Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1724248
A. Hayley, Maja Green, M. Keane, P. Kostakis, Y. Shehabi, C. Stough, L. Downey
Abstract To evaluate the sensitivity of the Securetec DrugWipe 6 S Ketamine device in detecting salivary ketamine, we administered three fixed, increasing sub-anaesthetic doses of intravenous ketamine solution to 20 participants using an open-label, within subjects’ protocol. Results indicated, at a cut-off level of 5 ng/mL for ketamine in oral fluid, the Securetec DrugWipe 6 S Ketamine device indicated a uniformly positive result for the presence of ketamine during the acute dosing phase where corresponding mean whole blood ketamine concentrations were 0.38 mg/L (dose 1), 0.48 mg/L (dose 2) and 0.82 mg/L (dose 3), respectively. At 2-hours post treatment, the positive detection rate was 85% where corresponding mean whole blood concentrations of ketamine were 0.21 mg/L. Device detection rate reduced to 40% at 4-hours post-treatment.
{"title":"Accuracy of the Securetec DrugWipe 6s Ketamine device in detecting acute and residual salivary ketamine following a stepwise intravenous treatment protocol","authors":"A. Hayley, Maja Green, M. Keane, P. Kostakis, Y. Shehabi, C. Stough, L. Downey","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2020.1724248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2020.1724248","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To evaluate the sensitivity of the Securetec DrugWipe 6 S Ketamine device in detecting salivary ketamine, we administered three fixed, increasing sub-anaesthetic doses of intravenous ketamine solution to 20 participants using an open-label, within subjects’ protocol. Results indicated, at a cut-off level of 5 ng/mL for ketamine in oral fluid, the Securetec DrugWipe 6 S Ketamine device indicated a uniformly positive result for the presence of ketamine during the acute dosing phase where corresponding mean whole blood ketamine concentrations were 0.38 mg/L (dose 1), 0.48 mg/L (dose 2) and 0.82 mg/L (dose 3), respectively. At 2-hours post treatment, the positive detection rate was 85% where corresponding mean whole blood concentrations of ketamine were 0.21 mg/L. Device detection rate reduced to 40% at 4-hours post-treatment.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2020.1724248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42586333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1736812
M. Taura, L. Adamu, A. Asuku, K. Umar, M. Abubakar
Abstract Bilateral asymmetry is one of the widely used features by proxy as an indicator of environmental and occupational stress and developmental instability. However, its application in personal identification has not been well elucidated in the literature. The present study strives to investigate the forensic implication of fingerprint white line count (FWLC) quantity and asymmetry and the potential of their utilization as complementary tools in personal identification. The objectives of the study were to determine the potential of FWLC asymmetry as a possible feature for sex and left or right of digit determination and its possible forensic implication among the Hausa population of Kano state, Nigeria. The study was a cross sectional type which comprises of 300 participants. A plain fingerprint captured using live scan techniques to determine the FWLC. Wilcoxon signed ranks and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the paired and independent variables. Binary logistic regression analyses were employed for determination of sex and left or right of the digit. The result shows statistically significant differences between the left and right FWLC in both sexes. FWLC exhibited leftward asymmetry in all the digits in both males and females. Significant sexual dimorphism in FWLC asymmetry was observed in all the digits except for the middle digits. Regarding the sex and left or right determination, the coefficients of discrimination of sex and left or right of digit were found to be significant for all the digits except for the middle digits for sex. The variance of sex and left or right of the digits explained by FWLC asymmetry was higher for index and ring digits. The group membership prediction was best for index and ring digits. In conclusion, the FWLC asymmetry exhibits potential in sex and left or right of the digit prediction among Hausa population. Index and ring digits were the best digits that expressed the level of dimorphism and discrimination.
{"title":"Quantity and asymmetry of fingerprint white lines: forensic implication","authors":"M. Taura, L. Adamu, A. Asuku, K. Umar, M. Abubakar","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2020.1736812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2020.1736812","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bilateral asymmetry is one of the widely used features by proxy as an indicator of environmental and occupational stress and developmental instability. However, its application in personal identification has not been well elucidated in the literature. The present study strives to investigate the forensic implication of fingerprint white line count (FWLC) quantity and asymmetry and the potential of their utilization as complementary tools in personal identification. The objectives of the study were to determine the potential of FWLC asymmetry as a possible feature for sex and left or right of digit determination and its possible forensic implication among the Hausa population of Kano state, Nigeria. The study was a cross sectional type which comprises of 300 participants. A plain fingerprint captured using live scan techniques to determine the FWLC. Wilcoxon signed ranks and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the paired and independent variables. Binary logistic regression analyses were employed for determination of sex and left or right of the digit. The result shows statistically significant differences between the left and right FWLC in both sexes. FWLC exhibited leftward asymmetry in all the digits in both males and females. Significant sexual dimorphism in FWLC asymmetry was observed in all the digits except for the middle digits. Regarding the sex and left or right determination, the coefficients of discrimination of sex and left or right of digit were found to be significant for all the digits except for the middle digits for sex. The variance of sex and left or right of the digits explained by FWLC asymmetry was higher for index and ring digits. The group membership prediction was best for index and ring digits. In conclusion, the FWLC asymmetry exhibits potential in sex and left or right of the digit prediction among Hausa population. Index and ring digits were the best digits that expressed the level of dimorphism and discrimination.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2020.1736812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44488933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1722419
V. Mendes
{"title":"Modifications proposed to the Canadian Society of Forensic Science Alcohol Test Committee: October 2014 to October 2019","authors":"V. Mendes","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2020.1722419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2020.1722419","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2020.1722419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48550014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2019.1664260
M. Illes, P. Wilson, Catherine D. Bruce
Abstract In recent years, crime scene analysis has been transitioning from being a technical discipline to being a scientific process. This progression is shifting the forensic practitioner examining crime scenes into a deeper level of scientific reasoning. This study evaluates the use of reasoning by practitioners in the disciplines of crime scene investigations and bloodstain pattern analysis. A well-established classroom test of scientific reasoning (CTSR) was distributed online to active crime scene investigators (CSI) and bloodstain pattern analysts (BPA) (n = 213) using Qualtrics software. The survey provides quantitative data on the reasoning ability of the participating practitioners along with demographic information on education, employment status (specifically, police or civilian), and work experience. Linear regression analyses indicate that there is a significant difference between the CTSR scores and education level. The higher educated practitioner (graduate level) performed better on the reasoning test. No significant differences were found between the test scores and the years of experience, even when sectioned into 5-year increments of 5 to 25+ years of experience. Similarly, there was no difference between the test scores and employment status for the CSI group and within the BPA group. This information suggests that the level of education plays the most important role in the development and use of reasoning skills, whereas experience and employment status are not as influential. The test scores were also mapped to Piaget’s categories – concrete operational, transitional and formal operational reasoners – with 69.5% of CSI and 77% of BPA scoring as formal operational reasoners. The authors recommend that a CTSR be used for testing current and future (tertiary forensic students) practitioners for evaluating reasoning skills and identifying scientific learning gaps. This study also supports further research into forensic epistemology and pedagogy, to deepen our knowledge of science in forensic science.
{"title":"Forensic epistemology: testing the reasoning skills of crime scene experts","authors":"M. Illes, P. Wilson, Catherine D. Bruce","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2019.1664260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2019.1664260","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, crime scene analysis has been transitioning from being a technical discipline to being a scientific process. This progression is shifting the forensic practitioner examining crime scenes into a deeper level of scientific reasoning. This study evaluates the use of reasoning by practitioners in the disciplines of crime scene investigations and bloodstain pattern analysis. A well-established classroom test of scientific reasoning (CTSR) was distributed online to active crime scene investigators (CSI) and bloodstain pattern analysts (BPA) (n = 213) using Qualtrics software. The survey provides quantitative data on the reasoning ability of the participating practitioners along with demographic information on education, employment status (specifically, police or civilian), and work experience. Linear regression analyses indicate that there is a significant difference between the CTSR scores and education level. The higher educated practitioner (graduate level) performed better on the reasoning test. No significant differences were found between the test scores and the years of experience, even when sectioned into 5-year increments of 5 to 25+ years of experience. Similarly, there was no difference between the test scores and employment status for the CSI group and within the BPA group. This information suggests that the level of education plays the most important role in the development and use of reasoning skills, whereas experience and employment status are not as influential. The test scores were also mapped to Piaget’s categories – concrete operational, transitional and formal operational reasoners – with 69.5% of CSI and 77% of BPA scoring as formal operational reasoners. The authors recommend that a CTSR be used for testing current and future (tertiary forensic students) practitioners for evaluating reasoning skills and identifying scientific learning gaps. This study also supports further research into forensic epistemology and pedagogy, to deepen our knowledge of science in forensic science.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2019.1664260","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46440241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2019.1682217
Julie Binette, Andrew Barton, R. Brent Ostrum
Abstract A technique was developed and assessed for use in the determination of line crossing sequence. This technique takes advantage of the transfer of both substrate topography and ink chemistry, at the line crossing intersection, to a Mikrosil™ casting compound. An initial pilot involving intersections between blue ballpoint inks and toner was constructed and blind tested using Forensic Document Examiners at the Canada Border Services Agency. Following this initial pilot, a more extensive trial was constructed to assess the technique’s application with a larger population of blue ballpoint pens and a larger number of document examiners.
{"title":"Sequence determination between blue ballpoint pens and toner using MikrosilTM casting of the intersection","authors":"Julie Binette, Andrew Barton, R. Brent Ostrum","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2019.1682217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2019.1682217","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A technique was developed and assessed for use in the determination of line crossing sequence. This technique takes advantage of the transfer of both substrate topography and ink chemistry, at the line crossing intersection, to a Mikrosil™ casting compound. An initial pilot involving intersections between blue ballpoint inks and toner was constructed and blind tested using Forensic Document Examiners at the Canada Border Services Agency. Following this initial pilot, a more extensive trial was constructed to assess the technique’s application with a larger population of blue ballpoint pens and a larger number of document examiners.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2019.1682217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58696112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-19DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2019.1664972
Kelly L. Miles
Abstract Comparative decomposition rates of piglet carcasses were obtained when interred in air, soil, horse manure or pig manure to test the belief that pig manure expedites soft tissue decomposition in forensic cases. Data do not support this claim. Results show initial rapid rates of decomposition variables in air, but piglets buried in soil, horse manure and pig manure caught up to the exposed piglets’ decomposition rates by the end of the twelve-day experiment. Both piglet tissues and manure have low C/N ratios (<20:1) as opposed to the optimal composting C/N ratio of 30:1 to yield accelerated decomposition. Limitations of this study are addressed with suggestions for future studies with forensic relevance.
{"title":"Comparative decomposition rates of piglets buried in manure: a pilot study and implications for forensic taphonomy","authors":"Kelly L. Miles","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2019.1664972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2019.1664972","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Comparative decomposition rates of piglet carcasses were obtained when interred in air, soil, horse manure or pig manure to test the belief that pig manure expedites soft tissue decomposition in forensic cases. Data do not support this claim. Results show initial rapid rates of decomposition variables in air, but piglets buried in soil, horse manure and pig manure caught up to the exposed piglets’ decomposition rates by the end of the twelve-day experiment. Both piglet tissues and manure have low C/N ratios (<20:1) as opposed to the optimal composting C/N ratio of 30:1 to yield accelerated decomposition. Limitations of this study are addressed with suggestions for future studies with forensic relevance.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2019.1664972","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49592246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2019.1647672
{"title":"Correction","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2019.1647672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2019.1647672","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2019.1647672","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44612776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2019.1635738
R. Brent Ostrum
RÉSUMÉ Ce document présente la position de la Section des documents de la Société canadienne des sciences judiciaires (SCSJ) concernant l’utilisation d’un système d’évaluation et de transmission des résultats souvent appelé « l’approche logique de l’évaluation des éléments de preuves ». La position de cette section est que l'approche logique pour l'évaluation et la transmission des résultats soit une option appropriée et efficace pour l'examen judiciaire de documents lorsqu'il est mis en oeuvre tel qu’indiqué dans ce document.
{"title":"La position de la Section des documents de la SCSJ sur l'approche logique de l'évaluation de la preuve et le libellé des conclusions","authors":"R. Brent Ostrum","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2019.1635738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2019.1635738","url":null,"abstract":"RÉSUMÉ Ce document présente la position de la Section des documents de la Société canadienne des sciences judiciaires (SCSJ) concernant l’utilisation d’un système d’évaluation et de transmission des résultats souvent appelé « l’approche logique de l’évaluation des éléments de preuves ». La position de cette section est que l'approche logique pour l'évaluation et la transmission des résultats soit une option appropriée et efficace pour l'examen judiciaire de documents lorsqu'il est mis en oeuvre tel qu’indiqué dans ce document.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2019.1635738","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43193709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2019.1635736
R. Brent Ostrum
Abstract This article presents the position of the Document Section of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science (CSFS) regarding the use of an evaluation and reporting scheme often referred to as “the logical approach to evidence evaluation.” The section’s position is the logical approach to evidence evaluation and reporting, and is an appropriate and effective option for forensic document examination (FDE) work when implemented as outlined in this paper.
{"title":"CSFS Document Section Position on the Logical Approach to Evidence Evaluation and Corresponding Wording of Conclusions","authors":"R. Brent Ostrum","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2019.1635736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2019.1635736","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article presents the position of the Document Section of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science (CSFS) regarding the use of an evaluation and reporting scheme often referred to as “the logical approach to evidence evaluation.” The section’s position is the logical approach to evidence evaluation and reporting, and is an appropriate and effective option for forensic document examination (FDE) work when implemented as outlined in this paper.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2019.1635736","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48185754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-26DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2019.1627990
Seddiq Krelil, Damien Henrot, Pierre Ledroit, Xavier Desbrosse, Marianne Malo
Abstract The superglue fuming process is widely used to develop latent fingermarks in the forensic community. That is why we confidently submitted this method for accreditation both in our central and departmental forensic laboratories. A review by non-practitioner auditors raised a point for which we had no answer. “Why must you heat cyanoacrylate to 120 °C?”. While the influence of humidity on the quality of fingermark development has been abundantly studied and published, we found no publications about the optimal cyanoacrylate fumigation temperature. We wonder if the quality of a fingermark developed by the superglue fuming process could be better at a different temperature. The aim of this study is to estimate the influence of the fumigation temperature on the quality of developed fingermarks for a constant humidity rate. The results show that the quality of a fingermark is appreciably better at 150 °C but a temperature of 120 °C gives very satisfactory results.
{"title":"Temperature of the superglue fuming process under the scope of accreditation","authors":"Seddiq Krelil, Damien Henrot, Pierre Ledroit, Xavier Desbrosse, Marianne Malo","doi":"10.1080/00085030.2019.1627990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2019.1627990","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The superglue fuming process is widely used to develop latent fingermarks in the forensic community. That is why we confidently submitted this method for accreditation both in our central and departmental forensic laboratories. A review by non-practitioner auditors raised a point for which we had no answer. “Why must you heat cyanoacrylate to 120 °C?”. While the influence of humidity on the quality of fingermark development has been abundantly studied and published, we found no publications about the optimal cyanoacrylate fumigation temperature. We wonder if the quality of a fingermark developed by the superglue fuming process could be better at a different temperature. The aim of this study is to estimate the influence of the fumigation temperature on the quality of developed fingermarks for a constant humidity rate. The results show that the quality of a fingermark is appreciably better at 150 °C but a temperature of 120 °C gives very satisfactory results.","PeriodicalId":44383,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00085030.2019.1627990","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44842044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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