Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-08-2020-0056
Fadil Sahiti
Purpose - This paper investigates institutional quality and its impact on entrepreneurship activities in a less-developed economy. The unifying characteristic of government policies in less-developed contexts is that, often, the primary focus of policy makers is not entrepreneurs and, especially, not the impact of these intuitions on entrepreneurs. This paper aims to show that this impact can be considerable. The author investigates political and macroeconomic institutions and regulations, human capital and skills development and access to finance. Design/methodology/approach - This paper investigates institutions that have major impact on entrepreneurship activities in a less-developed economy. The data used for the analysis is focused on Kosovan entrepreneurship, but the findings are presented in the wider context of economies. The aim of the investigation in this study is to identify whether certain regulations and institutions in different countries affect the level of entrepreneurship activity. In addition, the purpose is to identify similarities and differences among entrepreneurship patterns in diverse economic and institutional settings and to capture this diversity within a common framework. Most of institutions that are subject of analysis belong to one of the following dimensions: political, legal and regulatory institutions, educational institutions geared towards entrepreneurship and the quality of the financial system (e.g. cost of and access to finance). What the empirical results in this paper show is that the impact of such institutions on entrepreneurship can be considerable. The more conducive and qualitative the country’s institutional conditions are, the higher the likely levels of entrepreneurship and vice versa. Findings - The results of the investigation suggest that compared to the reference countries, entrepreneurship in Kosovo is subject to numerous constraints. However, they suggest, also, that the most binding of these are related to institutional quality, followed by the cost of finance and human capital limitations. Originality/value - There are few studies in the entrepreneurship literature that use data at the country level, a level that provides a considerable level of precision on the quest to understand what propels and constraints entrepreneurial activity. Given the scarcity of studies at the country level, this study aims to contribute in three ways. First, it aims to advance our discussion of how institutions can rightfully support business creation and retention in a less-developed economy. Second contribution is empirical. Entrepreneurship research rarely incorporates the analysis of several cohorts of firm entrants and exits from a developing and relatively young economy, which, so far, has received little research attention. Third, this analysis contributes to the development of a comparative methodology to measure entrepreneurship activities from an international perspective. The findings obtained for a
{"title":"Institutions and entrepreneurial activity: a comparative analysis of Kosovo and other economies","authors":"Fadil Sahiti","doi":"10.1108/JEPP-08-2020-0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-08-2020-0056","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose - This paper investigates institutional quality and its impact on entrepreneurship activities in a less-developed economy. The unifying characteristic of government policies in less-developed contexts is that, often, the primary focus of policy makers is not entrepreneurs and, especially, not the impact of these intuitions on entrepreneurs. This paper aims to show that this impact can be considerable. The author investigates political and macroeconomic institutions and regulations, human capital and skills development and access to finance. Design/methodology/approach - This paper investigates institutions that have major impact on entrepreneurship activities in a less-developed economy. The data used for the analysis is focused on Kosovan entrepreneurship, but the findings are presented in the wider context of economies. The aim of the investigation in this study is to identify whether certain regulations and institutions in different countries affect the level of entrepreneurship activity. In addition, the purpose is to identify similarities and differences among entrepreneurship patterns in diverse economic and institutional settings and to capture this diversity within a common framework. Most of institutions that are subject of analysis belong to one of the following dimensions: political, legal and regulatory institutions, educational institutions geared towards entrepreneurship and the quality of the financial system (e.g. cost of and access to finance). What the empirical results in this paper show is that the impact of such institutions on entrepreneurship can be considerable. The more conducive and qualitative the country’s institutional conditions are, the higher the likely levels of entrepreneurship and vice versa. Findings - The results of the investigation suggest that compared to the reference countries, entrepreneurship in Kosovo is subject to numerous constraints. However, they suggest, also, that the most binding of these are related to institutional quality, followed by the cost of finance and human capital limitations. Originality/value - There are few studies in the entrepreneurship literature that use data at the country level, a level that provides a considerable level of precision on the quest to understand what propels and constraints entrepreneurial activity. Given the scarcity of studies at the country level, this study aims to contribute in three ways. First, it aims to advance our discussion of how institutions can rightfully support business creation and retention in a less-developed economy. Second contribution is empirical. Entrepreneurship research rarely incorporates the analysis of several cohorts of firm entrants and exits from a developing and relatively young economy, which, so far, has received little research attention. Third, this analysis contributes to the development of a comparative methodology to measure entrepreneurship activities from an international perspective. The findings obtained for a","PeriodicalId":44503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46121282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-08-2020-0060
J. Bloh
PurposeEntrepreneurial Ecosystems (EES) is among the fastest growing entrepreneurship research topics. With even greater vigour, the non-scientific world of economic development agencies, administrations and policymakers has adopted the construct and applies it widely “in the field”, often lacking a solid empirical foundation and pursuing sub-optimal approaches. Improving policy instruments for EES development requires a data driven approach to first understand an EES of a specific region before making any attempts to change it. The paper showcases an empirical approach to create empirically rooted EES policy implications, contributing to closing the gap for insight in regional EES data of sub-national regions.Design/methodology/approachExploring a mixed method design, utilising quantitative Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data and combining it with EES stakeholder interviews, focusing on dysfunctions, redundancies, power asymmetries and cut off elements as well as in-layer division and public organisation behaviour.FindingsOne finding is, that regional economic development agencies (EDA), as a main public instrument to foster regional entrepreneurial activity, seem to bring the potential of a negative impact on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems bottom-up development and the ability to become self-sustained if they assume the role of competitors towards private organisations and businesses.Research limitations/implicationsAs other work on EES, the approach used in this paper only sub-optimally covers temporal system dynamics.Practical implicationsThis paper contributes to future EES support policies being rooted in an empirical foundation.Originality/valueThis paper not only progresses the empirical basis for research on regional EES but also lays the foundation for specific policy implications for a sub-national level entrepreneurial ecosystem.
{"title":"The road to evidence based applicable policies for regional entrepreneurial ecosystems","authors":"J. Bloh","doi":"10.1108/JEPP-08-2020-0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-08-2020-0060","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeEntrepreneurial Ecosystems (EES) is among the fastest growing entrepreneurship research topics. With even greater vigour, the non-scientific world of economic development agencies, administrations and policymakers has adopted the construct and applies it widely “in the field”, often lacking a solid empirical foundation and pursuing sub-optimal approaches. Improving policy instruments for EES development requires a data driven approach to first understand an EES of a specific region before making any attempts to change it. The paper showcases an empirical approach to create empirically rooted EES policy implications, contributing to closing the gap for insight in regional EES data of sub-national regions.Design/methodology/approachExploring a mixed method design, utilising quantitative Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data and combining it with EES stakeholder interviews, focusing on dysfunctions, redundancies, power asymmetries and cut off elements as well as in-layer division and public organisation behaviour.FindingsOne finding is, that regional economic development agencies (EDA), as a main public instrument to foster regional entrepreneurial activity, seem to bring the potential of a negative impact on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems bottom-up development and the ability to become self-sustained if they assume the role of competitors towards private organisations and businesses.Research limitations/implicationsAs other work on EES, the approach used in this paper only sub-optimally covers temporal system dynamics.Practical implicationsThis paper contributes to future EES support policies being rooted in an empirical foundation.Originality/valueThis paper not only progresses the empirical basis for research on regional EES but also lays the foundation for specific policy implications for a sub-national level entrepreneurial ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":44503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48212815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-04DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-09-2020-0071
K. Briggs
Purpose - This paper examines the relationship between the originality of a pharmaceutical innovation and its patent quality. Greater patent quality has been shown in the extant literature to enhance market value, which better enables firms to recoup research and development (R&D) expenditures incurred during the innovation process. Understanding how originality improves patent quality can assist policymakers, when determining the optimal length of pharmaceutical patent protection and/or market exclusivity. Design/methodology/approach - The relationship between originality and patent quality is empirically investigated using a tobit, as well as a zero-inflated negative binomial, estimation approach to account for prevalence of patents receiving zero forward citations. Moderating effects of joint innovation, innovation by a university researcher and innovation by an established innovator on originality are also considered. Findings - There is a robust and positive relationship between patent originality and quality in the pharmaceutical sector. This relationship is positively moderated by joint patent ownership with a university. As such, innovators that target originality in new drug development (especially those collaborating with universities) should, according to extant literature, see greater increases in their market value. Originality/value - Policymakers can use information on the originality of a new drug to discern the optimal length of market exclusivity needed to enable the innovator to recoup expenditures related to R&D. Better predictions of the timing for which firms can recoup R&D expenditures will equip policymakers with knowledge about the appropriate timing to introduce competition into the market, which is critical to reducing the price of pharmaceuticals to consumers.
{"title":"Prescribing originality: investigating the impact of original knowledge on patent quality in the pharmaceutical sector","authors":"K. Briggs","doi":"10.1108/JEPP-09-2020-0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-09-2020-0071","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose - This paper examines the relationship between the originality of a pharmaceutical innovation and its patent quality. Greater patent quality has been shown in the extant literature to enhance market value, which better enables firms to recoup research and development (R&D) expenditures incurred during the innovation process. Understanding how originality improves patent quality can assist policymakers, when determining the optimal length of pharmaceutical patent protection and/or market exclusivity. Design/methodology/approach - The relationship between originality and patent quality is empirically investigated using a tobit, as well as a zero-inflated negative binomial, estimation approach to account for prevalence of patents receiving zero forward citations. Moderating effects of joint innovation, innovation by a university researcher and innovation by an established innovator on originality are also considered. Findings - There is a robust and positive relationship between patent originality and quality in the pharmaceutical sector. This relationship is positively moderated by joint patent ownership with a university. As such, innovators that target originality in new drug development (especially those collaborating with universities) should, according to extant literature, see greater increases in their market value. Originality/value - Policymakers can use information on the originality of a new drug to discern the optimal length of market exclusivity needed to enable the innovator to recoup expenditures related to R&D. Better predictions of the timing for which firms can recoup R&D expenditures will equip policymakers with knowledge about the appropriate timing to introduce competition into the market, which is critical to reducing the price of pharmaceuticals to consumers.","PeriodicalId":44503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44122590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-10DOI: 10.1108/jepp-09-2020-0073
Dina Nziku, C. Henry
PurposeWhile the topic of women's entrepreneurship continues to grow in academic appeal, the policy aspect is one that has received limited scholarly attention, especially in the context of developing countries. To address this gap in scholarship, the purpose of this paper aims to critically explore women's entrepreneurship policy in Tanzania. The research question asks: How are policies designed to encourage and support entrepreneurship in Tanzania gendered, and how might such policies be (re)designed so that they are more relevant to women entrepreneurs in the Tanzanian context? The authors contribute to extant scholarship by: drawing attention to the particular context for women's entrepreneurship in Tanzania; identifying gender biases inherent in current entrepreneurship policies; offering some recommendations for policymakers and identifying areas worthy of future research attention in this area.Design/methodology/approachThe study builds on the Global Women's Enterprise Policy project. The authors apply an adapted reading guide technique to analyse and critique relevant entrepreneurship policy documents in Tanzania. The reading guide examines the category and type of document being analysed, key themes, content, language and imagery, as well as the key policy recommendations being offered and their relevance to women's entrepreneurship in Tanzania and the wider sub-Saharan African region. Completed reading guide templates are then coded and collated into an excel spreadsheet. Findings are discussed and critiqued within a regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive framework.FindingsThe study provides rich and valuable insights into the unique context for women's entrepreneurship in Tanzania, shedding new light on how women's entrepreneurship is supported in a particular region of sub-Saharan Africa. Findings reveal that while current policy acknowledges the important role women play in their communities, especially in terms of their contribution to labour, it is geared more towards small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development than entrepreneurship; this is despite the fact that entrepreneurship is identified as a means to address sustainable development challenges (notably unemployment and poverty) and expand opportunities for socially disadvantaged groups, especially women. Existing policy is essentially “context neutral” and hence relatively ineffective; the gender focus is lacking and there is a failure to take account of the specific context in which Tanzanian women entrepreneurs have to operate. The authors argue for policies designed to support women's entrepreneurship to be formalised and contextualised in their specific geographical and cultural setting. The “institutional pillars” framework allows us to identify areas where contextualisation of women's entrepreneurship policies could be enhanced.Practical implicationsThe study implies that, to be effective, policies designed to support women's entrepreneurship need to be fo
{"title":"Policies for supporting women entrepreneurs in developing countries: the case of Tanzania","authors":"Dina Nziku, C. Henry","doi":"10.1108/jepp-09-2020-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jepp-09-2020-0073","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeWhile the topic of women's entrepreneurship continues to grow in academic appeal, the policy aspect is one that has received limited scholarly attention, especially in the context of developing countries. To address this gap in scholarship, the purpose of this paper aims to critically explore women's entrepreneurship policy in Tanzania. The research question asks: How are policies designed to encourage and support entrepreneurship in Tanzania gendered, and how might such policies be (re)designed so that they are more relevant to women entrepreneurs in the Tanzanian context? The authors contribute to extant scholarship by: drawing attention to the particular context for women's entrepreneurship in Tanzania; identifying gender biases inherent in current entrepreneurship policies; offering some recommendations for policymakers and identifying areas worthy of future research attention in this area.Design/methodology/approachThe study builds on the Global Women's Enterprise Policy project. The authors apply an adapted reading guide technique to analyse and critique relevant entrepreneurship policy documents in Tanzania. The reading guide examines the category and type of document being analysed, key themes, content, language and imagery, as well as the key policy recommendations being offered and their relevance to women's entrepreneurship in Tanzania and the wider sub-Saharan African region. Completed reading guide templates are then coded and collated into an excel spreadsheet. Findings are discussed and critiqued within a regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive framework.FindingsThe study provides rich and valuable insights into the unique context for women's entrepreneurship in Tanzania, shedding new light on how women's entrepreneurship is supported in a particular region of sub-Saharan Africa. Findings reveal that while current policy acknowledges the important role women play in their communities, especially in terms of their contribution to labour, it is geared more towards small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development than entrepreneurship; this is despite the fact that entrepreneurship is identified as a means to address sustainable development challenges (notably unemployment and poverty) and expand opportunities for socially disadvantaged groups, especially women. Existing policy is essentially “context neutral” and hence relatively ineffective; the gender focus is lacking and there is a failure to take account of the specific context in which Tanzanian women entrepreneurs have to operate. The authors argue for policies designed to support women's entrepreneurship to be formalised and contextualised in their specific geographical and cultural setting. The “institutional pillars” framework allows us to identify areas where contextualisation of women's entrepreneurship policies could be enhanced.Practical implicationsThe study implies that, to be effective, policies designed to support women's entrepreneurship need to be fo","PeriodicalId":44503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/jepp-09-2020-0073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46474577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1108/jepp-03-2019-0009
Nick Cowen, Rachela Colosi
Purpose
The purpose is to assess the impact of online platforms on the sex industry, focusing specifically on direct sex work, and evaluate what approaches to platform regulation is likely to align with the interests of sex workers.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper presents a review of interdisciplinary conceptual and empirical literature on sex work combined with analysis of key issues using a transaction cost framework.
Findings
Online platforms generally make sex work safer. Regulation aimed at preventing platforms from serving sex workers is likely to harm their welfare.
Research limitations/implications
Regulation of online platforms should take great care to differentiate coercive sex from consensual sex work, and allow sex workers to experiment with governance mechanisms provided by entrepreneurs.
Originality/value
The paper demonstrates how a transactions costs approach to market behaviour as applied to personal services like ridesharing can also shed light on the challenges that sex workers face, partly as a result of criminalisation, and the dangers of over-regulation.
{"title":"Sex work and online platforms: what should regulation do?","authors":"Nick Cowen, Rachela Colosi","doi":"10.1108/jepp-03-2019-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jepp-03-2019-0009","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Purpose</h3>\u0000<p>The purpose is to assess the impact of online platforms on the sex industry, focusing specifically on direct sex work, and evaluate what approaches to platform regulation is likely to align with the interests of sex workers.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Design/methodology/approach</h3>\u0000<p>The paper presents a review of interdisciplinary conceptual and empirical literature on sex work combined with analysis of key issues using a transaction cost framework.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Findings</h3>\u0000<p>Online platforms generally make sex work safer. Regulation aimed at preventing platforms from serving sex workers is likely to harm their welfare.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Research limitations/implications</h3>\u0000<p>Regulation of online platforms should take great care to differentiate coercive sex from consensual sex work, and allow sex workers to experiment with governance mechanisms provided by entrepreneurs.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->\u0000<h3>Originality/value</h3>\u0000<p>The paper demonstrates how a transactions costs approach to market behaviour as applied to personal services like ridesharing can also shed light on the challenges that sex workers face, partly as a result of criminalisation, and the dangers of over-regulation.</p><!--/ Abstract__block -->","PeriodicalId":44503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138514598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1108/jepp-06-2020-0033
Arezou Harraf, H. Ghura, A. Hamdan, Xiaoqing Li
PurposeThe paper aims to analyse the interplay between formal and informal institutions' and their impact on entrepreneurship rates in emerging economies.Design/methodology/approachThis study expands previous research in examining the moderating effect of control of corruption on the relationship between formal institutions and the development of the entrepreneurial activity. The study utilizes longitudinal analyses of a dataset from 41 emerging economies over 11 years (2006–2016).FindingsFindings provided robust support for the study's hypotheses. The results suggested lower levels of corruption positively moderate the effects of a country's number of procedures and education and training on the rates of entrepreneurial activity, while negatively moderating the effects of firm-level technology absorption on the rates of entrepreneurial activity.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has considered only one particular aspect of high-growth entrepreneurship, which is newly registered firms with limited liability. Although newly registered firms are recognized as one of the critical drivers of entrepreneurial activity. Future research should seek to examine other aspects of growth-oriented entrepreneurship such as activities involving a high level of innovation, corporate entrepreneurship or technology developments.Practical implicationsThis study advanced the existing theories in the field of entrepreneurship and institutional economics as it merged the two theories as a driving framework in the design of the study in the context of emerging economies.Social implicationsThe study tested a theoretical model by expanding the number of emerging economies in the study and found comparable findings that explain factors that may influence the likelihood of individuals entering entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThis article adds to the current literature as it highlights the importance of the interplay of formal and informal institutions in determining their impact on entrepreneurship rates in emerging economies. This is of particular importance to policy-makers, and the business world as the empirical results of this study show the benefits of control of corruption in boosting entrepreneurial rates in these economies, which strive for economic diversification in their developmental endeavours.
{"title":"Formal institutions and the development of entrepreneurial activity – the contingent role of corruption in emerging economies","authors":"Arezou Harraf, H. Ghura, A. Hamdan, Xiaoqing Li","doi":"10.1108/jepp-06-2020-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jepp-06-2020-0033","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe paper aims to analyse the interplay between formal and informal institutions' and their impact on entrepreneurship rates in emerging economies.Design/methodology/approachThis study expands previous research in examining the moderating effect of control of corruption on the relationship between formal institutions and the development of the entrepreneurial activity. The study utilizes longitudinal analyses of a dataset from 41 emerging economies over 11 years (2006–2016).FindingsFindings provided robust support for the study's hypotheses. The results suggested lower levels of corruption positively moderate the effects of a country's number of procedures and education and training on the rates of entrepreneurial activity, while negatively moderating the effects of firm-level technology absorption on the rates of entrepreneurial activity.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has considered only one particular aspect of high-growth entrepreneurship, which is newly registered firms with limited liability. Although newly registered firms are recognized as one of the critical drivers of entrepreneurial activity. Future research should seek to examine other aspects of growth-oriented entrepreneurship such as activities involving a high level of innovation, corporate entrepreneurship or technology developments.Practical implicationsThis study advanced the existing theories in the field of entrepreneurship and institutional economics as it merged the two theories as a driving framework in the design of the study in the context of emerging economies.Social implicationsThe study tested a theoretical model by expanding the number of emerging economies in the study and found comparable findings that explain factors that may influence the likelihood of individuals entering entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThis article adds to the current literature as it highlights the importance of the interplay of formal and informal institutions in determining their impact on entrepreneurship rates in emerging economies. This is of particular importance to policy-makers, and the business world as the empirical results of this study show the benefits of control of corruption in boosting entrepreneurial rates in these economies, which strive for economic diversification in their developmental endeavours.","PeriodicalId":44503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/jepp-06-2020-0033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48718793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-27DOI: 10.1108/jepp-06-2020-0034
D. Deyo, Blake Hoarty, Conor Norris, E. Timmons
PurposeThis study aims to analyze the trends for crime and STDs after the passage of massage therapist licensing. In 1977, Texas passed a law permitting county-level licensing laws for massage therapists, which was soon followed by a statewide licensing requirement in 1985. This early massage therapy law was upheld by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Massage therapy licensing is commonly associated with preventing crime, specifically prostitution. However, massage parlors also represent an opportunity for entrepreneurs starting businesses, who face significant barriers to entry across the USA.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analyze the effect of state- and city-level licensing of massage therapists on crime and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases using data from the FBI Uniform Crime Reports from 1985–2013 and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 1993-2015.FindingsThe authors find that state- and city-level licensing of massage therapists was not associated with preventing crimes related to prostitution or reducing sexually transmitted diseases. This analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that relaxing the stringency of massage therapist licensing would not lead to increases in crime or additional spread of disease while likely encouraging entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first to examine the effects of city-level licensing on health and safety of consumers.
{"title":"Licensing massage therapists in the name of crime: the case of Harper v Lindsay","authors":"D. Deyo, Blake Hoarty, Conor Norris, E. Timmons","doi":"10.1108/jepp-06-2020-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jepp-06-2020-0034","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis study aims to analyze the trends for crime and STDs after the passage of massage therapist licensing. In 1977, Texas passed a law permitting county-level licensing laws for massage therapists, which was soon followed by a statewide licensing requirement in 1985. This early massage therapy law was upheld by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Massage therapy licensing is commonly associated with preventing crime, specifically prostitution. However, massage parlors also represent an opportunity for entrepreneurs starting businesses, who face significant barriers to entry across the USA.Design/methodology/approachThe authors analyze the effect of state- and city-level licensing of massage therapists on crime and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases using data from the FBI Uniform Crime Reports from 1985–2013 and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 1993-2015.FindingsThe authors find that state- and city-level licensing of massage therapists was not associated with preventing crimes related to prostitution or reducing sexually transmitted diseases. This analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that relaxing the stringency of massage therapist licensing would not lead to increases in crime or additional spread of disease while likely encouraging entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first to examine the effects of city-level licensing on health and safety of consumers.","PeriodicalId":44503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/jepp-06-2020-0034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45181734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-02DOI: 10.1108/jepp-10-2019-0087
Indu Khurana, Dmitriy Krichevskiy, G. Dempster, Sean Stimpson
PurposeThis paper aims to examine how economic freedom impacts the initial choice of legal structure for startup firms. The authors do this by first exploring whether economic freedom is an essential determinant of the initial legal form of organization (LFO). The authors then explore the impact of economic freedom on firms' choice of changing their initial legal structure over time and how this change impacts their survival rate.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ a multinomial logistic regression model to measure the initial determinants of LFO by utilizing an eight-year panel data set of 4,928 startups in the USA through the Kauffman firm survey and merge it with the Economic Freedom in North American index from the Fraser Institute. The authors then employ a logistic regression model to examine the determinants facilitating a change in legal structure over time.FindingsThe results show that economic freedom is a significant determinant in the choice of legal structure. The findings also report that the majority of startups do not change their legal form, but of those that do change the legal structure show a higher survival rate.Research limitations/implicationsMajor limitations are the size of the data and the nature of somewhat limited economic freedom differences with the USA. More nuanced measures of economic freedom would be highly desirable.Practical implicationsPolicymakers should take note that limited red tape, smoothly working labor markets and straightforward processes for changes of legal structures of organizations would improve survival and growth odds for entrepreneurs.Originality/valueDrawing on the theory of institutions, the authors attempt to bridge a gap in the literature by explicitly analyzing the determinants of the legal structure in startups in light of economic freedom. Institutional factors do not work in isolation; therefore, the authors also employ traditional entrepreneur-specific variables that affect the choice of legal structure in addition to the institutional framework.
{"title":"Institutions, entrepreneurial adaptation, and the legal form of the organization","authors":"Indu Khurana, Dmitriy Krichevskiy, G. Dempster, Sean Stimpson","doi":"10.1108/jepp-10-2019-0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jepp-10-2019-0087","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis paper aims to examine how economic freedom impacts the initial choice of legal structure for startup firms. The authors do this by first exploring whether economic freedom is an essential determinant of the initial legal form of organization (LFO). The authors then explore the impact of economic freedom on firms' choice of changing their initial legal structure over time and how this change impacts their survival rate.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ a multinomial logistic regression model to measure the initial determinants of LFO by utilizing an eight-year panel data set of 4,928 startups in the USA through the Kauffman firm survey and merge it with the Economic Freedom in North American index from the Fraser Institute. The authors then employ a logistic regression model to examine the determinants facilitating a change in legal structure over time.FindingsThe results show that economic freedom is a significant determinant in the choice of legal structure. The findings also report that the majority of startups do not change their legal form, but of those that do change the legal structure show a higher survival rate.Research limitations/implicationsMajor limitations are the size of the data and the nature of somewhat limited economic freedom differences with the USA. More nuanced measures of economic freedom would be highly desirable.Practical implicationsPolicymakers should take note that limited red tape, smoothly working labor markets and straightforward processes for changes of legal structures of organizations would improve survival and growth odds for entrepreneurs.Originality/valueDrawing on the theory of institutions, the authors attempt to bridge a gap in the literature by explicitly analyzing the determinants of the legal structure in startups in light of economic freedom. Institutional factors do not work in isolation; therefore, the authors also employ traditional entrepreneur-specific variables that affect the choice of legal structure in addition to the institutional framework.","PeriodicalId":44503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/jepp-10-2019-0087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41596105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-21DOI: 10.1108/JEPP-04-2020-0018
M. Raposo, C. Fernandes, P. Veiga
Purpose - National systems of entrepreneurship (NSE) broadly act as a means of allocating resources driven by the constant search for opportunities at the individual level through the launching of new businesses and firms with such activities, and their results are governed by the specific institutional characteristics of each country. In contrast to the institutional emphasis on innovation systems, in which such institutions establish and regulate actions, institutions are only able to regulate those who act with the results stemming from such individual actions, the core driver of national entrepreneurship systems. Design/methodology/approach - Given the challenges faced by companies and societies in general over mitigating climate change, support for sustainable entrepreneurship is fundamental. However, there has to be any study of the impact of national entrepreneurship systems on sustainability. This research therefore analyses the impact of national entrepreneurship systems on the sustainability of countries. Findings - The authors conclude that those countries deploying higher level national entrepreneurship systems return better results in terms of their sustainability. Originality/value - The authors, thus, seek to contribute towards the academic throughout deepening the knowledge prevailing on the relationship between entrepreneurship and sustainability. The authors also seek to enable managers, entrepreneurs and politicians to grasp how entrepreneurship is a systemic factor, and it is at this level that it may make its greatest contribution to bringing about sustainability.
{"title":"National systems of entrepreneurship: goals of sustainability","authors":"M. Raposo, C. Fernandes, P. Veiga","doi":"10.1108/JEPP-04-2020-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-04-2020-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose - National systems of entrepreneurship (NSE) broadly act as a means of allocating resources driven by the constant search for opportunities at the individual level through the launching of new businesses and firms with such activities, and their results are governed by the specific institutional characteristics of each country. In contrast to the institutional emphasis on innovation systems, in which such institutions establish and regulate actions, institutions are only able to regulate those who act with the results stemming from such individual actions, the core driver of national entrepreneurship systems. Design/methodology/approach - Given the challenges faced by companies and societies in general over mitigating climate change, support for sustainable entrepreneurship is fundamental. However, there has to be any study of the impact of national entrepreneurship systems on sustainability. This research therefore analyses the impact of national entrepreneurship systems on the sustainability of countries. Findings - The authors conclude that those countries deploying higher level national entrepreneurship systems return better results in terms of their sustainability. Originality/value - The authors, thus, seek to contribute towards the academic throughout deepening the knowledge prevailing on the relationship between entrepreneurship and sustainability. The authors also seek to enable managers, entrepreneurs and politicians to grasp how entrepreneurship is a systemic factor, and it is at this level that it may make its greatest contribution to bringing about sustainability.","PeriodicalId":44503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/JEPP-04-2020-0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44764378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1108/jepp-12-2019-0095
M. G. Roth, R. Morris
Purpose - This paper assesses the efficacy of the 18 small business development centers (SBDCs) located throughout the state of Pennsylvania during 2013–2016 as a proxy for publicly funded, small business consulting services in general. Design/methodology/approach - The paper compares the sales growth of SBDC clients, as reported in postconsultation surveys, to comparable growth measures for the corresponding business population using one- and two-sample Findings - The results show that respondent clients with existing businesses clearly outperform the broader population following consultation, both in aggregate and when decomposed by region and industry. Research limitations/implications - Although the best available data, the results are tempered by low response rates and self-reporting. Originality/value - The paper empirically demonstrates that SBDC clients experience higher growth in sales and employment following their consultation than the broader business population. The net benefit of such services is, however, impossible to determine.
{"title":"Here I come to save the day? Reassessing the efficacy of small business development centers in the Internet Era","authors":"M. G. Roth, R. Morris","doi":"10.1108/jepp-12-2019-0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jepp-12-2019-0095","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose - This paper assesses the efficacy of the 18 small business development centers (SBDCs) located throughout the state of Pennsylvania during 2013–2016 as a proxy for publicly funded, small business consulting services in general. Design/methodology/approach - The paper compares the sales growth of SBDC clients, as reported in postconsultation surveys, to comparable growth measures for the corresponding business population using one- and two-sample Findings - The results show that respondent clients with existing businesses clearly outperform the broader population following consultation, both in aggregate and when decomposed by region and industry. Research limitations/implications - Although the best available data, the results are tempered by low response rates and self-reporting. Originality/value - The paper empirically demonstrates that SBDC clients experience higher growth in sales and employment following their consultation than the broader business population. The net benefit of such services is, however, impossible to determine.","PeriodicalId":44503,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/jepp-12-2019-0095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43581599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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