Paraguay’s beef industry has suffered sustained damage in credibility directly related to meat quality and process hygiene standards over the past two decades. These factors alone, however, are not the primary cause of persistent price discounting in export markets. Paraguay’s direct competitors have suffered similar export restrictions related to quality control but have since recovered to capture their original market share. We find that both a perceived and an actual absence of quality controls over beef production, coupled with the lack of an industry body representing Paraguay’s beef sector, are the major impediments to growth in the export market. The lack of sustained support and marketing of export-quality beef has led to persistent price discounting, despite quality improvements across the supply chain. The capacity to gain international market share remains diminished due to the disaggregated approach in which Paraguayan beef is marketed to foreign buyers. An industry-wide effort to coordinate food safety and quality activities, as well as maintaining certification programmes, market intelligence, export promotion and research and development could offer some degree of competitive advantage to Paraguay’s producers. While the idea of a central industry body has clear advantages, of greater value would be establishing meat quality standards that address the deficiencies in consumption-level responsiveness to meat quality. The establishment of an industry body would need to overcome the hurdles associated with related transaction costs across the alliance.
{"title":"Competition Barriers to Paraguayan Beef Exports: An Economic Review","authors":"Carlos Agustin Ramirez Pastore, J. West","doi":"10.7896/J.1821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/J.1821","url":null,"abstract":"Paraguay’s beef industry has suffered sustained damage in credibility directly related to meat quality and process hygiene standards over the past two decades. These factors alone, however, are not the primary cause of persistent price discounting in export markets. Paraguay’s direct competitors have suffered similar export restrictions related to quality control but have since recovered to capture their original market share. We find that both a perceived and an actual absence of quality controls over beef production, coupled with the lack of an industry body representing Paraguay’s beef sector, are the major impediments to growth in the export market. The lack of sustained support and marketing of export-quality beef has led to persistent price discounting, despite quality improvements across the supply chain. The capacity to gain international market share remains diminished due to the disaggregated approach in which Paraguayan beef is marketed to foreign buyers. An industry-wide effort to coordinate food safety and quality activities, as well as maintaining certification programmes, market intelligence, export promotion and research and development could offer some degree of competitive advantage to Paraguay’s producers. While the idea of a central industry body has clear advantages, of greater value would be establishing meat quality standards that address the deficiencies in consumption-level responsiveness to meat quality. The establishment of an industry body would need to overcome the hurdles associated with related transaction costs across the alliance.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43807971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on improved storage and preservation technologies as an adaptation strategy in response to climate change. We also study the trade-off between improved cereal storage technologies and the preservation techniques among rural households in Tanzania. We find that climate variables significantly influence farmers’ choice of improved storage technologies and preserving decisions. Using a bivariate probit model, we find that modern storage technologies and preservation measures are substitutes. Farmers can significantly reduce annual costs associated with preservation by adopting (usually long lasting) modern storage facilities.
{"title":"Climate variability and post-harvest food loss abatement technologies: evidence from rural Tanzania.","authors":"S. Ndiritu, R. Ruhinduka","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.287548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.287548","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on improved storage and preservation technologies as an adaptation strategy in response to climate change. We also study the trade-off between improved cereal storage technologies and the preservation techniques among rural households in Tanzania. We find that climate variables significantly influence farmers’ choice of improved storage technologies and preserving decisions. Using a bivariate probit model, we find that modern storage technologies and preservation measures are substitutes. Farmers can significantly reduce annual costs associated with preservation by adopting (usually long lasting) modern storage facilities.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45819801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most recent research concerning biofuels focuses on their potential for mitigating climate change, while their rural development dimension is given less prominence. Ongoing policy debates, including EU and US biofuel policies, pay little attention to this feature of the industry. This paper explores the impact of biorefineries on rural development, and employment in particular. It shows that biorefineries can have a considerable economic impact on the regions in which they are located. Embedded in the local social and economic fabric, the paper demonstrates their influence on regional and national labour markets. The case of a bioethanol plant in Hungary and its effect on the rural labour market in two counties of the country is studied by way of an input-output model. The research has found that the operation of a biorefinery stimulates the creation and maintenance of jobs in both farming and service industries. Results suggest that biorefineries are an important driver of rural development and that this aspect of the industry should be given greater weight in formulating biofuel policies.
{"title":"The Contribution of Biorefineries to Rural Development: The Case of Employment in Hungary","authors":"W. Heijman, Z. Szabó, Esther Veldhuizen","doi":"10.7896/J.1820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/J.1820","url":null,"abstract":"Most recent research concerning biofuels focuses on their potential for mitigating climate change, while their rural development dimension is given less prominence. Ongoing policy debates, including EU and US biofuel policies, pay little attention to this feature of the industry. This paper explores the impact of biorefineries on rural development, and employment in particular. It shows that biorefineries can have a considerable economic impact on the regions in which they are located. Embedded in the local social and economic fabric, the paper demonstrates their influence on regional and national labour markets. The case of a bioethanol plant in Hungary and its effect on the rural labour market in two counties of the country is studied by way of an input-output model. The research has found that the operation of a biorefinery stimulates the creation and maintenance of jobs in both farming and service industries. Results suggest that biorefineries are an important driver of rural development and that this aspect of the industry should be given greater weight in formulating biofuel policies.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44724924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. B. Abel, Cristopher Obel Gor, S. Okuro, P. Omanga, W. Bokelmann
Increasingly, food security interventions in developing economies are adapting value chain approaches to facilitate the integration of smallholders into high margin value chains. In Kenya, the resurgence of African Indigenous Vegetables due to their medicinal value and rich micronutrients is a case in point. The vegetables are cultivated by smallholders, and the supply has not matched the demand in the high margin markets among urban consumers. Access to such high margin markets necessitates that smallholders gain entry or upgrade into the networks of those buyers who possess considerable control of these value chains. There is limited value chain scholarship on chain governance and its implication for smallholder participation in Kenya. This study investigated how value chain governance influences farmer participation in vegetable markets and food security in Kenya. This study employed exploratory case study design to provide chain architecture, isolate primary actors, their roles, relations, constraints and opportunities for upgrading by smallholders. A mixed method approach involving a multistage sampling technique of 339 respondents was employed to bring to the surface insights on chain architecture, market margins and governance structures and their implications as regards upgrading trajectories for small-scale farmers in Kenya. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Spot market relations were found to dominate traditional value chains in rural areas while peri-urban areas exhibited both traditional and coordinated value chains. The value chains are characterised by very weak linkages between upstream actors and downstream partners, where wholesalers and supermarkets play the role of leading firms in traditional and coordinated value chains, respectively. The study recommends the inclusion of famers in market management committees and the establishment of binding contractual arrangements with supermarkets.
{"title":"The African Indigenous Vegetables Value Chain Governance in Kenya","authors":"O. B. Abel, Cristopher Obel Gor, S. Okuro, P. Omanga, W. Bokelmann","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.287549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.287549","url":null,"abstract":"Increasingly, food security interventions in developing economies are adapting value chain approaches to facilitate the integration of smallholders into high margin value chains. In Kenya, the resurgence of African Indigenous Vegetables due to their medicinal value and rich micronutrients is a case in point. The vegetables are cultivated by smallholders, and the supply has not matched the demand in the high margin markets among urban consumers. Access to such high margin markets necessitates that smallholders gain entry or upgrade into the networks of those buyers who possess considerable control of these value chains. There is limited value chain scholarship on chain governance and its implication for smallholder participation in Kenya. This study investigated how value chain governance influences farmer participation in vegetable markets and food security in Kenya. This study employed exploratory case study design to provide chain architecture, isolate primary actors, their roles, relations, constraints and opportunities for upgrading by smallholders. A mixed method approach involving a multistage sampling technique of 339 respondents was employed to bring to the surface insights on chain architecture, market margins and governance structures and their implications as regards upgrading trajectories for small-scale farmers in Kenya. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Spot market relations were found to dominate traditional value chains in rural areas while peri-urban areas exhibited both traditional and coordinated value chains. The value chains are characterised by very weak linkages between upstream actors and downstream partners, where wholesalers and supermarkets play the role of leading firms in traditional and coordinated value chains, respectively. The study recommends the inclusion of famers in market management committees and the establishment of binding contractual arrangements with supermarkets.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49519932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current situation on European agricultural labour markets and the expected demographic development emphasise the need to address the issues of work and working time organisation in order to attract a young generation to agriculture. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the use of modern individual methods of working time organisation within agricultural companies. Data was collected through a quantitative survey consisting of 259 active agricultural companies in the Czech Republic. Results suggest that three factors were responsible for working time organisation in agricultural companies: support of flexible employment forms, employee productivity and the use of specialists. The right working time organisation of all age groups supports the cooperation of all employees and ensures knowledge continuity.
{"title":"Working time organisation of senior workers in agricultural companies with a focus on age management","authors":"H. Urbancová","doi":"10.7896/j.1819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.1819","url":null,"abstract":"The current situation on European agricultural labour markets and the expected demographic development emphasise the need to address the issues of work and working time organisation in order to attract a young generation to agriculture. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the use of modern individual methods of working time organisation within agricultural companies. Data was collected through a quantitative survey consisting of 259 active agricultural companies in the Czech Republic. Results suggest that three factors were responsible for working time organisation in agricultural companies: support of flexible employment forms, employee productivity and the use of specialists. The right working time organisation of all age groups supports the cooperation of all employees and ensures knowledge continuity.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71359885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Haas, D. Imami, Iliriana Miftari, Prespa Ymerie, K. Grunert
Kosovo and Albania, in a manner similar to other Western Balkan countries, face serious challenges in relation to national food safety and control in terms of legislation, infrastructure, institutional capacity and private investments. Consequently, food safety is a major concern for consumers in this region. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of consumer perspectives on food safety and quality. Two surveys, one with consumers in Prishtina and one in Tirana, targeted more than 600 consumers. Despite the prevalent problems with food safety, Kosovars perceive domestic dairy products as significantly better than Albanians do when compared with imported food products. Conversely, Albanian consumers use food safety- and quality-related information about cheese and milk more frequently. The most frequently used safety and quality cues for both samples are expiry date, domestic and local origin and brand reputation. Food safety certificates are used by Albanians more often than by Kosovars, and international food standards such as ISO, HACCP or Global GAP are mostly unknown to both consumer groups.
{"title":"How do Kosovar and Albanian consumers perceive food quality and safety in the dairy sector?","authors":"R. Haas, D. Imami, Iliriana Miftari, Prespa Ymerie, K. Grunert","doi":"10.7896/j.1920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.1920","url":null,"abstract":"Kosovo and Albania, in a manner similar to other Western Balkan countries, face serious challenges in relation to national food safety and control in terms of legislation, infrastructure, institutional capacity and private investments. Consequently, food safety is a major concern for consumers in this region. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of consumer perspectives on food safety and quality. Two surveys, one with consumers in Prishtina and one in Tirana, targeted more than 600 consumers. Despite the prevalent problems with food safety, Kosovars perceive domestic dairy products as significantly better than Albanians do when compared with imported food products. Conversely, Albanian consumers use food safety- and quality-related information about cheese and milk more frequently. The most frequently used safety and quality cues for both samples are expiry date, domestic and local origin and brand reputation. Food safety certificates are used by Albanians more often than by Kosovars, and international food standards such as ISO, HACCP or Global GAP are mostly unknown to both consumer groups.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71359892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Egzon Bajrami, E. Wailes, B. Dixon, A. Musliu, Alvaro Durand‐Morat
This study assesses the effectiveness of the Subsidy per Head Scheme (SPHS) in increasing milk productivity, land use, herd size and income in dairy farms across the seven regions of Kosovo. SPHS represents one of the largest coupled subsidy programs in the agricultural sector of Kosovo in terms of farmer participation and budget allocation. We use a Propensity Score Matching approach to assess the impact of this program by comparing a group of participants with a group of non-participants during the 2013–2014 farming seasons. We test the robustness of the impact results using four different matching algorithms. Results reveal SPHS was not effective in increasing land use, gross income and farm size (number of cows), although SPHS had a limited impact on improving milk productivity. In addition, the study highlights the need to reformulate coupled subsidies and develop new, complementary strategies that address farmers’ needs more efficiently.
{"title":"Do coupled subsidies increase milk productivity, land use, herd size and income? Evidence from Kosovo","authors":"Egzon Bajrami, E. Wailes, B. Dixon, A. Musliu, Alvaro Durand‐Morat","doi":"10.7896/j.1913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.1913","url":null,"abstract":"This study assesses the effectiveness of the Subsidy per Head Scheme (SPHS) in increasing milk productivity, land use, herd size and income in dairy farms across the seven regions of Kosovo. SPHS represents one of the largest coupled subsidy programs in the agricultural sector of Kosovo in terms of farmer participation and budget allocation. We use a Propensity Score Matching approach to assess the impact of this program by comparing a group of participants with a group of non-participants during the 2013–2014 farming seasons. We test the robustness of the impact results using four different matching algorithms. Results reveal SPHS was not effective in increasing land use, gross income and farm size (number of cows), although SPHS had a limited impact on improving milk productivity. In addition, the study highlights the need to reformulate coupled subsidies and develop new, complementary strategies that address farmers’ needs more efficiently.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71359889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Climate variability and post-harvest food loss abatement technologies: evidence from rural Tanzania","authors":"S. Ndiritu, R. Ruhinduka","doi":"10.7896/j.1822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/j.1822","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71359887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyses the relationship among carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, agricultural labour productivity, agricultural land productivity and agricultural raw material exports using a time series for the period 1960-2015. In this article, some theroretical hypotheses are formulated, aiming to explain the bidirectional causality between agricultural productivity and climate change. These hypotheses are tested by using Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger causality and Vector Error Correction Models (VECM). Results confirm revelant theoretical hypotheses between agricultural productivity and climate change and show that the variables used are stationary. Agricultural labour and land productivity as well as agricultural raw material exports are positively related to CO2 emissions, meaning that these variables stimulate environmental pollution. Empirical results presented in the paper might be of interest to the academic community and also to policymakers.
{"title":"The relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and Portuguese agricultural productivity","authors":"N. Leitão","doi":"10.7896/J.1812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7896/J.1812","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses the relationship among carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, agricultural labour productivity, agricultural land productivity and agricultural raw material exports using a time series for the period 1960-2015. In this article, some theroretical hypotheses are formulated, aiming to explain the bidirectional causality between agricultural productivity and climate change. These hypotheses are tested by using Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger causality and Vector Error Correction Models (VECM). Results confirm revelant theoretical hypotheses between agricultural productivity and climate change and show that the variables used are stationary. Agricultural labour and land productivity as well as agricultural raw material exports are positively related to CO2 emissions, meaning that these variables stimulate environmental pollution. Empirical results presented in the paper might be of interest to the academic community and also to policymakers.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47708556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nadia Nora Urriola Canchari, C. Rodriguez, P. Baral
This study aims to analyze and quantify the short- and long-run impact of agricultural exports–both traditional and nontraditional products–on economic growth of Peru using an annual time series data from 2000 to 2016 obtained from the Central Bank of Peru and the World Bank. Traditional agricultural exports value, non-traditional agricultural exports value, labor force and fixed capital formation value for each year of the stipulated period were used as determinant factors of the economic growth. A Vector Autoregression (VAR) Model, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, Johansen Co-integration test and Granger Causality test were employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that in the short run, traditional agricultural exports have had a positive but non-significant effect on economic growth while non-traditional agricultural exports have had a positive and significant effect on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Meanwhile, both fixed capital formation and the labor force have had a significant effect on the GDP, albeit in different directions. The ADF test showed that, with the exception of traditional agricultural exports and fixed capital formation, all determinants became stationary at a level I (0). Moreover, the Co-integration result showed that there is a long-run relationship between the studied variables and a unidirectional causality in the relation between the determinant variables and economic growth.
{"title":"The impact of traditional and non-traditional agricultural exports on the economic growth of Peru: a short- and long-run analysis","authors":"Nadia Nora Urriola Canchari, C. Rodriguez, P. Baral","doi":"10.22004/ag.econ.280976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.280976","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to analyze and quantify the short- and long-run impact of agricultural exports–both traditional and nontraditional products–on economic growth of Peru using an annual time series data from 2000 to 2016 obtained from the Central Bank of Peru and the World Bank. Traditional agricultural exports value, non-traditional agricultural exports value, labor force and fixed capital formation value for each year of the stipulated period were used as determinant factors of the economic growth. A Vector Autoregression (VAR) Model, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, Johansen Co-integration test and Granger Causality test were employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that in the short run, traditional agricultural exports have had a positive but non-significant effect on economic growth while non-traditional agricultural exports have had a positive and significant effect on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Meanwhile, both fixed capital formation and the labor force have had a significant effect on the GDP, albeit in different directions. The ADF test showed that, with the exception of traditional agricultural exports and fixed capital formation, all determinants became stationary at a level I (0). Moreover, the Co-integration result showed that there is a long-run relationship between the studied variables and a unidirectional causality in the relation between the determinant variables and economic growth.","PeriodicalId":44547,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Agricultural Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46827890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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