Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275336
D. Johannsmann
This tutorial covers the basic concepts of acoustics needed to understand the working principles of piezoelectric sensors. It includes an introduction into fundamental quantities of continuum mechanics and a discussion of acoustic wave types in anisotropic media. Special attention is paid to boundary conditions and surface loading effects. The eventual aim is to provide an in-depth view of analytical and numerical modeling strategies.
{"title":"Tutorial Session 3C - Physic-Chemical Foundations of Piezo-Acoustic Sensors","authors":"D. Johannsmann","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275336","url":null,"abstract":"This tutorial covers the basic concepts of acoustics needed to understand the working principles of piezoelectric sensors. It includes an introduction into fundamental quantities of continuum mechanics and a discussion of acoustic wave types in anisotropic media. Special attention is paid to boundary conditions and surface loading effects. The eventual aim is to provide an in-depth view of analytical and numerical modeling strategies.","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123748980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275351
M. Watanabe, M. Umeki, M. Okazaki
This paper presents an overview of a VCXO using 622.08MHz fundamental quartz crystal resonator. The quartz crystal blank has an inverted mesa structure, and has been fabricated by the laminated quartz crystal wafer technology. The characteristics of the VCXO are as follows; the frequency pull range is +/-190ppm(control voltage 1.65+/-1.65V), the phase jitter is 150fs-rms(12kHz to 20MHz), and the package size is 7.0times5.0mm
{"title":"High performance VCXO with 622.08MHz Fundamental Quartz Crystal Resonator","authors":"M. Watanabe, M. Umeki, M. Okazaki","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275351","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an overview of a VCXO using 622.08MHz fundamental quartz crystal resonator. The quartz crystal blank has an inverted mesa structure, and has been fabricated by the laminated quartz crystal wafer technology. The characteristics of the VCXO are as follows; the frequency pull range is +/-190ppm(control voltage 1.65+/-1.65V), the phase jitter is 150fs-rms(12kHz to 20MHz), and the package size is 7.0times5.0mm","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126634706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275408
Youngjin Lee, Jong-Soo Im, Seunghee Lee
Recently produced RF SAW (surface acoustic wave) filters are made using HTCC (high temperature cofired ceramic) with CSP (chip scale package) technology. This paper describes the development of a new 1.4 times 1.1 and 2.0 times 1.4 mm RF SAW filter based on PCB (printed circuit board) substrate instead of HTCC package, which reduces the cost of materials by 40%. We have investigated the multilayered PCB substrate structure and raw materials to determine the optimal flip-bonding condition between the LiTaO3 wafer and PCB substrates. Also, optimal materials and processing conditions for the epoxy laminating film were experimentally determined that can reduce the bending moment caused by thermal expansion differences between the PCB substrate and laminating film. The new PCB SAW filter shows better electrical and reliability performances than those observed with present SAW filters
{"title":"Development of the RF SAW filters based on PCB substrate","authors":"Youngjin Lee, Jong-Soo Im, Seunghee Lee","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275408","url":null,"abstract":"Recently produced RF SAW (surface acoustic wave) filters are made using HTCC (high temperature cofired ceramic) with CSP (chip scale package) technology. This paper describes the development of a new 1.4 times 1.1 and 2.0 times 1.4 mm RF SAW filter based on PCB (printed circuit board) substrate instead of HTCC package, which reduces the cost of materials by 40%. We have investigated the multilayered PCB substrate structure and raw materials to determine the optimal flip-bonding condition between the LiTaO3 wafer and PCB substrates. Also, optimal materials and processing conditions for the epoxy laminating film were experimentally determined that can reduce the bending moment caused by thermal expansion differences between the PCB substrate and laminating film. The new PCB SAW filter shows better electrical and reliability performances than those observed with present SAW filters","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130814509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275464
J. Détaint, B. Capelle, Y. Epelboin
There is now a large market for the UHF filters made with piezoelectric resonators due to their large use in radio-communication systems. These filters are presently built with materials presenting only a moderate coupling coefficient and using very similar circuit topologies. In this contribution we demonstrate that this lead to a limitation of their performances and we discuss solutions to improve them. These solutions are found considering alternative filter topologies and/or other materials and/or new kinds of devices (resonators or monolithic filters)
{"title":"New Materials and new Devices for Filtering in Radio-communication Systems","authors":"J. Détaint, B. Capelle, Y. Epelboin","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275464","url":null,"abstract":"There is now a large market for the UHF filters made with piezoelectric resonators due to their large use in radio-communication systems. These filters are presently built with materials presenting only a moderate coupling coefficient and using very similar circuit topologies. In this contribution we demonstrate that this lead to a limitation of their performances and we discuss solutions to improve them. These solutions are found considering alternative filter topologies and/or other materials and/or new kinds of devices (resonators or monolithic filters)","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133938280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275431
P. Hommelhoff, C. Kealhofer, M. Kasevich
We investigate the possibility of a simple standalone sensor for the carrier envelope phase of ultrashort laser pulses. We focus the laser beam onto a field emission tip and observe electron emission in the optical field emission regime. In this regime the emission is quasi-static and highly non-linear in the laser electric field. We observe both experimentally and numerically that for three cycle pulses the modulation of the emission current due to the carrier envelope phase is below 0.1 % and thus too small to serve as a means to self-reference the laser. However, for shorter pulses our simulation yields a steep increase in modulation depth. We also show measurements of interferometric autocorrelation traces with the tip as non-linear detector and compare these results to two different theoretical models, thereby backing the choice of our numerical models
{"title":"Femtosecond laser meets field emission tip - a sensor for the carrier envelope phase","authors":"P. Hommelhoff, C. Kealhofer, M. Kasevich","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275431","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the possibility of a simple standalone sensor for the carrier envelope phase of ultrashort laser pulses. We focus the laser beam onto a field emission tip and observe electron emission in the optical field emission regime. In this regime the emission is quasi-static and highly non-linear in the laser electric field. We observe both experimentally and numerically that for three cycle pulses the modulation of the emission current due to the carrier envelope phase is below 0.1 % and thus too small to serve as a means to self-reference the laser. However, for shorter pulses our simulation yields a steep increase in modulation depth. We also show measurements of interferometric autocorrelation traces with the tip as non-linear detector and compare these results to two different theoretical models, thereby backing the choice of our numerical models","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"352 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121706702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275450
Xiaojuan Ou, Wei Zhou, Hongbo Kang
Leeson's model (1996) is the basic model for predicting oscillator noise. The model is easy to understand and can be very useful in identifying sources and characteristics of oscillator noise. But, its main drawback lies in the fact that the amplifier gain is assumed to remain a constant versus the frequency close to the carrier frequency. Watannake (2000) describes the phase-noise characteristics and the analysis modeling of a dual-mode Colpitts oscillator, and the one pointed the Leeson's limit to negative resistance oscillators, but it has not presented an improved model to analysis the phase-noise in dual-mode Colpitts oscillator. Watannake used Leeson's to identify the phase-noise in dual-mode oscillators in which the impedance characteristics of the resonator and filter are negligible. Galliou (2003) presents an improved version of those previous models. The application of which model is to the Clapp crystal oscillator in the paper. The one pointed out that the model is especially attractive to the makers of widely used quartz oscillators. In this paper, we use Galliou (2003) new phase-noise model to analyze the negative resistance oscillators, such as the conventional and dual-mode Colpitts oscillators. The open loop transfer function modules and phase curve diagram of three kinds of circuits were given, and open-loop Q of three oscillators was calculated. By comparing with their open-Q value and open-loop f-1 noise, the relationship of close loop nearer carrier and noise floor phase noise characteristics can be indirectly reflected
{"title":"Phase-noise Analysis for single and Dual-mode Colpitts Crystal Oscillators","authors":"Xiaojuan Ou, Wei Zhou, Hongbo Kang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275450","url":null,"abstract":"Leeson's model (1996) is the basic model for predicting oscillator noise. The model is easy to understand and can be very useful in identifying sources and characteristics of oscillator noise. But, its main drawback lies in the fact that the amplifier gain is assumed to remain a constant versus the frequency close to the carrier frequency. Watannake (2000) describes the phase-noise characteristics and the analysis modeling of a dual-mode Colpitts oscillator, and the one pointed the Leeson's limit to negative resistance oscillators, but it has not presented an improved model to analysis the phase-noise in dual-mode Colpitts oscillator. Watannake used Leeson's to identify the phase-noise in dual-mode oscillators in which the impedance characteristics of the resonator and filter are negligible. Galliou (2003) presents an improved version of those previous models. The application of which model is to the Clapp crystal oscillator in the paper. The one pointed out that the model is especially attractive to the makers of widely used quartz oscillators. In this paper, we use Galliou (2003) new phase-noise model to analyze the negative resistance oscillators, such as the conventional and dual-mode Colpitts oscillators. The open loop transfer function modules and phase curve diagram of three kinds of circuits were given, and open-loop Q of three oscillators was calculated. By comparing with their open-Q value and open-loop f-1 noise, the relationship of close loop nearer carrier and noise floor phase noise characteristics can be indirectly reflected","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123179426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275331
C. Nguyen
{"title":"Tutorial Session 2B - Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) for Frequency and Timing References","authors":"C. Nguyen","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275331","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"390 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131419269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275326
C. Nelson
Craig Nelson received his BSEE from the University of Colorado in Boulder in 1990. After working in the optical disk market and co-founding SpectraDynamics, he joined the staff at the Time and Frequency Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. He has worked on synthesis and control electronics, as well as software for both the NIST7 and F1 primary frequency standards. He is presently involved in research and development of ultra-stable synthesizers, low phase noise electronics, and phase noise metrology. Current areas of research include high-speed pulsed phase noise measurements and phase noise metrology in the 100 GHz range. He has published over 20 papers and frequently presents tutorials on the practical aspects of high-resolution phase noise metrology.
{"title":"Tutorial Session 1A - Phase Noise Measurements","authors":"C. Nelson","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275326","url":null,"abstract":"Craig Nelson received his BSEE from the University of Colorado in Boulder in 1990. After working in the optical disk market and co-founding SpectraDynamics, he joined the staff at the Time and Frequency Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. He has worked on synthesis and control electronics, as well as software for both the NIST7 and F1 primary frequency standards. He is presently involved in research and development of ultra-stable synthesizers, low phase noise electronics, and phase noise metrology. Current areas of research include high-speed pulsed phase noise measurements and phase noise metrology in the 100 GHz range. He has published over 20 papers and frequently presents tutorials on the practical aspects of high-resolution phase noise metrology.","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129826389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275486
P. Guillemot, K. Gasc, I. Petitbon, E. Samain, P. Vrancken, J. Weick, D. Albanese, F. Para, J. Torre
The new generation of optical time transfer (T2L2 - Time Transfer by Laser Link) under development at OCA and CNES will allow the synchronization of remote ultra stable clocks and the determination of their performances over intercontinental distances. The principle is based on the propagation of light pulses between the clocks that are to be synchronized. T2L2 is the follow-on mission to LASSO (LAser Synchronization from Stationary Orbit) with performances improved by two orders of magnitude. Expected T2L2 performances are in the 100 ps range for accuracy, with an ultimate stability better than 1ps over 1,000s and than 10ps over one day. After a short overview of the instrumental heritage and the historic course of the project up to today's acceptation on Jason 2, we will report on a ground experiment conducted by OCA permitting to envision a performance improvement of at least one order of magnitude as compared to the best time transfer techniques available. Then preliminary performance budgets for the T2L2 on Jason 2 mission will be given, based on measurements conducted by OCA and expected performances of the space instrument. We will finish with the status of the space instrument development and a summary of recently conducted measurements of the electronics breadboards performances
{"title":"Time Transfer by Laser Link: The T2L2 experiment on Jason 2","authors":"P. Guillemot, K. Gasc, I. Petitbon, E. Samain, P. Vrancken, J. Weick, D. Albanese, F. Para, J. Torre","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275486","url":null,"abstract":"The new generation of optical time transfer (T2L2 - Time Transfer by Laser Link) under development at OCA and CNES will allow the synchronization of remote ultra stable clocks and the determination of their performances over intercontinental distances. The principle is based on the propagation of light pulses between the clocks that are to be synchronized. T2L2 is the follow-on mission to LASSO (LAser Synchronization from Stationary Orbit) with performances improved by two orders of magnitude. Expected T2L2 performances are in the 100 ps range for accuracy, with an ultimate stability better than 1ps over 1,000s and than 10ps over one day. After a short overview of the instrumental heritage and the historic course of the project up to today's acceptation on Jason 2, we will report on a ground experiment conducted by OCA permitting to envision a performance improvement of at least one order of magnitude as compared to the best time transfer techniques available. Then preliminary performance budgets for the T2L2 on Jason 2 mission will be given, based on measurements conducted by OCA and expected performances of the space instrument. We will finish with the status of the space instrument development and a summary of recently conducted measurements of the electronics breadboards performances","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133915651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275432
J.t.m. Beek, P. Steeneken, B. Giesbers
A novel bulk mode MEMS resonator is presented where mechanical motion is detected using the piezoresistive properties of Si. The piezoresistive readout allows for a high transduction efficiency. The transconductance gm obtained in this manner can be many times higher than the admittance Ym obtained in MEMS resonators that use capacitive read-out. By means of a small signal model it is shown that the transconductance is insensitive to geometric scaling, which allows for the realization of miniature high frequency MEMS resonators and oscillators without performance reduction. The piezoresistive detection method is experimentally validated using a 10MHz bulk acoustic mode resonator processed on SOI. Even for a transduction gap as large as 1.3 mum, it is shown that the transconductance can be as high as 90 muS combined with a Q-factor of 125.000.
提出了一种新型体模MEMS谐振器，利用硅的压阻特性检测机械运动。压阻式读数允许高转导效率。以这种方式获得的跨导gm可以比使用电容读出的MEMS谐振器获得的导纳Ym高许多倍。通过一个小信号模型，表明跨导对几何尺度不敏感，从而可以实现不降低性能的微型高频MEMS谐振器和振荡器。利用SOI处理的10MHz体声模谐振器对压阻检测方法进行了实验验证。即使转导间隙为1.3 μ m，跨导也可以高达90 μ m, q因子为12.5万。
{"title":"A 10MHz piezoresistive MEMS resonator with high Q","authors":"J.t.m. Beek, P. Steeneken, B. Giesbers","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275432","url":null,"abstract":"A novel bulk mode MEMS resonator is presented where mechanical motion is detected using the piezoresistive properties of Si. The piezoresistive readout allows for a high transduction efficiency. The transconductance gm obtained in this manner can be many times higher than the admittance Ym obtained in MEMS resonators that use capacitive read-out. By means of a small signal model it is shown that the transconductance is insensitive to geometric scaling, which allows for the realization of miniature high frequency MEMS resonators and oscillators without performance reduction. The piezoresistive detection method is experimentally validated using a 10MHz bulk acoustic mode resonator processed on SOI. Even for a transduction gap as large as 1.3 mum, it is shown that the transconductance can be as high as 90 muS combined with a Q-factor of 125.000.","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133748146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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