Five years of outdoor atmospheric corrosion tests of hot dip galvanized steel samples were performed, for products of continuous galvanizing and after fabrication batch galvanizing processes. For the purpose of comparison between corrosion performances of these two different galvanizing process products, an industrial coastal area (Gemlik-Bursa/TURKEY) was chosen for outdoor testing, which fits into C4 type corrosive atmosphere definition, according to ISO 9223. Samples were studied in laboratory with accelerated salt spray exposure test and electrochemical methods. Corrosion products formed on exposed samples and cross section of coatings are analyzed by SEM. Lead is observed to change the corrosion characteristics of the coatings with change in constituents of environments. In saline electrolytes, alloying of lead is found to accelerate corrosion rate. This metal deposits as cluster on top layer of the galvanized coatings and acts as strong cathodes with respect to the zinc and accelerates the corrosion rate. It was determined that differences in dip and continuous galvanization processes cause dramatic differences in the elemental composition, morphology and regional hardness values of coatings. In the comparison of corrosion resistance, lower performance of the dip galvanized coating, although it is much thicker, has been shown due to the differences mentioned above.
对连续镀锌和批量镀锌产品进行了5年的室外大气腐蚀试验。为了比较这两种不同镀锌工艺产品的腐蚀性能，选择了一个工业沿海地区(gemlikk - bursa /TURKEY)进行室外测试，该地区符合ISO 9223的C4型腐蚀性大气定义。采用加速盐雾暴露试验和电化学方法对样品进行了室内研究。利用扫描电镜分析了裸露试样和涂层截面上形成的腐蚀产物。观察到铅会随着环境成分的变化而改变镀层的腐蚀特性。在含盐电解质中，发现铅的合金化会加速腐蚀速率。这种金属以簇状沉积在镀锌涂层的顶层，作为锌的强阴极，加速了腐蚀速度。结果表明，浸镀锌和连续镀锌工艺的不同会导致镀层元素组成、形貌和区域硬度值的显著差异。在耐腐蚀性能的比较中，由于上述差异，浸镀锌涂层虽然厚得多，但性能较低。
{"title":"ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF HOT-DIP GALVANIZED AND CONTINUOUS GALVANIZED STEEL","authors":"G. Sığırcık, Ömer Yıldırım, T. Tüken","doi":"10.36547/ams.28.3.1526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.3.1526","url":null,"abstract":"Five years of outdoor atmospheric corrosion tests of hot dip galvanized steel samples were performed, for products of continuous galvanizing and after fabrication batch galvanizing processes. For the purpose of comparison between corrosion performances of these two different galvanizing process products, an industrial coastal area (Gemlik-Bursa/TURKEY) was chosen for outdoor testing, which fits into C4 type corrosive atmosphere definition, according to ISO 9223. Samples were studied in laboratory with accelerated salt spray exposure test and electrochemical methods. Corrosion products formed on exposed samples and cross section of coatings are analyzed by SEM. Lead is observed to change the corrosion characteristics of the coatings with change in constituents of environments. In saline electrolytes, alloying of lead is found to accelerate corrosion rate. This metal deposits as cluster on top layer of the galvanized coatings and acts as strong cathodes with respect to the zinc and accelerates the corrosion rate. It was determined that differences in dip and continuous galvanization processes cause dramatic differences in the elemental composition, morphology and regional hardness values of coatings. In the comparison of corrosion resistance, lower performance of the dip galvanized coating, although it is much thicker, has been shown due to the differences mentioned above.","PeriodicalId":44511,"journal":{"name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48434728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper provides a novel technique for merging graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) within aluminium matrix (AA 6061) by continuous drive friction welding (CDFW). The welding processes were done at 1400 rpm and 2000 rpm rotational speeds with two different frictional loads 2000 N and 2500 N for 5 sec and 7 sec welding times. The welded joints were subjected to tensile and hardness tests. The heating-cooling cycles through the welding process were monitored. The microstructure investigation was performed using optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). The effect of welding conditions on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) results of AA 6061 and AA 6061/GNPs were completely studied in details. There is no big detectable variation in the mean hardness values due to the GNPs addition. The best welding conditions for achieving the highest mechanical properties were defined. The presence of GNPs in the welded joints results in lower heating at the welded joint at the same welding conditions. Finer grain structure and homogeneous distribution for the GNPs within the welding zone were observed.
{"title":"THERMO-MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS OF AA 6061/GNPS WELDED JOINTS DEVELOPED BY CONTINUOUS DRIVE FRICTION WELDING","authors":"M. Tashkandi, M. Gamil","doi":"10.36547/ams.28.3.1573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.3.1573","url":null,"abstract":"The paper provides a novel technique for merging graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) within aluminium matrix (AA 6061) by continuous drive friction welding (CDFW). The welding processes were done at 1400 rpm and 2000 rpm rotational speeds with two different frictional loads 2000 N and 2500 N for 5 sec and 7 sec welding times. The welded joints were subjected to tensile and hardness tests. The heating-cooling cycles through the welding process were monitored. The microstructure investigation was performed using optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). The effect of welding conditions on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) results of AA 6061 and AA 6061/GNPs were completely studied in details. There is no big detectable variation in the mean hardness values due to the GNPs addition. The best welding conditions for achieving the highest mechanical properties were defined. The presence of GNPs in the welded joints results in lower heating at the welded joint at the same welding conditions. Finer grain structure and homogeneous distribution for the GNPs within the welding zone were observed.","PeriodicalId":44511,"journal":{"name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47089234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mathematical dependences of thermodynamic processes of precipitation of carbide phases are determined, and a practical study of the structure and distribution of chemical elements is carried out. Regularities were established for the effect of the chemical composition of the alloy on the morphology and type of carbides. It is shown that, depending on the introduced chemical elements in the system, the types of carbides and their chemical composition can change, which leads to a decrease in the processes of crack formation in the material. The established dependencies for the multicomponent system Ni-22.5Cr-19Co-1.9Al-3.7Ti-2W-1.4Ta-1Nb-0.15C make it possible to determine the chemical composition of carbides from the chemical composition of the alloy. The evaluation of the results obtained by the calculation method and experimental data was carried out, the analysis of the results gave good convergence and can be recommended for industrial use.
{"title":"CONTROL OF THE PROCESSES OF PHASE FORMATION OF CARBIDE COMPONENTS IN NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOYS","authors":"A. Glotka, V. Ol’shanetskii","doi":"10.36547/ams.28.2.1506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1506","url":null,"abstract":"The mathematical dependences of thermodynamic processes of precipitation of carbide phases are determined, and a practical study of the structure and distribution of chemical elements is carried out. Regularities were established for the effect of the chemical composition of the alloy on the morphology and type of carbides. It is shown that, depending on the introduced chemical elements in the system, the types of carbides and their chemical composition can change, which leads to a decrease in the processes of crack formation in the material. The established dependencies for the multicomponent system Ni-22.5Cr-19Co-1.9Al-3.7Ti-2W-1.4Ta-1Nb-0.15C make it possible to determine the chemical composition of carbides from the chemical composition of the alloy. The evaluation of the results obtained by the calculation method and experimental data was carried out, the analysis of the results gave good convergence and can be recommended for industrial use.","PeriodicalId":44511,"journal":{"name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42099096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Boumerzoug, Lamia Baghdadi, F. Brisset, D. Solas, T. Baudin
This paper deals with the solid state diffusion bonding of X70 steel to duplex stainless steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded dissimilar steels were investigated. Optical microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometry, Vickers hardness measurements, and X-Ray Diffraction were the main techniques of characterization. Microtructural variation was observed in the X70 steel side compared to duplex stainless steel. The diffusion coefficient of iron, chromium, and nickel across the interface X70 steel/duplex stainless steel was also measured. The diffusion coefficient of iron and chromium is higher than that of nickel. The Vickers microhardness profile across the bond joint showed an abrupt decrease in hardness from duplex stainless steel to X70 steel. In addition, a dynamic recrystallisation reaction was observed close to the interface in the X70 steel side.
{"title":"SOLID STATE DIFFUSION BONDING OF X70 STEEL TO DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL","authors":"Z. Boumerzoug, Lamia Baghdadi, F. Brisset, D. Solas, T. Baudin","doi":"10.36547/ams.28.2.1504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1504","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the solid state diffusion bonding of X70 steel to duplex stainless steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded dissimilar steels were investigated. Optical microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometry, Vickers hardness measurements, and X-Ray Diffraction were the main techniques of characterization. Microtructural variation was observed in the X70 steel side compared to duplex stainless steel. The diffusion coefficient of iron, chromium, and nickel across the interface X70 steel/duplex stainless steel was also measured. The diffusion coefficient of iron and chromium is higher than that of nickel. The Vickers microhardness profile across the bond joint showed an abrupt decrease in hardness from duplex stainless steel to X70 steel. In addition, a dynamic recrystallisation reaction was observed close to the interface in the X70 steel side.","PeriodicalId":44511,"journal":{"name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45506510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Nguyen, T. Bui, A. Vu, Manh-Thang Sai, M. K. Pham, Duc-Huy Tran
The influence of La, Ce elements and thermal-mechanical treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy are presented in this study. According to the results, when the alloy was added to the La, Ce elements, after casting, the grain size of samples was around 40-50µm compared to that of without about 65µm; and then these impurity samples attained 30µm after homogeneous mixture the grain sizes. After the cold deformation process, the distance between plates is 10µm. This homogenization process contributes to increasing the ductility of the studied alloy. In addition, the EDS lines study shows that after the combination of the deformation and heat treatment, the uniformation of elements mainly focuses on the boundary and in the grain. After recrystallization annealing, the grain size is around 10 µm with the modification sample. Further, as a result of ability deformation from the tensile test, these results demonstrate that the tensile test obtained 140 % when adding La, Ce contents into the alloy combined with thermal-mechanical treatment. The combined use of La; Ce and thermal-mechanical treatment have increased the ductility of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. The combination of modification and thermal-mechanical treatment has created a small grain size for the studied alloy.
{"title":"PROPERTIES OF Al-Zn-Mg-Cu ALLOY WHEN MODIFIED BY La, Ce, AND THERMAL-MECHANICAL","authors":"D. Nguyen, T. Bui, A. Vu, Manh-Thang Sai, M. K. Pham, Duc-Huy Tran","doi":"10.36547/ams.28.2.1424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1424","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of La, Ce elements and thermal-mechanical treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy are presented in this study. According to the results, when the alloy was added to the La, Ce elements, after casting, the grain size of samples was around 40-50µm compared to that of without about 65µm; and then these impurity samples attained 30µm after homogeneous mixture the grain sizes. After the cold deformation process, the distance between plates is 10µm. This homogenization process contributes to increasing the ductility of the studied alloy. In addition, the EDS lines study shows that after the combination of the deformation and heat treatment, the uniformation of elements mainly focuses on the boundary and in the grain. After recrystallization annealing, the grain size is around 10 µm with the modification sample. Further, as a result of ability deformation from the tensile test, these results demonstrate that the tensile test obtained 140 % when adding La, Ce contents into the alloy combined with thermal-mechanical treatment. The combined use of La; Ce and thermal-mechanical treatment have increased the ductility of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. The combination of modification and thermal-mechanical treatment has created a small grain size for the studied alloy.","PeriodicalId":44511,"journal":{"name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46994003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Setyana, N. Santoso, Bambang Suharnadi, Benidiktus Tulung Prayoga, Wiyadi Wiyadi
Bimetal is a combination of two dissimilar metals that form a metallurgical bond. The manufacture of bimetallic bushing by centrifugal casting has not been widely developed. There is still no recommendation for optimum temperature used in the manufacture. The aim of this research was to determine the first frozen layer temperature of the aluminum when bronze was poured to produce a well-integrated bond interface. The materials used were aluminum and bronze. Molten metal was pouring into the mold alternately. First, aluminum was poured into the mold. Then, bronze was poured gradually to form a bushing aluminum-bronze bimetallic. The temperature variations of the first frozen layer of aluminum were 27º C, 350º C, 400º C, and 450º C when bronze poured. The molten metal was poured with the filling speed of about 0.2 kg/s into a rotating sand mold. The rotational speed of the mold was 350 rpm. The result shows that the bond interface’s width increases as the first frozen layer aluminum temperature increases. As a result, interface wear and hardness are increased compared to the base metal. Hence, centrifugal casting with the first frozen layer aluminum was 450ºC recommended for aluminum-bronze bimetal bushing applications.
{"title":"Bonding of Interface Bimetal Aluminum-Bronze for Bimetal Bushing Produced by Solid Liquid Method","authors":"L. Setyana, N. Santoso, Bambang Suharnadi, Benidiktus Tulung Prayoga, Wiyadi Wiyadi","doi":"10.36547/ams.28.2.1253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1253","url":null,"abstract":"Bimetal is a combination of two dissimilar metals that form a metallurgical bond. The manufacture of bimetallic bushing by centrifugal casting has not been widely developed. There is still no recommendation for optimum temperature used in the manufacture. The aim of this research was to determine the first frozen layer temperature of the aluminum when bronze was poured to produce a well-integrated bond interface. The materials used were aluminum and bronze. Molten metal was pouring into the mold alternately. First, aluminum was poured into the mold. Then, bronze was poured gradually to form a bushing aluminum-bronze bimetallic. The temperature variations of the first frozen layer of aluminum were 27º C, 350º C, 400º C, and 450º C when bronze poured. The molten metal was poured with the filling speed of about 0.2 kg/s into a rotating sand mold. The rotational speed of the mold was 350 rpm. The result shows that the bond interface’s width increases as the first frozen layer aluminum temperature increases. As a result, interface wear and hardness are increased compared to the base metal. Hence, centrifugal casting with the first frozen layer aluminum was 450ºC recommended for aluminum-bronze bimetal bushing applications.","PeriodicalId":44511,"journal":{"name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46153642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The work aims to solve the problem of predicting magnetic properties on the example of Sm-Co alloy using artificial intelligence. In particular, the authors solved the Sm-Co alloys maximum energy product prediction task using the feature bagging technique. To implement this approach, we have chosen the Random Forest algorithm, which efficiently processes short data sets by reducing variance and, as a result, reducing the impact/avoidance of overfitting. Experimental modelling was based on a short set of data (190 observations) collected by the authors with many independent attributes. As a result, it has been experimentally established that the studied machine learning method provides a high value of the coefficient of determination - 0.78 when solving Sm-Co alloy’s maximum energy product prediction task. Furthermore, by comparing with other ensemble methods from different classes, the highest accuracy of the researched process is established based on various performance indicators.
{"title":"AN APPROACH TOWARD PREDICTION OF SM-CO ALLOY’S MAXIMUM ENERGY PRODUCT USING FEATURE BAGGING TECHNIQUE","authors":"V. Kulyk","doi":"10.36547/ams.28.2.1462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1462","url":null,"abstract":"The work aims to solve the problem of predicting magnetic properties on the example of Sm-Co alloy using artificial intelligence. In particular, the authors solved the Sm-Co alloys maximum energy product prediction task using the feature bagging technique. To implement this approach, we have chosen the Random Forest algorithm, which efficiently processes short data sets by reducing variance and, as a result, reducing the impact/avoidance of overfitting. Experimental modelling was based on a short set of data (190 observations) collected by the authors with many independent attributes. As a result, it has been experimentally established that the studied machine learning method provides a high value of the coefficient of determination - 0.78 when solving Sm-Co alloy’s maximum energy product prediction task. Furthermore, by comparing with other ensemble methods from different classes, the highest accuracy of the researched process is established based on various performance indicators.","PeriodicalId":44511,"journal":{"name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44831111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this paper was to present results obtained about the behaviour of the IF steel associated with high deformation. To evaluate the deep drawing aptitude, samples were subjected to tensile test, n and r values determination, hole expansion and Erichsen tests. The results were correlated with a microstructural study. Through thermodynamic simulation, the phase transformation temperature (Tg®a) and the precipitates formation were estimated. The Tg®a value was also determined by dilatometry test. The failure of the material during deep drawing or stamping process is evidenced through the formation of cracks in areas with critical angles changes. It was relevant to understand the mechanisms of fracture nucleation and propagation of the IF steel. A fractography study was carried out and was possible to verify the presence of cavitation mechanism as results of the superplastic flow at high deformation conditions, promoting necking and fracture after a high plastic deformation achieved.
{"title":"STUDY ON DEEP DRAWING BEHAVIOR OF THE INTERSTITIAL FREE STEEL IN CORRELATION WITH THE MICROSTRUCTURE","authors":"E. Brandaleze, M. Romanyuk","doi":"10.36547/ams.28.2.1416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1416","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper was to present results obtained about the behaviour of the IF steel associated with high deformation. To evaluate the deep drawing aptitude, samples were subjected to tensile test, n and r values determination, hole expansion and Erichsen tests. The results were correlated with a microstructural study. Through thermodynamic simulation, the phase transformation temperature (Tg®a) and the precipitates formation were estimated. The Tg®a value was also determined by dilatometry test. The failure of the material during deep drawing or stamping process is evidenced through the formation of cracks in areas with critical angles changes. It was relevant to understand the mechanisms of fracture nucleation and propagation of the IF steel. A fractography study was carried out and was possible to verify the presence of cavitation mechanism as results of the superplastic flow at high deformation conditions, promoting necking and fracture after a high plastic deformation achieved.","PeriodicalId":44511,"journal":{"name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45155065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kvačkaj, I. Demjan, Peter D. Bella, R. Kočiško, P. Petroušek, Alica Fedoriková, J. Bidulská, Miloslav Lupták, P. Jandačka, Marcela Lascsáková
The paper is focused on a comparison of the magnetic properties of the non-oriented isotropic electrical steel containing 3.5% Si. The material was processed by conventional ambient temperature rolling and progressive rolling at the cryogenic conditions at liquid nitrogen. Deformations of the samples in both thermal conditions were in the interval εÎ<5;35>[%]. Subsequently, the samples were heat treated at temperatures TÎ<900;1100> [°C]. Measuring of the magnetic properties was carried out in an alternating magnetic field at frequencies f= 50; 100; 150 Hz. At a frequency of 50 Hz were achieved smallest magnetic losses and therefore further measurements were made at a given frequency. Followed measurements of the magnetic induction were conducted at different intensities of the magnetic field. EBSD analyses were performed to obtain the IPF maps on which the resulting structure was evaluated after processing of the material. The specific magnetic losses were compared to different processing methods. The best magnetic properties defined as by minimal values of core loses were reached after samples rolled at cryogenic temperature followed by subsequently annealed. Also, higher proportion of cubic texture was archived after rolling at cryogenic temperature with compared to samples processed at ambient temperature.
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF CRYO-ROLLED NON-ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEEL","authors":"T. Kvačkaj, I. Demjan, Peter D. Bella, R. Kočiško, P. Petroušek, Alica Fedoriková, J. Bidulská, Miloslav Lupták, P. Jandačka, Marcela Lascsáková","doi":"10.36547/ams.28.2.1471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1471","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is focused on a comparison of the magnetic properties of the non-oriented isotropic electrical steel containing 3.5% Si. The material was processed by conventional ambient temperature rolling and progressive rolling at the cryogenic conditions at liquid nitrogen. Deformations of the samples in both thermal conditions were in the interval εÎ<5;35>[%]. Subsequently, the samples were heat treated at temperatures TÎ<900;1100> [°C]. Measuring of the magnetic properties was carried out in an alternating magnetic field at frequencies f= 50; 100; 150 Hz. At a frequency of 50 Hz were achieved smallest magnetic losses and therefore further measurements were made at a given frequency. Followed measurements of the magnetic induction were conducted at different intensities of the magnetic field. EBSD analyses were performed to obtain the IPF maps on which the resulting structure was evaluated after processing of the material. The specific magnetic losses were compared to different processing methods. The best magnetic properties defined as by minimal values of core loses were reached after samples rolled at cryogenic temperature followed by subsequently annealed. Also, higher proportion of cubic texture was archived after rolling at cryogenic temperature with compared to samples processed at ambient temperature.","PeriodicalId":44511,"journal":{"name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42675192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyzed the effect of coconut oil-based cutting fluid with emulsion properties of 5%. The cutting fluid was evaluated by comparing it with conventional cutting fluid (Petroleum Based). Machining temperature at the tool-workpiece interface was measured during straight turning operation on CNC machine at various cutting speeds, depths of cut, and fixed feed rate of 7.5 mm/min for 15 minutes. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was also used to determine the machining parameters' effect on each cutting fluid's temperature at the tool-workpiece interface. It was observed that the developed coconut cutting fluid outperformed the other cutting fluids as a coolant at all experimented speeds, with a maximum temperature of 63.5 °C at the working zone as against 90.6 °C observed for conventional cutting fluid and 163.8 °C for dry turning. The viscosity values obtained from the developed cutting fluid between 40 °C and 100 °C show the tendency of the developed cutting fluid to maintain its lubricity at a higher temperature. Depth of cut was also observed to have a significant effect on the temperature at the tool-workpiece interface.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Coconut Oil Based Cutting Fluid with Biodegradable Additives on Cylindrical Turning of AISI 1040 Carbon Steel","authors":"S. Adedayo, Bright Omoshola, P. Omoniyi","doi":"10.36547/ams.28.1.1256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.1.1256","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzed the effect of coconut oil-based cutting fluid with emulsion properties of 5%. The cutting fluid was evaluated by comparing it with conventional cutting fluid (Petroleum Based). Machining temperature at the tool-workpiece interface was measured during straight turning operation on CNC machine at various cutting speeds, depths of cut, and fixed feed rate of 7.5 mm/min for 15 minutes. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was also used to determine the machining parameters' effect on each cutting fluid's temperature at the tool-workpiece interface. It was observed that the developed coconut cutting fluid outperformed the other cutting fluids as a coolant at all experimented speeds, with a maximum temperature of 63.5 °C at the working zone as against 90.6 °C observed for conventional cutting fluid and 163.8 °C for dry turning. The viscosity values obtained from the developed cutting fluid between 40 °C and 100 °C show the tendency of the developed cutting fluid to maintain its lubricity at a higher temperature. Depth of cut was also observed to have a significant effect on the temperature at the tool-workpiece interface.","PeriodicalId":44511,"journal":{"name":"Acta Metallurgica Slovaca","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46680115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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