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Spitz and fisher’s medicolegal investigation of death: Guidelines for the application of pathology to crime investigation, 5th ed Spitz和fisher的死亡法医学调查:病理学在犯罪调查中的应用指南,第5版
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2020.1838147
G. J. Davis
A confession: I wanted to like this text more than I did. I first encountered this book in its second edition while training in forensic pathology in the 80 s, and it was formative in my understand...
忏悔:我比以前更喜欢这篇文章。我第一次看到这本书是在80年代接受法医病理学培训时出版的第二版 s、 在我的理解中,它是形成性的。。。
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引用次数: 11
Effect of decontamination agents following biological contamination on fingermarks, footwear, documents and DNA 生物污染后去污剂对指纹、鞋类、文件和DNA的影响
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1834755
Della A. Wilkinson, S. Holowachuk, C. Corbett, K. Antonation, Lisa Rostek, A. Wotherspoon, K. Toole, Nathan B. Unsworth, J. Coumbaros, V. Rastogi, Brad Donais, Jackie Osmond, C. Baxter
Abstract Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive (CBRNE) response teams are responsible for mitigating and investigating events such as the distribution of anthrax letters throughout the US Postal Service in 2001. One consideration will be the examination of contaminated physical evidence to identify those responsible. Decontamination agents are often used to inactivate or neutralize chemical and/or biological warfare agents so that once-contaminated objects can be handled safely. The objective of this project was to determine the impact of different decontamination agents on physical evidence including DNA, documents, fingermark and footwear evidence. In Phase 1, vaporous hydrogen peroxide (VHP), gamma irradiation, dry fogging, chlorine dioxide, MODEC MDF-500, Bioxy-S, ozone and formaldehyde were tested. Promising decontamination agents were selected for Phase 2 when physical evidence was exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), an anthrax surrogate, prior to decontamination. VHP, gamma irradiation, dry fogging, formaldehyde and chlorine dioxide were tested in Phase 2. Results indicate that several forensic analyses were impacted. VHP and gamma irradiation were used across different laboratories with inconsistent results observed for some forensic protocols. Further investigation indicated that these results could be explained by variation in contamination protocols between laboratories. Les équipes d'intervention chimique, biologique, radiologique, nucléaire et explosive (CBRNE) sont chargées d'atténuer et d'enquêter sur des événements tels que la distribution de lettres d'anthrax dans l'ensemble du service postal américain en 2001. Une considération sera l'examen des preuves physiques contaminées pour identifier les responsables. Les agents de décontamination sont souvent utilisés pour inactiver ou neutraliser les agents de guerre chimiques et/ou biologiques afin que des objets autrefois contaminés puissent être manipulés en toute sécurité. L'objectif de ce projet était de déterminer l'impact de différents agents de décontamination sur les preuves physiques, y compris l'ADN, les documents, les traces de doigt et les chaussures. En phase 1, le peroxyde d'hydrogène vaporeux (VHP), l'irradiation gamma, la brumisation sèche, le dioxyde de chlore, le MODEC MDF-500, le Bioxy-S, l'ozone et le formaldéhyde ont été testés. Des agents de décontamination prometteurs ont été sélectionnés pour la phase 2 lorsque des preuves physiques ont été exposées à Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), un substitut de l'anthrax, avant la décontamination. Le VHP, l'irradiation gamma, la brumisation sèche, le formaldéhyde et le dioxyde de chlore ont été testés à la phase 2. Les résultats indiquent que plusieurs analyses médico-légales ont été touchées. VHP et l'irradiation gamma ont été utilisée dans différents laboratoires avec des résultats incohérents observés pour certains protocoles médico-légaux. Une enquête plus approfondie a indiqué que ces résultats pour
摘要化学、生物、放射、核和爆炸物(CBRNE)响应小组负责缓解和调查2001年美国邮政局炭疽信件分发等事件。一个考虑因素是审查受污染的物理证据,以确定责任人。去污剂通常用于灭活或中和化学和/或生物战剂,以便安全处理曾经受污染的物体。该项目的目的是确定不同的去污剂对物理证据的影响,包括DNA、文件、指纹和鞋类证据。在第一阶段,测试了蒸汽过氧化氢(VHP)、γ辐射、干雾、二氧化氯、MODEC MDF-500、Bioxy-S、臭氧和甲醛。当物理证据暴露于除虫前炭疽替代物苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)时,为第2阶段选择了有前景的除虫剂。在第2阶段测试了VHP、γ辐射、干雾、甲醛和二氧化氯。结果表明若干法医分析受到影响。VHP和伽马辐射在不同的实验室使用,在一些法医方案中观察到不一致的结果。进一步调查表明,这些结果可以通过实验室之间污染协议的变化来解释。化学、生物、放射性、核和爆炸(CBRNE)响应小组负责减轻和调查2001年美国邮政局炭疽信件分发等事件。一个考虑因素将是审查受污染的物理证据,以确定责任人。去污剂通常用于灭活或中和化学和/或生物战剂,以便安全处理以前受污染的物体。该项目的目的是确定不同去污剂对物理证据的影响,包括DNA、文件、指纹和鞋子。在第一阶段,测试了蒸汽过氧化氢(VHP)、伽马辐射、干雾、二氧化氯、Modec MDF-500、Bioxy-S、臭氧和甲醛。当物理证据在去污前暴露于炭疽替代品苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)时,为第2阶段选择了有前景的去污剂。在第2阶段测试了HPV、γ辐射、干雾、甲醛和二氧化氯。结果表明,一些法医分析受到影响。VHP和伽马辐射已用于不同的实验室,在某些法医方案中观察到不一致的结果。进一步调查表明,这些结果可能是由于实验室之间污染方案的差异。
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引用次数: 4
Development of environmentally insulted fingermarks on nonporous forensically relevant substrates with conformal columnar thin films 共形柱状薄膜在无孔司法相关基底上的环境侮辱性指纹的开发
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-08-11 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1799658
N. Nagachar, T. Tiedge, A. Lakhtakia, M. N. McCormick, R. Roy
Abstract A systematic study was undertaken on the influence of environmental insult on the efficacy of developing a latent fingermark on a nonporous substrate by the deposition of a conformal nanoscale columnar thin film (CTF) on it. Four warm-weather and one cold-weather environmental conditions were chosen as representative for Pennsylvania. Three durations of environmental insult were selected: a day, seven days, and 30 days. Fingermarks were collected from one male donor and one female donor on five different types of substrates. The evaporant material for the deposition of a CTF on a specific fingermark sample was specifically chosen based on a prior study. Photographs of every fingermark were graded for quality after collection, after enduring the chosen environmental insult for a particular duration, and after CTF development. The results of the study on 750 fingermark samples indicate that environmental insult does not always degrade and can even improve the quality of fingermarks, and CTF deposition thereafter may considerably enhance the insulted fingermarks for visualization.
摘要系统地研究了环境损伤对在无孔基底上沉积共形纳米柱状薄膜(CTF)形成潜在指纹的效果的影响。选择宾夕法尼亚州的四个温暖天气和一个寒冷天气的环境条件作为代表。选择了三种环境损伤持续时间:一天、七天和30天 天。在五种不同类型的基质上从一名男性供体和一名女性供体身上采集指纹。用于在特定指纹样本上沉积CTF的蒸发材料是基于先前的研究专门选择的。每个指纹的照片在收集后、在特定时间内忍受选定的环境侮辱后以及CTF开发后,都会根据质量进行分级。对750个指纹样本的研究结果表明,环境损伤并不总是会退化,甚至可以提高指纹的质量,此后的CTF沉积可以显著增强受损指纹的可视化效果。
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引用次数: 6
Examining growth rates of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis on decomposing porcine remains 研究猪尸体分解后短茎细螺旋藻的生长速度
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1803030
A. Braga, W. Knaap, R. Summerbell
Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine growth rates for the filamentous fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis on decomposing porcine remains in relation to three controlled temperatures. This study was performed by inoculating porcine tissue samples retrieved from the same source. These samples were placed into three controlled environments to examine changes over a month. This study was intended to develop a photographic and quantifiable chronology of fungal growth that can be used as a reference by investigative personnel interested in utilizing mycological evidence in death investigations. Providing this novel information to the inadequately studied discipline of forensic mycology is intended to help establish the credibility of this field. These efforts will aid in interpreting post-mortem intervals for cadavers experiencing fungal growth in controlled indoor environments.
摘要本研究旨在研究3种控制温度下,短杆状真菌在分解猪尸体上的生长速率。本研究是通过接种同一来源的猪组织样本进行的。这些样本被放置在三个受控环境中,以检查一个月内的变化。本研究旨在开发一种真菌生长的摄影和可量化的年表,可作为对在死亡调查中利用真菌学证据感兴趣的调查人员的参考。向法医真菌学这一研究不足的学科提供这一新颖的信息,旨在帮助建立这一领域的可信度。这些努力将有助于解释在受控室内环境中经历真菌生长的尸体的死后间隔。
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引用次数: 0
First observation of burnt vertebrate carrion scavenging by black-billed magpies (Pica hudsonia (Sabine)) highlights the need to evaluate all possible scavengers at a site 首次观察到黑嘴喜鹊(Pica hudsonia (Sabine))啄食烧焦的脊椎动物腐肉,突出了评估一个地点所有可能的食腐动物的必要性
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-05-31 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1756117
Trevor I. Stamper, L. Pharr, G. Anderson, Carleen Gondor, Alex C Dedmon, R. Kimsey
Abstract We describe how an unusual facultative scavenger, the black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia (Sabine)), took advantage of the compromised nature of burnt skin to scavenge porcine remains with extensive, and hitherto unreported, efficiency. Scavenging appears to be minimally reported for this species. We serendipitously made these observations while conducting a workshop on forensic entomology in Missoula, Montana, in 2015. We also illustrate how excluding larger vertebrate scavengers may reveal and highlight the taphonomic effects of smaller facultative scavengers not so excluded. Such observations could be important to forensic investigators in wildlife or homicide investigations of burnt remains.
摘要我们描述了一种不寻常的兼性清除剂,黑嘴喜鹊(Pica hudsonia(Sabine)),如何利用烧伤皮肤的受损特性,以广泛而迄今未报道的效率清除猪的遗骸。这种物种似乎很少有清除的报道。2015年,我们在蒙大拿州米苏拉举办法医昆虫学研讨会时偶然发现了这些发现。我们还说明了将较大的脊椎动物清除剂排除在外可能会揭示和强调未被排除在外的较小的兼性清除剂的taphonomic效应。这些观察结果对野生动物或焚烧遗骸凶杀案的法医调查人员来说可能很重要。
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引用次数: 1
Le transfert différentiel des fibres de coton et de polyester lors d’agressions au couteau 棉花和聚酯纤维在刀攻击时的差异转移
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-05-25 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1767855
Lilian Skokan, Catherine Daigle, A. Tremblay, Cyril Muehlethaler
Abstract In Canada, the knife is amongst the stabbing weapons most frequently used in the commission of violent crimes, particularly homicides. Although under-exploited, the search for fibres resulting from contact between a textile material and a receiver surface can provide relevant information on the activity at their origin. Although cotton-polyester blended textiles are among the most commonly produced worldwide, no research seems to focus on studying the proportions of fibres transferred to the knife blade during such an attack which constitutes an important lack of information for practitioners in the field. This study involved the construction of a stabbing simulation device that performed perforations under controlled parameters (e.g. force, speed and orientation of perforation) with the use of two kitchen knives with straight and serrated blades. Simulations were conducted on a set of four blended textiles to further investigate the transfer of cotton and polyester fibres and the correlation to donor textile characteristics. The transfer mainly lies on the properties of the fibres. Since cotton fibres are shorter, less resistant and less elastic than polyester fibres, they are favoured during transfer and can be found in greater proportion. Finally, the study provides some guidelines, including the addition of a scraping step, for the recovery of fibres from knife blades.
摘要在加拿大,刀是暴力犯罪,特别是凶杀案中最常用的刺伤武器之一。尽管开发不足,但对纺织材料和接收器表面之间接触产生的纤维的搜索可以提供有关其来源处活性的相关信息。尽管棉-聚酯混纺纺织品是世界上最常见的纺织品之一,但似乎没有任何研究集中在研究在这种袭击中转移到刀片上的纤维比例上,这对该领域的从业者来说是一个重要的信息缺乏。这项研究涉及一种刺入模拟装置的构建,该装置在受控参数(如穿孔的力、速度和方向)下使用两把带直刀片和锯齿刀片的菜刀进行穿孔。对一组四种混纺织物进行了模拟,以进一步研究棉花和聚酯纤维的转移以及与供体织物特性的相关性。转移主要取决于纤维的性能。由于棉纤维比聚酯纤维更短、阻力更小、弹性更小,因此在转移过程中,棉纤维更受欢迎,而且比例更大。最后,该研究为从刀片中回收纤维提供了一些指导,包括增加刮擦步骤。
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引用次数: 1
Evidential breath testing for alcohol, Parliament, the science and the courts (Part 2) 酒精呼气证据测试、议会、科学和法院(第二部分)
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1757586
G. Yost
Abstract A previous article in this journal traced the evolution of the law from the first amendment to the Criminal Code related to breath testing for alcohol in 1951 to the Supreme Court of Canada’s decision in November 2012 on the constitutionality of the 2008 Criminal Code amendments that eliminated the “two beer” defence. This article discusses the legal, scientific and parliamentary response to that decision leading up to the 2018 decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on whether maintenance records could constitute evidence that the approved instrument had malfunctioned.
摘要本杂志之前的一篇文章追溯了法律的演变,从1951年与酒精呼气测试有关的《刑法》第一修正案到2012年11月加拿大最高法院关于2008年《刑法》修正案合宪性的裁决,该修正案取消了“两杯啤酒”辩护。这篇文章讨论了法律、科学和议会对该决定的回应,该决定导致加拿大最高法院在2018年就维护记录是否可以构成批准的仪器出现故障的证据作出裁决。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing jury focus and comprehension of expert evidence between adversarial and court-appointed models in Canadian criminal court context 比较在加拿大刑事法庭背景下,对抗性和法院指定模式下陪审团对专家证据的关注和理解
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1748284
Rhonda L. Smith, M. Kannemeyer, Emily Adams, Vinh Phu Nguyen, Ryot Munshaw, Wesley S. Burr
Abstract The present adversarial system is often criticised for not working as well as it should in the area of expert scientific testimony. Yet scientific opinion evidence is an important aspect of present criminal trials. In addition to issues in the provision of expert evidence, triers of fact are challenged to understand complex scientific evidence. Several dynamics are at play that may impact on their ability to focus on and comprehend the science, and alternative models have been suggested to address these issues, including the use of court-appointed experts. This study examines juror focus on the science versus the persona/demeanour of the expert witness between the adversarial and court-appointed models for presentation of scientific evidence. Findings suggest that expert persona/demeanour continues to be a large focus area for jurors, that the CA model may be more resilient for ensuring greater focus on science, and that juror comprehension of science is somewhat better when presented via the court-appointed model. Results inform instruction of experts for giving opinion evidence as well as suggest the prudence of considering other models to improve the criminal justice system. Limitations as to the generalization of study results are discussed.
摘要目前的对抗性制度经常被批评在专家科学证词领域没有发挥应有的作用。然而,科学的意见证据是当前刑事审判的一个重要方面。除了提供专家证据方面的问题外,事实调查者在理解复杂的科学证据方面也面临挑战。一些动态因素可能会影响他们关注和理解科学的能力,已经提出了解决这些问题的替代模型,包括使用法院指定的专家。本研究考察了陪审员对科学的关注与专家证人在对抗性和法庭指定的科学证据出示模式之间的人格/举止。研究结果表明,专家人格/举止仍然是陪审员关注的一个重要领域,CA模型可能更具弹性,可以确保更多地关注科学,陪审员通过法院指定的模型对科学的理解也会更好。研究结果为专家提供意见证据提供了指导,并建议谨慎考虑其他模式以改进刑事司法系统。讨论了研究结果泛化的局限性。
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引用次数: 2
Inhibition of acid phosphatase detection in mixed semen-blood training samples by anti-coagulants present in blood collection tubes 采血管中抗凝血剂对混合精液训练样本酸性磷酸酶检测的抑制作用
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1753277
J. Lau, Jorge Frasca, M.L. Nicholson, N. Laurin
Abstract Acid phosphatase detection using fast blue or fast black reagent is routinely performed at the RCMP National Forensic Laboratory Services as a presumptive test for semen. In training exercises, samples consisting of semen mixed with blood were reported to yield negative results with the fast black reagent. To determine the cause of the inhibition, mixed semen-blood stains were prepared using different blood sources, anti-coagulants, and layering techniques, before being tested with the fast blue or the fast black reagent. The anti-coagulant sodium fluoride (NaF) was shown to cause false negative results with the fast black reagent and to impair detection when using the fast blue reagent while no inhibition was observed when dipotassium EDTA (K2 EDTA) was used as anti-coagulant. Four different toothpastes containing fluoride were also tested for potential inhibition of semen detection. Inhibition was observed when semen was mixed with three of the undiluted toothpastes but not with diluted toothpastes (1 in 20 in water). These findings highlight the importance of using appropriate blood sources when preparing mixed semen-blood stains for the purpose of training and proficiency testing in a forensic laboratory. However, forensic casework samples are not expected to contain NaF at the inhibiting levels.
摘要在加拿大皇家骑警国家法医实验室服务中心,使用快速蓝或快速黑试剂进行酸性磷酸酶检测是精液的推定检测。据报道,在训练练习中,由精液和血液混合而成的样本在使用快速黑色试剂时产生了阴性结果。为了确定抑制的原因,在用快速蓝或快速黑试剂进行测试之前,使用不同的血源、抗凝血剂和分层技术制备混合精液血迹。抗凝剂氟化钠(NaF)在使用快黑试剂时会导致假阴性结果,并且在使用快蓝试剂时会损害检测,而当使用EDTA二钾(K2-EDTA)作为抗凝剂时没有观察到抑制作用。还测试了四种不同的含氟牙膏对精液检测的潜在抑制作用。当精液与三种未稀释的牙膏混合,但不与稀释的牙膏(水中1/20)混合时,观察到抑制作用。这些发现强调了在法医实验室进行培训和能力测试时,在制备混合精液血迹时使用适当的血液来源的重要性。然而,法医案例样本预计不会含有抑制水平的氟化钠。
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引用次数: 0
Forensic epistemology: exploring case-specific research in forensic science 法医认识论:探索法医科学的个案研究
IF 0.4 Q4 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2020.1736811
M. Illes, P. Wilson
Abstract Our inquiry into forensic epistemology explores the use of data types for case-specific research within three pattern interpretation disciplines. It also examines the epistemic status of practitioner case experimentation in forensic science. We developed three cases from different pattern-interpretation disciplines: a friction ridge analysis; a bloodstain pattern analysis; and a footwear impression analysis. For each case, a series of experiments were derived using three different data types: a quantitative approach (using numeric data), a qualitative approach (using image data) and a mixed-method approach (using both numeric and image data). We supplied data analyses that would be common knowledge for any academic researcher. Electronic files were compiled for each case and research method and forwarded by Qualtrics Software to forensic practitioners within the prescribed discipline. Demographic questions on practitioner education level and years of experience were included in the survey, along with open-ended comment areas. The dependent variable is the participants’ percentage confidence in providing an opinion from the data type used. ANOVA analyses indicated that the practitioners were more confident using a mixed-method data approach. No differences were found between the percentage confidence levels and discipline type. Similarly, there was no significant difference between the confidence levels and years of experience or the participants’ education level. The qualitative data analysis validated the quantitative results in that the practitioners were more confident with a mixed-method research approach.
摘要:我们对法医认识论的调查探讨了在三种模式解释学科中使用数据类型进行具体案例研究。它还考察了执业案例实验在法医学中的认识论地位。我们从不同的模式解释学科发展了三个案例:摩擦脊分析;血迹模式分析;还有鞋印分析。对于每种情况,使用三种不同的数据类型推导了一系列实验:定量方法(使用数字数据),定性方法(使用图像数据)和混合方法(同时使用数字和图像数据)。我们提供的数据分析对于任何学术研究者来说都是常识。为每个案件和研究方法编制电子文件,并由Qualtrics Software转发给规定学科内的法医执业人员。关于从业者教育水平和从业经验的人口统计问题包括在调查中,以及开放式评论区。因变量是参与者根据所使用的数据类型提供意见的信心百分比。方差分析表明,从业者更有信心使用混合方法的数据方法。在百分比置信水平和学科类型之间没有发现差异。同样,信心水平与工作年限或受教育程度之间也没有显著差异。定性数据分析验证了定量结果,因为从业者对混合方法研究方法更有信心。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal
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