purposes. Although such alteration cases have not been reported in Malaysia yet, suitable methods ought to be developed so that local document examiners are prepared beforehand for such situations. The first part of this experiment focuses on deciphering of faded Frixion ink pen strokes while the second part is aimed at differentiating between the faded and fresh Frixion ink without affecting the original state of the documents. Black, blue and red Frixion inks were deposited on foolscap paper and the pen strokes were allowed to fade away through heat or erasure before new entries were overwritten onto the same spot using the same colour of pen. Results showed that the colour of Frixion ink faded completely under both heat and friction from an eraser but the indentation of pen strokes were still observable by treating the samples using Electrostatic Detection Apparatus and the Video Spectral Comparator 6000. Faded blue and black Frixion ink pen strokes could be deciphered clearly under ultraviolet lighting and most preset excitation wavelengths of infrared luminescence while only four wavelength bands of infrared luminescence could be used for the faded red Frixion ink. For overwritten handwriting entries in the second part of the experiment, faded and fresh Frixion ink pen strokes of all colours could be distinguished successfully under ultraviolet lighting. Under infrared luminescence, faded and fresh blue Frixion ink could be differentiated at most preset excitation wavelengths of infrared luminescence while only some of those are useful for black and red Frixion ink. Since this Frixion ink could be abused with criminal intentions due to its unique quality, it is important to raise the awareness of this issue among laboratories and agencies in Malaysia to ensure that the possibility of alteration cases by using Frixion ink was not overlooked.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"146 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1328161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47575404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-22DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1328162
H. Wallage, I. Bugyra
ABSTRACT A 72-year-old male was arrested for impaired driving. He had a history of chronic alcohol1 consumption and limited food intake on the day of his arrest. The Intoxilyzer® 8000C provided the following communication messages during testing: “Interferent Detect”, “Invalid Sample” and then an additional “Interferent Detect.” This information from the Intoxilyzer® 8000C prompted a medical investigation. The individual was taken to the hospital where ketoacidosis was part of the medical diagnosis. Blood samples were collected and analyzed at two hospital laboratories and the Centre of Forensic Sciences. The results from the hospital analyses were serum ethanol concentrations of 172 and 161 mg/100 mL and an acetone concentration of 18 mg/100 mL; the results from the forensic analyses were blood ethanol, acetone, isopropanol and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of 139 mg/100 mL, 21 mg/100 mL, <5 mg/100 mL and 468 mg/L, respectively.
{"title":"“Interferent Detect” on the Intoxilyzer® 8000C in an individual with an elevated blood acetone concentration due to ketoacidosis","authors":"H. Wallage, I. Bugyra","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1328162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1328162","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A 72-year-old male was arrested for impaired driving. He had a history of chronic alcohol1 consumption and limited food intake on the day of his arrest. The Intoxilyzer® 8000C provided the following communication messages during testing: “Interferent Detect”, “Invalid Sample” and then an additional “Interferent Detect.” This information from the Intoxilyzer® 8000C prompted a medical investigation. The individual was taken to the hospital where ketoacidosis was part of the medical diagnosis. Blood samples were collected and analyzed at two hospital laboratories and the Centre of Forensic Sciences. The results from the hospital analyses were serum ethanol concentrations of 172 and 161 mg/100 mL and an acetone concentration of 18 mg/100 mL; the results from the forensic analyses were blood ethanol, acetone, isopropanol and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of 139 mg/100 mL, 21 mg/100 mL, <5 mg/100 mL and 468 mg/L, respectively.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"157 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1328162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49096572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-05DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1313474
Melissa Kramer-Sarrett, Eugenia A. Lin, K. Chua, Nipaporn Pichetshote, A. Rezaie, M. Pimentel
ABSTRACT Fifty patients undergoing hydrogen and methane breath testing at Cedars-Sinai GI Motility Lab were recruited, and consented to having their breath tested for alcohol using the EC/IR II (Intoximeters, Inc., St. Louis). The subjects gave multiple breath samples for alcohol analysis during this controlled study. All subjects had hydrogen in their breath ranging from 1 to 176 parts per million (ppm). Methane was also present in some patients’ breath samples (0–107 ppm). In all cases, except for one subject that admitted to heavy drinking the night before, breath alcohol results were 0.000 g/210 L. Based on these findings, breath hydrogen and methane do not have any impact on breath alcohol results with the EC/IR II.
{"title":"Examination of the effects of breath hydrogen and methane levels on the EC/IR II","authors":"Melissa Kramer-Sarrett, Eugenia A. Lin, K. Chua, Nipaporn Pichetshote, A. Rezaie, M. Pimentel","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1313474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1313474","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fifty patients undergoing hydrogen and methane breath testing at Cedars-Sinai GI Motility Lab were recruited, and consented to having their breath tested for alcohol using the EC/IR II (Intoximeters, Inc., St. Louis). The subjects gave multiple breath samples for alcohol analysis during this controlled study. All subjects had hydrogen in their breath ranging from 1 to 176 parts per million (ppm). Methane was also present in some patients’ breath samples (0–107 ppm). In all cases, except for one subject that admitted to heavy drinking the night before, breath alcohol results were 0.000 g/210 L. Based on these findings, breath hydrogen and methane do not have any impact on breath alcohol results with the EC/IR II.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"125 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1313474","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48021347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-20DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1312069
Rong-Jen Hwang, Jada Beltran, Craig Rogers, J. Barlow, Gerasimos Razatos
ABSTRACT Measurement of uncertainty has recently become more relevant to the science of forensic toxicology for a variety of reasons. From accreditation to court testimony, measurement of uncertainty is being requested to accompany case results. The Toxicology Bureau of the New Mexico Department of Health has conducted a study to estimate a reasonable uncertainty for the mass concentration of ethanol, methanol, acetone, and isopropanol (g/100 mL) determined through dual capillary column headspace gas chromatography. In this measurement of uncertainty for BAC, alcohol encompasses ethanol, methanol, acetone, and isopropanol, and all four analytes are included in the final expanded uncertainty. One expanded uncertainty value incorporates all four analytes, simplifies the calculation, and streamlines the reporting process of the estimation of error. Three major groups were used in the estimation of the blood alcohol concentration expanded uncertainty: GC calibration adjustment slope, GC analytical, and certified reference material. The proportional standard uncertainties for these sources were combined using root-sum-squares to yield a combined standard uncertainty of uc = ±2.39% for the blood alcohol concentration method. The combined standard uncertainty was expanded to a confidence level of 95% with a coverage factor of 2. The final expanded uncertainty for the blood alcohol concentration method was U = ±4.8%.
{"title":"Measurement of uncertainty for blood alcohol concentration by headspace gas chromatography","authors":"Rong-Jen Hwang, Jada Beltran, Craig Rogers, J. Barlow, Gerasimos Razatos","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1312069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1312069","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Measurement of uncertainty has recently become more relevant to the science of forensic toxicology for a variety of reasons. From accreditation to court testimony, measurement of uncertainty is being requested to accompany case results. The Toxicology Bureau of the New Mexico Department of Health has conducted a study to estimate a reasonable uncertainty for the mass concentration of ethanol, methanol, acetone, and isopropanol (g/100 mL) determined through dual capillary column headspace gas chromatography. In this measurement of uncertainty for BAC, alcohol encompasses ethanol, methanol, acetone, and isopropanol, and all four analytes are included in the final expanded uncertainty. One expanded uncertainty value incorporates all four analytes, simplifies the calculation, and streamlines the reporting process of the estimation of error. Three major groups were used in the estimation of the blood alcohol concentration expanded uncertainty: GC calibration adjustment slope, GC analytical, and certified reference material. The proportional standard uncertainties for these sources were combined using root-sum-squares to yield a combined standard uncertainty of uc = ±2.39% for the blood alcohol concentration method. The combined standard uncertainty was expanded to a confidence level of 95% with a coverage factor of 2. The final expanded uncertainty for the blood alcohol concentration method was U = ±4.8%.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"114 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1312069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44178482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1258212
D. Beirness, D. R. Smith
ABSTRACT This project was to examine point-of-contact (POC) oral fluid drug screening devices to determine the suitability of such devices for potential use in the enforcement of drug-impaired driving in Canada. Oral fluid samples were collected from a group of individuals who admitted to having recently ingested drugs as well as a number of individuals who had not been using drugs. These samples were tested on one of three oral fluid screening devices to determine the presence of cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, opioids, and benzodiazepines. Each participant also provided a second oral fluid sample that was sent to a reference laboratory for independent analysis. Comparison of the results from the oral fluid screening device and those from the laboratory analysis provided estimates of sensitivity and specificity for each of the six drugs/drug categories. Sensitivity exceeded 0.80 for cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioids. False positive rates for these drugs/drug categories were all between 3% and 7%. Specificity exceeded 0.90 for all drugs/drug categories. These findings indicate that oral fluid screening could prove to be a valuable tool in the detection of driver drug use in Canada.
{"title":"An assessment of oral fluid drug screening devices","authors":"D. Beirness, D. R. Smith","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1258212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1258212","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This project was to examine point-of-contact (POC) oral fluid drug screening devices to determine the suitability of such devices for potential use in the enforcement of drug-impaired driving in Canada. Oral fluid samples were collected from a group of individuals who admitted to having recently ingested drugs as well as a number of individuals who had not been using drugs. These samples were tested on one of three oral fluid screening devices to determine the presence of cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, opioids, and benzodiazepines. Each participant also provided a second oral fluid sample that was sent to a reference laboratory for independent analysis. Comparison of the results from the oral fluid screening device and those from the laboratory analysis provided estimates of sensitivity and specificity for each of the six drugs/drug categories. Sensitivity exceeded 0.80 for cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioids. False positive rates for these drugs/drug categories were all between 3% and 7%. Specificity exceeded 0.90 for all drugs/drug categories. These findings indicate that oral fluid screening could prove to be a valuable tool in the detection of driver drug use in Canada.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"55 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1258212","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45607114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1303254
A. Doyon, Laurence Paradis-Tanguay, F. Crispino, A. Lajeunesse
ABSTRACT When intercepting an individual on the road for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID), urine and blood are currently the main biological matrices used for screening. The intimate or invasive character of these biological specimens is undoubtedly a major disadvantage during the collection of specimens. Over the past decades, saliva has turned out to be an interesting alternative matrix. Thus, saliva is already used in several countries for screening prevalent drugs such as amphetamines, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, cannabis, opiates and benzodiazepines. Despite many benefits reported with saliva analyses, the establishment of a good correlation between salivary and plasmatic levels remains a challenge in interpreting toxicological results. Can saliva become an alternative to the usual biological matrices and/or a complement in cases of drug-impaired driving? A critical analysis with Bayesian treatments of data is addressed through this article in order to promote a reflection on this proposed drug screening methodology.
{"title":"Les analyses médico-légales de salives: expertise vis-à-vis l'analyse des drogues","authors":"A. Doyon, Laurence Paradis-Tanguay, F. Crispino, A. Lajeunesse","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2017.1303254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1303254","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT When intercepting an individual on the road for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID), urine and blood are currently the main biological matrices used for screening. The intimate or invasive character of these biological specimens is undoubtedly a major disadvantage during the collection of specimens. Over the past decades, saliva has turned out to be an interesting alternative matrix. Thus, saliva is already used in several countries for screening prevalent drugs such as amphetamines, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, cannabis, opiates and benzodiazepines. Despite many benefits reported with saliva analyses, the establishment of a good correlation between salivary and plasmatic levels remains a challenge in interpreting toxicological results. Can saliva become an alternative to the usual biological matrices and/or a complement in cases of drug-impaired driving? A critical analysis with Bayesian treatments of data is addressed through this article in order to promote a reflection on this proposed drug screening methodology.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"102 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2017.1303254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47055028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-31DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1303255
C. J. House, C. Lyttle, C. Blanchard
ABSTRACT A novel high-throughput method using automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed in order to quantify Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its major metabolites and screen for several synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids were extracted from ovine whole blood using Phenomenex Strata-X Drug B SPE columns. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to monitor at least two transitions of the analyte and its deuterated internal standard. Calibration was fitted quadratically (R2 > 0.995) over a range from 1 to 20 ng/mL for THC, 11-hydroxy-THC, cannabinol and cannabidiol, and 10 to 200 ng/mL for 11-nor-Δ9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol and its glucuronide. Inter-assay accuracy and precision were evaluated over n = 3 analyses spanning six days. With the exception of cannabidiol, the accuracies ranged from 0.52% to 8.63% and the coefficient of variation (%CV) was found to range from 1.91% to 7.69%. Intra-assay accuracy and the precision of these analytes (n = 16) was found to range from 0.16% to 11.42% and from 1.10% to 8.40%, respectively. Cannabidiol intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision were more variable than for other analytes. The procedure minimized specimen handling, extraction and reduced runtime as compared with an existing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method and permitted the qualitative identification of several synthetic cannabinoid species.
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