s. Akpo traditional people worship God directly through a special ritual called Aja-eze bi n’ elu sacrifice of the God/King that lives in heaven. The research aims to investigate traditional worship systems among Akpo people of Anambra state Nigeria, and also examines the religious-cultural implications of traditional worship of people. The study shows that Akpo people believe in the worship of divinities, such as the sun god which is active and assists the major deity in sending the worshipers’ request to God. Other deities worshiped in Akpo include: Ala, Ancestors etc. The study adopts a qualitative phenomenological research design and descriptive method for data analysis. Personal interviews form a primary source of data collection while the secondary source includes library resources. The findings reveal that the objects of traditional worship of these deities and divinities include image status, amulet, palm fronds etc., and the traditional system of worship in Akpo also include sacrifice and offerings, pouring of libation, traditional sermon etc. aimed at establishing the co-existence between the supreme being and man. The research recommends among other things, that traditional mode of worship should be integrated into the Christian ways of worship for easy answering of prayer by the gods/God.
5 .阿克布族的传统人通过一种特殊的仪式来直接崇拜上帝，这种仪式被称为Aja-eze bi n ' elu，用来祭祀住在天堂的上帝/国王。本研究旨在调查尼日利亚阿南布拉州Akpo人的传统崇拜系统，并考察传统崇拜的宗教文化含义。研究表明，阿克坡人信奉对神的崇拜，如太阳神，太阳神是活跃的，帮助主神将崇拜者的请求发送给上帝。阿克坡的其他神灵包括:阿拉、祖先等。本研究采用定性现象学的研究设计和描述性的数据分析方法。个人访谈是数据收集的主要来源，而图书馆资源是次要来源。研究发现，这些神祇的传统崇拜对象包括像位、护身符、棕榈叶等，阿克泊的传统崇拜体系还包括祭祀、供奉、浇酒、传统讲道等，旨在建立至高神与人的共存关系。除其他事项外，该研究建议，传统的崇拜模式应该融入基督教的崇拜方式，以便神/上帝更容易回应祈祷。
{"title":"CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF TRADITIONAL WORSHIP SYSTEMS AMONG IGBO PEOPLE OF NIGERIA: STUDY OF AKPO COMMUNITY","authors":"E. Anizoba, A. O. Onyeume","doi":"10.3176/TR.2021.1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/TR.2021.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"s. Akpo traditional people worship God directly through a special ritual called Aja-eze bi n’ elu sacrifice of the God/King that lives in heaven. The research aims to investigate traditional worship systems among Akpo people of Anambra state Nigeria, and also examines the religious-cultural implications of traditional worship of people. The study shows that Akpo people believe in the worship of divinities, such as the sun god which is active and assists the major deity in sending the worshipers’ request to God. Other deities worshiped in Akpo include: Ala, Ancestors etc. The study adopts a qualitative phenomenological research design and descriptive method for data analysis. Personal interviews form a primary source of data collection while the secondary source includes library resources. The findings reveal that the objects of traditional worship of these deities and divinities include image status, amulet, palm fronds etc., and the traditional system of worship in Akpo also include sacrifice and offerings, pouring of libation, traditional sermon etc. aimed at establishing the co-existence between the supreme being and man. The research recommends among other things, that traditional mode of worship should be integrated into the Christian ways of worship for easy answering of prayer by the gods/God.","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83706131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are problems with the recruitment and retention of teachers in many countries. Several factors in the environment can influence these decisions. The current study compared factors that motivated Estonian and Finnish student teachers in their career choice, including perceptions about teaching work. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed on a sample of 718 Estonian and 322 Finnish students and measurement invariances were tested. The results with latent means comparison revealed six significant differences between the countries in terms of motivational factors; Estonian respondents gave higher ratings for all of them. As for perceptions, satisfaction with choice, status and salary were rated higher by Finnish student teachers, while expertise, social dissuasion and difficulty of the work were rated higher by Estonian students.
{"title":"WHY THEY CHOOSE A TEACHING CAREER? FACTORS MOTIVATING CAREER CHOICE AMONG ESTONIAN AND FINNISH STUDENT TEACHERS","authors":"R. Kantelinen, J. Kukkonen, P. Luik, M. Taimalu","doi":"10.3176/TR.2021.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/TR.2021.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"There are problems with the recruitment and retention of teachers in many countries. Several factors in the environment can influence these decisions. The current study compared factors that motivated Estonian and Finnish student teachers in their career choice, including perceptions about teaching work. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed on a sample of 718 Estonian and 322 Finnish students and measurement invariances were tested. The results with latent means comparison revealed six significant differences between the countries in terms of motivational factors; Estonian respondents gave higher ratings for all of them. As for perceptions, satisfaction with choice, status and salary were rated higher by Finnish student teachers, while expertise, social dissuasion and difficulty of the work were rated higher by Estonian students.","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"509 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76402946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The intensive controversy on Chinese historical phonology: refutation OF the liquid medial for division-2 in Old Chinese","authors":"J. Gao","doi":"10.3176/TR.2021.1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/TR.2021.1.07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"90 1","pages":"101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85024708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Biletska, A. Bratko, Y. Ivashkov, D. Kupriyenko, O. Rybshchun, V. Torichnyi
On the basis of analytical investigations, the current article has carried out an analysis of information and propaganda component of the Russian Federation hybrid aggression against Ukraine at the present historical stage. The key components of Russia’s ‘information weapon’ have been identified, and it has been emphasized that Russia’s information and propaganda campaign over the past decades has targeted both the specific states of its aggression and the entire consortium of developed democratic countries in the Western world, especially their major associations – the EU and NATO. The experience of a number of countries, in particular Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, in counteracting Russian propaganda has been investigated.
{"title":"INFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA COMPONENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION HYBRID AGGRESSION: CONCLUSIONS FOR DEVELOPED DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES ON THE EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE","authors":"T. Biletska, A. Bratko, Y. Ivashkov, D. Kupriyenko, O. Rybshchun, V. Torichnyi","doi":"10.3176/tr.2021.3.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2021.3.06","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of analytical investigations, the current article has carried out an analysis of information and propaganda component of the Russian Federation hybrid aggression against Ukraine at the present historical stage. The key components of Russia’s ‘information weapon’ have been identified, and it has been emphasized that Russia’s information and propaganda campaign over the past decades has targeted both the specific states of its aggression and the entire consortium of developed democratic countries in the Western world, especially their major associations – the EU and NATO. The experience of a number of countries, in particular Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, in counteracting Russian propaganda has been investigated.","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73488202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Aro, C. G. Chidume, I. N. Enwo–Irem, O. Eze, F. Nwankwo, C. N. Oko-Out
The rise, fall and expansion of most kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa were credited to the activities of warfare. To sustain war efforts, various societies and warlords in pre-colonial Africa evolved unique military complexes, strategies and tactics, which they deployed during war times. The blacksmith was the fulcrum of pre-colonial war armory and strategy. The knowledge of iron metallurgy was the exclusive domain of the blacksmith. The knowledge of metallurgy made the blacksmith indispensable in actual execution of wars, hence he fashioned the weapon, went with the army to the battlefield to ensure adequate supply of weapons and repair of worn-out weapons for the reinforcement of the armies in the battleground. All these functions combined, made the blacksmiths an invaluable party in the preparation and actual execution of wars in pre-colonial Africa.
{"title":"WARFARE IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA: AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF AFRICAN BLACKSMITHS","authors":"G. Aro, C. G. Chidume, I. N. Enwo–Irem, O. Eze, F. Nwankwo, C. N. Oko-Out","doi":"10.3176/TR.2021.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/TR.2021.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"The rise, fall and expansion of most kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa were credited to the activities of warfare. To sustain war efforts, various societies and warlords in pre-colonial Africa evolved unique military complexes, strategies and tactics, which they deployed during war times. The blacksmith was the fulcrum of pre-colonial war armory and strategy. The knowledge of iron metallurgy was the exclusive domain of the blacksmith. The knowledge of metallurgy made the blacksmith indispensable in actual execution of wars, hence he fashioned the weapon, went with the army to the battlefield to ensure adequate supply of weapons and repair of worn-out weapons for the reinforcement of the armies in the battleground. All these functions combined, made the blacksmiths an invaluable party in the preparation and actual execution of wars in pre-colonial Africa.","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74614825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"HOW PEOPLE [TRY TO] DETECT LIES IN EVERYDAY LIFE","authors":"C. Herrero, N. Sanchez","doi":"10.3176/tr.2021.4.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2021.4.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88099971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. With the signing of several lucrative deals on oil, gas, currency, and other bilateral and multilateral arrangements, Sino-Russian relations over the last three decades have reached unprecedented levels. However, as China begins to translate its economic influence in Central Asia into political one, Russia started feeling uneasy about losing its traditional sphere of influence in its ‘Near-Abroad.’ After the unveiling of ‘One Belt One Road’ (OBOR) initiative in 2013, President Putin, a year later, announced the ‘Eurasian Economic Union’ (EAEU). This was a calculated geopolitical decision on the part of Russia to rescue Central Asia from falling entirely in the Chinese sphere of influence. Against this backdrop, the regional order invites a deep sense of mistrust because there is a lack of realization on the part of both states as to where one’s limits end and the other’s begin. In the light of these developments, this study endeavors to address the question that why is Russia allowing China to expand its influence in Central Asia despite the growing economic asymmetry between them and what are the areas of convergence and divergence between them? The study hypothesizes that China and Russia have adopted the policy of competitive collaboration – cooperation where there exists convergence and competition when it comes to divergence of interests – in Central Asia.
{"title":"SINO-RUSSIAN COMPETITIVE COLLABORATION FOR THE CENTRAL ASIAN SPHERE OF INFLUENCE","authors":"Muhammad Nadeem Mirza, Shaukat Ayub","doi":"10.3176/tr.2021.4.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2021.4.04","url":null,"abstract":". With the signing of several lucrative deals on oil, gas, currency, and other bilateral and multilateral arrangements, Sino-Russian relations over the last three decades have reached unprecedented levels. However, as China begins to translate its economic influence in Central Asia into political one, Russia started feeling uneasy about losing its traditional sphere of influence in its ‘Near-Abroad.’ After the unveiling of ‘One Belt One Road’ (OBOR) initiative in 2013, President Putin, a year later, announced the ‘Eurasian Economic Union’ (EAEU). This was a calculated geopolitical decision on the part of Russia to rescue Central Asia from falling entirely in the Chinese sphere of influence. Against this backdrop, the regional order invites a deep sense of mistrust because there is a lack of realization on the part of both states as to where one’s limits end and the other’s begin. In the light of these developments, this study endeavors to address the question that why is Russia allowing China to expand its influence in Central Asia despite the growing economic asymmetry between them and what are the areas of convergence and divergence between them? The study hypothesizes that China and Russia have adopted the policy of competitive collaboration – cooperation where there exists convergence and competition when it comes to divergence of interests – in Central Asia.","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89750216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IRAN AND SAUDI ARABIA CIVILIO-THEO-ZATION CLASH: REFORMULATING REGIONAL STRATEGIES FOLLOWING THE ARAB SPRING","authors":"R. Cohen, K. Hitman","doi":"10.3176/TR.2021.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/TR.2021.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85792509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The regional government of the autonomous region of Catalonia and the central government of Spain have started a public conflict in recent years. The situation, originally domestic, has spread internationally in an effort of the regional government to attract external support to their political claims. The EU has become the object of desire of both contenders seeking international legitimacy for their actions. The current research aims to clarify the three-way relations and tries to establish the truth about the different positions held in this
{"title":"CATALONIA, SPAIN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION: A QUEST FOR LEGITIMACY","authors":"T. Kerikmäe, D. Troitino","doi":"10.3176/TR.2021.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/TR.2021.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"The regional government of the autonomous region of Catalonia and the central government of Spain have started a public conflict in recent years. The situation, originally domestic, has spread internationally in an effort of the regional government to attract external support to their political claims. The EU has become the object of desire of both contenders seeking international legitimacy for their actions. The current research aims to clarify the three-way relations and tries to establish the truth about the different positions held in this","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"17 4 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78204326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IS GREEN MARKETING AN OXYMORON? A HOLISTIC VIEWPOINT","authors":"J. Izagirre-Olaizola","doi":"10.3176/tr.2021.3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2021.3.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73385188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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