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The use of a forensic blood substitute for impact pattern area of origin estimation via three trajectory analysis programs 使用法医血液替代品通过三个轨迹分析程序估计撞击模式的起源区域
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2018.1463274
Sumiko Polacco, M. Illes, T. Stotesbury
ABSTRACT This study explores the use of forensic synthetic blood substitute (FBS) for impact pattern simulation and area of origin estimation. Ten impact patterns were created at a known origin using the FBS and were analyzed by groups of undergraduate students participating in a basic bloodstain pattern analysis course. The students selected 20 upward-moving stains from their given patterns to estimate an area of origin. Three linear trajectory models – BackTrack™, Hemospat, and Sherlock – were used to estimate each pattern's area of origin. Coordinate data from each model's analysis were compared with the known origin and between programs at the x-, y-, z-coordinates, and overall. Results from this analysis yielded estimates comparable to the known. A one-way ANOVA found no significant difference between programs at the x- (p = 0.79), y- (p = 0.84), z- (p = 0.96) coordinates, and overall (p = 0.81). These results support the practical use of the FBS as an alternative to whole blood for impact pattern simulations and area of origin estimation.
摘要本研究探讨了法医合成血液替代品(FBS)在撞击模式模拟和产地估计中的应用。使用FBS在已知来源创建了十种撞击模式,并由参加基本血迹模式分析课程的本科生小组进行分析。学生们从给定的图案中选择了20个向上移动的污渍来估计起源区域。三种线性轨迹模型–BackTrack™, Hemospot和Sherlock被用来估计每个图案的起源区域。将每个模型分析的坐标数据与已知原点以及程序之间的x、y、z坐标和总体坐标进行比较。该分析的结果得出了与已知结果相当的估计值。单因素方差分析发现,在x-(p=0.79)、y-(p=0.84)、z-(p=0.96)坐标和总体(p=0.81)坐标下,程序之间没有显著差异。这些结果支持FBS作为全血的替代品在冲击模式模拟和起源区域估计中的实际应用。
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引用次数: 3
Gunshot residue and airbags: Part I. Assessing the risk of deployed automotive airbags to produce particles similar to gunshot residue 枪弹残余物和安全气囊:第一部分:评估展开的汽车安全气囊产生类似枪弹残余物颗粒的风险
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2018.1463202
Denis J. N. Laflèche, Serge J. J. Brière, Nichole F. Faragher, Nigel G. R. Hearns
Abstract A criminal investigation prompted us to assess the risk that a random automotive airbag from a vehicle available in Canada may produce particles similar to inorganic gunshot residue (GSR) if deployed. We analyzed residues collected from 53 separate airbags, surveying 28 different vehicle makes and models, spanning the years 1993–2011. Of the 53 residues analyzed only two passenger-side airbags tested positive for GSR-similar particles containing lead, barium and antimony (PbBaSb). GSR-similar PbBaSb particles from the two positive airbags also incorporated either cobalt or fluorine, thus providing a chemical marker for elimination. Our findings reaffirm that while passenger side airbags can potentially be a non-firearm source of GSR-similar particles, careful inspection of element composition can identify particles uncharacteristic of conventional firearm discharge residue. RÉSUMÉ Une enquête criminelle nous a incités à évaluer le risque qu'un coussin gonflable déployé suite à une collision frontale d'un véhicule puisse produire particules similaires aux résidus de tir inorganiques (RT). Nous avons analysé des résidus de 53 coussins gonflables différents, provenant de 28 différents marques et modèles de véhicules, s’échelonnant de 1993 à 2011. Des 53 résidus sondés, seulement deux coussins du tableau de bord (côté passager) contenaient des particules avec du plomb, du baryum et de l'antimoine (PbBaSb). Ces deux particules contenaient cependant aussi du cobalt ou du fluor, permettant ainsi l'identification d'un marqueur pour fins d’élimination. Nos résultats réaffirment que bien que les coussins gonflables du tableau de bord (côté passager) peuvent être une source potentielle de RT, une inspection minutieuse de la composition élémentaire de ceux-ci peuvent trouver des particules non caractéristiques d'une décharge d'arme à feu conventionnelle.
摘要:一项刑事调查促使我们评估加拿大车辆上的随机汽车安全气囊在部署时可能产生类似无机枪弹残留物(GSR)的颗粒的风险。我们分析了从53个单独气囊收集的残留物,调查了1993-2011年期间28种不同的车辆制造和型号。在分析的53种残留物中,只有两种乘客侧安全气囊的GSR检测呈阳性,GSR是含有铅、钡和锑(PbBASb)的类似颗粒。两个正极气囊中的GSR-类似PBBasB颗粒也含有钴或氟,因此提供了消除的化学标记。我们的发现再次证实,虽然乘客侧安全气囊可能是GSR类颗粒的非火器来源,但仔细检查元素成分可以识别常规火器排放残留物的不稳定颗粒。摘要:一项刑事调查促使我们评估在车辆正面碰撞后部署的气囊可能产生类似无机点火残留物(RT)的颗粒的风险。我们分析了1993年至2011年间28个不同品牌和车型的53种不同气囊的残留物。在调查的53个残留物中,只有两个仪表板垫(乘客侧)含有铅、钡和锑(PbBASb)颗粒。然而,这两种颗粒也含有钴或氟,因此可以识别用于去除的标记物。我们的结果重申,尽管仪表板(乘客侧)气囊可能是RT的潜在来源,但仔细检查其元素组成可能会发现常规枪支排放中不典型的颗粒。
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引用次数: 6
Mycobiota associated with human cadavers: First record in Argentina 与人类尸体相关的真菌群:阿根廷首次记录
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2018.1463131
M. C. Tranchida, L. Berruezo, S. Stenglein, M. Cabello
ABSTRACT Cadavers are an abundant source of organic matter. During their decomposition, a variety of organisms – insects, bacteria, and fungi – can feed on them. Within the ambit of forensic science, fungi have thus far received little attention. Nevertheless, the current study found that forensic mycology can be developed as a tool that provides useful evidence for case resolution. The fungal biota found growing on the surface of two cadavers with different post-mortem intervals (PMI) was examined and identified. The fungal samples were cultured and identified by morphology and molecular genetics. Fungal species such as Arthrinium arundinis, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Candida guillermondii, Candida lypolitica, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Chrysosporium merdarium, and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were registered. These findings are the first contributions to forensic mycology from Argentine research. In combination with the joint investigations of forensic researchers worldwide, these results should contribute in the discussion of the use of mycology as a valid forensic tool in which fungi can provide evidence in complex cases.
尸体是有机物质的丰富来源。在它们分解的过程中,各种各样的生物——昆虫、细菌和真菌——可以以它们为食。在法医科学的范围内,真菌迄今为止很少受到关注。然而,目前的研究发现,法医真菌学可以作为一种工具,为案件解决提供有用的证据。对两具不同死后间隔(PMI)的尸体表面发现的真菌生物群进行了检查和鉴定。对真菌样品进行培养,并进行形态学和分子遗传学鉴定。记录到的真菌种类有:圆木霉、黑曲霉、地曲霉、吉勒蒙念珠菌、溶孢念珠菌、枝孢子枝孢菌、金丝孢菌、短杆状孢。这些发现是阿根廷研究对法医真菌学的第一个贡献。结合世界各地法医研究人员的联合调查,这些结果应该有助于讨论真菌学作为一种有效的法医工具的使用,真菌可以在复杂的案件中提供证据。
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引用次数: 5
Les paramètres clés de l'interprétation des fibres textiles en sciences criminelles. Partie I: Occurrence et bruit de fond 刑事科学中解释纺织纤维的关键参数。第一部分:发生和背景噪音
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1379683
M. Schnegg, Raymond J. Palmer, G. Massonnet
ABSTRACT The question at the centre of forensic expertise is the determination of the probative value of a correspondence between recovered trace evidence and suspect material. In the field of textile fibers, it is necessary to decide on the meaning of non-differentiation between a textile in question and a reference group (of control) fibres from a putative source. To do this, it is possible to use a probabilistic approach, in particular a Bayesian approach, in order to assign a likelihood ratio to the observations resulting from laboratory examinations. Several parameters have to be considered: the rarity of the observed fibres (occurrence), the probability that the latter will come from the criminal action (transfer and persistence) and the probability that they are present by chance (not related to the criminal activity). The present article is a critical review of the sources of information published in the forensic literature that can be used to estimate the parameters for the calculation of the likelihood ratio. The main results are presented and are discussed in the light of the advantages and limitations of different types of studies. In this first part, only the studies dedicated to the determination of the scarcity of the index fibres (occurrence) and the ‘background’ fibres will be presented. Work on the transfer, persistence and recovery of fibres will be dealt with in Part Two.
摘要:法医学专业知识的核心问题是确定已找到的痕迹证据和可疑材料之间的对应关系的证明价值。在纺织纤维领域,有必要确定所讨论的纺织品和来自假定来源的参考组(对照组)纤维之间不区分的含义。为了做到这一点,可以使用概率方法,特别是贝叶斯方法,以便为实验室检查产生的观察结果分配似然比。必须考虑几个参数:观察到的纤维的稀有性(发生)、后者来自犯罪行为的概率(转移和持续)以及它们偶然出现的概率(与犯罪活动无关)。本文对法医学文献中发表的可用于估计似然比计算参数的信息来源进行了批判性回顾。根据不同类型研究的优点和局限性,介绍并讨论了主要结果。在第一部分中,仅介绍专门用于确定指标纤维(发生)和“背景”纤维稀缺性的研究。纤维的转移、持久性和回收工作将在第二部分中讨论。
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引用次数: 9
A survey of fire debris casework in Canada, 2011–2016 2011-2016年加拿大火灾碎片个案调查
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1380979
P. Sandercock
ABSTRACT A retrospective study of 2723 fire debris samples from 930 cases submitted from across Canada between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2016 to the RCMP forensic laboratory was conducted. A total of 326 samples of fire debris were not accepted for analysis owing to incorrect or improper packaging and the reasons why these samples were rejected are summarized. Of the 2397 samples from 886 cases accepted for analysis, 63% of the cases had at least one sample that tested positive for an ignitable liquid. Gasoline was the most commonly identified ignitable liquid. While arson is primarily a property-based offence, nearly one quarter (23%) of all arson cases submitted to our laboratory were classified by the investigating agency as a person-based offence; the majority of these cases (84%) were related to a homicide.
摘要对2011年1月1日至2016年12月31日期间从加拿大各地提交给加拿大皇家骑警法医实验室的930起案件中的2723份火灾碎片样本进行了回顾性研究。由于包装不正确或不当,共有326个火灾碎片样本未被接受分析,并总结了这些样本被拒绝的原因。在886例接受分析的2397份样本中,63%的病例至少有一份样本的可燃液体检测呈阳性。汽油是最常见的可燃液体。虽然纵火主要是基于财产的犯罪,但在提交给我们实验室的所有纵火案件中,近四分之一(23%)被调查机构归类为基于人身的犯罪;这些案件中的大多数(84%)与凶杀案有关。
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引用次数: 7
Digital dermatoglyphic study in three west Algerian populations: Reguibates, Zenata, Oran 数字皮肤纹研究在三个西阿尔及利亚人口:reguates, Zenata, Oran
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2017-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1379267
Leïla Adda Neggaz, D. Meroufel, Tahria Deba, Asmahan Bekada, M. Hammadi, S. Mediene Benchekor, A. Rosa, S. Benhamamouch
ABSTRACT The study of Dermatoglyphics has a great importance in medical, judicial, criminal and anthropological research. Human dermatoglyphic traits present variations within and between populations. The purpose of this paper is to provide a descriptive analysis of digital dermatoglyphic traits in three Algerian populations and enrich the anthropogenetic database of this population. The current study was conducted on 315 healthy and consenting individuals, 228 (144 males and 84 females) from Oran, the second most important city in Algeria located in the northwest of the country, 46 Reguibates (20 males and 26 females), and 42 Zenata (16 males and 26 females). The results show that the most common descending order of pattern type frequencies for both hands in the three samples is Ulnar loop, Whorl, Arch, Radial loop. One exception is seen in the Reguibates sample that has an unusually high frequency of radial loop. The analysis of qualitative digital characters revealed bimanual differences in the three populations.
皮纹学的研究在医学、司法、刑事和人类学研究中具有重要的意义。人类皮纹特征在种群内部和种群之间存在差异。本文的目的是提供一个描述性的分析数字皮肤纹特征在三个阿尔及利亚人口和丰富这一人口的人类遗传数据库。目前的研究对315名健康和同意的个人进行了研究,其中228人(144名男性和84名女性)来自位于该国西北部的阿尔及利亚第二大城市奥兰,46个州(20名男性和26名女性)和42个泽纳塔州(16名男性和26名女性)。结果表明,3个样本中双手的纹型频率由高到低依次为尺骨袢、螺旋袢、弓形袢、径向袢。在regulates样本中可以看到一个例外,它具有异常高的径向环路频率。定性数字性状分析揭示了三个种群的双手差异。
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引用次数: 6
Forensic ballistics analysis of an unusual/unrifled/homemade firearm in the absence of the action 在没有行动的情况下,对一把不寻常的/无膛线的/自制的枪支进行法医弹道分析
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2017-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1379704
Gautam N. Ghadage, Ravindra K. Jagtap
ABSTRACT The Directorate of Forensic Science Laboratories, Mumbai-India, has been receiving and examining homemade/desi-katta/improvised firearms for a long time. In all these cases, our work is always focused on the study of various physical parameters, including barrel parameters such as length, weight, the inner diameter of the muzzle end and the breech end. For the current study, we dealt with an interesting case of an unusual/unrifled barrel which was delivered to the Directorate of Forensic Science Laboratories, Mumbai-India, without its frame/receiver or other parts required for normally discharging cartridges (i.e. the hammer, firing pin, trigger, etc.). Without these components, a test firing was done by manually contacting the primer of the chambered cartridge with a ramrod, and comparison microscopy of the exhibit- and test-fired bullets and expended cartridge cases was performed. From the test firing and comparison microscopy, it was concluded from the microscopy results that the test-fired and exhibit-fired bullet and expended cartridge case had been fired from the same firearm, even without the frame/receiver or other part of firearm required for normal operation.
印度孟买法医科学实验室理事会长期以来一直在接收和检查自制/desi-katta/简易枪支。在所有这些情况下,我们的工作始终集中在各种物理参数的研究上,包括枪管参数,如长度,重量,枪口端和后膛端内径。在目前的研究中,我们处理了一个有趣的案例,一个不寻常的/无膛线的枪管,交付给印度孟买法医科学实验室理事会,没有其框架/接收器或正常发射弹药所需的其他部件(即锤,击发针,触发器等)。在没有这些组件的情况下,测试射击是通过用推杆手动接触膛膛子弹的底火来完成的,并对展示和测试发射的子弹和耗尽的弹壳进行比较显微镜。从试验射击和比较显微镜来看,从显微镜结果可以得出结论,试验射击和展示射击的子弹和消耗的弹壳是从同一支火器发射的,即使没有正常操作所需的框架/接收器或火器的其他部分。
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引用次数: 0
Practical use of commercially available compressed (dry gas) alcohol standards 实际使用市售的压缩(干气体)酒精标准
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2017-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1379245
M. Rosland, Jacqueline Montpetit, V. Mendes
ABSTRACT Approved Instruments for Breath Testing in Canada require the use of alcohol standards to ensure that they are in proper working order at the time of testing. Newer generation breath testing instruments allow for the use of Dry Gas (ethanol and nitrogen in compressed gas tanks) as the alcohol standard. Three areas were evaluated: (1) consistency of alcohol readings over time as the gas tank depletes; (2) altitude compensation in the Intox EC/IR II and Datamaster-DMT at two different elevations; and (3) the effect of exposing the dry gas tanks to weather conditions that could be encountered during shipping or storage. The results demonstrated that (1) the concentration of alcohol was found to remain stable as the tank emptied; (2) both instruments correctly compensated for the change in atmospheric pressure due to elevation change; and (3) when dry gas tanks from different manufacturers were subjected to −20°C for 48 hours, some tanks were found to have decreased pressure and an increase in alcohol concentration. Some tanks exposed to freezing temperatures for an extended period may not produce the appropriate reading and as such precautions should be taken when shipping or storing dry gas tanks in cold temperatures.
摘要:加拿大批准的呼吸测试仪器要求使用酒精标准,以确保它们在测试时处于正确的工作状态。新一代呼吸测试仪器允许使用干气(压缩气罐中的乙醇和氮气)作为酒精标准。评估了三个方面:(1)随着储气罐的耗尽,酒精读数随时间的一致性;(2) Intox EC/IR II和Datamaster DMT在两个不同高度的高度补偿;以及(3)将干气罐暴露在运输或储存过程中可能遇到的天气条件下的影响。结果表明:(1)随着罐的排空,醇的浓度保持稳定;(2) 两种仪器都正确地补偿了由于海拔变化引起的大气压力变化;和(3)当来自不同制造商的干气罐在−20°C下放置48小时时,发现一些气罐的压力降低,酒精浓度增加。一些长期暴露在冷冻温度下的储罐可能不会产生适当的读数,因此,在低温下运输或储存干气罐时应采取预防措施。
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引用次数: 0
Visualizing latent fingermarks by aqueous electrolyte gel on fixed aluminum and steel surfaces 用电解液凝胶在固定铝和钢表面观察潜在手印
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2017-09-11 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1371435
O. Jasuja, Kulvir Singh
ABSTRACT Steel and aluminum metals have extensive uses, and on their surfaces, various non-porous surface techniques are being applied for the development of latent fingermarks. Recently, aqueous electrolytes have been reported for the development of latent fingermarks on metal surfaces. The metal surfaces were immersed in the electrolyte solution for development of latent marks but the immersion method for large and bulky fixed surfaces seems to be unrealistic. Therefore, in the current work, gel-based electrolytes have been prepared and applied to fixed or vertical surfaces. The suggested method has also been evaluated by a comparative assessment with powdering, cyanoacrylate fuming, and small particle reagent methods.
摘要:钢和铝具有广泛的用途,在其表面,各种无孔表面技术被应用于潜在手印的开发。最近,有报道称水电解质可在金属表面产生潜在的手印。将金属表面浸泡在电解液中以产生潜痕,但对于体积较大的固定表面,浸泡法似乎是不现实的。因此,在目前的工作中,已经制备了凝胶基电解质并将其应用于固定或垂直表面。该方法还通过与粉末、氰基丙烯酸酯熏烟和小颗粒试剂方法的比较评估进行了评价。
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引用次数: 3
The effect of non-alcoholic food and beverage consumption on preliminary breath alcohol testing by the Dräger Alcotest 6810 and Alco-Sensor FST Dräger Alcotest 6810和Alco Sensor FST对非酒精食品和饮料消费对初步呼气酒精测试的影响
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2017-05-25 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2017.1328160
McKenney A. Hackett, L. Gorczynski, T. L. Martin
ABSTRACT This study investigated the frequency, magnitude, and duration of the mouth alcohol effect (MAE) following the ingestion of non-alcoholic food or beverages on two approved screening devices (ASD): the Dräger Alcotest 6810 and Alco-Sensor FST. Preliminary testing revealed only 5% of 39 non-alcohol containing food and beverage items tested produced a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) ≥10 mg/100 mL on the Dräger Alcotest 6810 whereas there were no positive responses on the Alco-Sensor FST. Subsequent testing on 52 subjects consuming Dempster's® White Bread, Wonder™ 100% Whole Wheat Bread, 7-Up® and/or Rockstar® energy drink showed the MAE to be small in both alcohol-free and alcohol-positive subjects. The maximum BrAC produced in an alcohol-free subject was 22 mg/100 mL which dissipated within 90 seconds following ingestion. In alcohol-positive subjects, statistically significant increases in the BrAC were observed following ingestion of select breads and beverages; however, the increase was of sufficiently low magnitude that analytical and sampling variability could account for the differences observed. The MAE following ingestion of non-alcohol-containing food and beverages is rare, transient, and of low magnitude. There is negligible risk that motorists will be negatively impacted by this effect.
摘要本研究调查了在两种经批准的筛查设备(ASD)上摄入非酒精性食品或饮料后,口腔酒精效应(MAE)的频率、程度和持续时间:Dräger Alcotest 6810和Alco Sensor FST。初步测试显示,在Dräger Alcotest 6810测试的39种不含酒精的食品和饮料中,只有5%的产品的呼气酒精浓度(BrAC)≥10 mg/100 mL,而Alco Sensor FST没有阳性反应。对52名食用Dempster®白面包的受试者进行的后续测试,Wonder™ 100%全麦面包、7-Up®和/或Rockstar®能量饮料显示,无酒精和酒精阳性受试者的MAE都很小。无酒精受试者产生的最大BrAC为22 mg/100 mL,在摄入后90秒内消散。在酒精阳性受试者中,在摄入选定的面包和饮料后,观察到BrAC在统计学上显著增加;然而,这种增长幅度足够小,分析和采样的可变性可以解释观察到的差异。摄入不含酒精的食物和饮料后的MAE是罕见的、短暂的,且程度较低。驾驶者受到这种影响的负面影响的风险可以忽略不计。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal
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