Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275328
S. Stein
{"title":"Tutorial Session 3A - Digital Measurement of Precision Oscillators","authors":"S. Stein","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275328","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124836749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275354
T. Akatsuka, M. Takamoto, F. Hong, Yasuhisa Fujii, M. Imae, H. Katori
The paper discusses a concept and a projected performance of an "optical lattice clock" as a next generation time and frequency standard. Recent experiments on the absolute frequency measurement are presented. The measured Allan standard deviation shows that the fractional frequency instability of the Sr lattice clock has reached 3times10-15 at an averaging time of 1000 s. A preliminary absolute frequency value of the Sr lattice clock is obtained to be 429,228,004,229,876(5) Hz
{"title":"Optical Lattice Clock: Precision Frequency Measurement","authors":"T. Akatsuka, M. Takamoto, F. Hong, Yasuhisa Fujii, M. Imae, H. Katori","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275354","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses a concept and a projected performance of an \"optical lattice clock\" as a next generation time and frequency standard. Recent experiments on the absolute frequency measurement are presented. The measured Allan standard deviation shows that the fractional frequency instability of the Sr lattice clock has reached 3times10-15 at an averaging time of 1000 s. A preliminary absolute frequency value of the Sr lattice clock is obtained to be 429,228,004,229,876(5) Hz","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116875415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275494
G. Cibiel, B. Boizot, J. Boy, J. Carlotti, O. Cambon, S. Devautour-Vinot, V. Candelier, J. Lamboley, P. Guibert, A. Largeteau, C. Ingumbert, D. Piccheda
This paper presents the first results obtained in the R&D study initiated by the CNES at the end of 2004. Numerous French experts have been gathered to determine and to tentatively understand the mechanisms responsible for the radiation sensitivity of quartz resonators and to correlate the results of various analyses in order to reduce or to anneal their susceptibilities
{"title":"Ultra stable oscillators dedicated for space applications: oscillator and quartz material behaviors vs radiation","authors":"G. Cibiel, B. Boizot, J. Boy, J. Carlotti, O. Cambon, S. Devautour-Vinot, V. Candelier, J. Lamboley, P. Guibert, A. Largeteau, C. Ingumbert, D. Piccheda","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275494","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the first results obtained in the R&D study initiated by the CNES at the end of 2004. Numerous French experts have been gathered to determine and to tentatively understand the mechanisms responsible for the radiation sensitivity of quartz resonators and to correlate the results of various analyses in order to reduce or to anneal their susceptibilities","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131444351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275461
D. Matsakis, M. Lee, R. Dach, U. Hugentobler, Z. Jiang
Carrier phase GPS observations between a geodetic receiver at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and two geodetic receivers at the USNO are processed using applications and extensions of the GIPSY and Bernese GPS software packages. Their results are compared with two way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) data. It is found that algorithms that eliminate day-boundary effects require careful handling in the presence of receiver instrumental delays. Depending upon the approach chosen, time differences of several ns and frequency differences of up to 100 ps/day can develop between solution types
{"title":"GPS Carrier Phase Analysis Noise on the USNO-PTB Baselines","authors":"D. Matsakis, M. Lee, R. Dach, U. Hugentobler, Z. Jiang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275461","url":null,"abstract":"Carrier phase GPS observations between a geodetic receiver at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and two geodetic receivers at the USNO are processed using applications and extensions of the GIPSY and Bernese GPS software packages. Their results are compared with two way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) data. It is found that algorithms that eliminate day-boundary effects require careful handling in the presence of receiver instrumental delays. Depending upon the approach chosen, time differences of several ns and frequency differences of up to 100 ps/day can develop between solution types","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123971621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275495
K. Benmessai, R.-Y. Bourgeois, M. Oxborrow, N. Bazin, Y. Kersalé, V. Giordano
In a preceding publication, we reported the experimental demonstration of maser oscillation at 12.04 GHz in a cryogenic sapphire whispering-gallery-mode resonator, where the resonator's dielectric ring contained a low concentration of paramagnetic Fe3+ ions within its monocrystalline sapphire lattice. Our preliminary measurements revealed a frequency stability of the order of 2.5 times 10-14 in a non-optimized design. In this paper, we report new measurements made on this same resonator to determine more precisely the main parameters affecting the dynamics of the Fe3+ ions when exposed to a microwave signal within their ESR bandwidth
{"title":"Study of paramagnetic properties of Fe3+ ions to realizing Whispering Gallery Maser Oscillator","authors":"K. Benmessai, R.-Y. Bourgeois, M. Oxborrow, N. Bazin, Y. Kersalé, V. Giordano","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275495","url":null,"abstract":"In a preceding publication, we reported the experimental demonstration of maser oscillation at 12.04 GHz in a cryogenic sapphire whispering-gallery-mode resonator, where the resonator's dielectric ring contained a low concentration of paramagnetic Fe3+ ions within its monocrystalline sapphire lattice. Our preliminary measurements revealed a frequency stability of the order of 2.5 times 10-14 in a non-optimized design. In this paper, we report new measurements made on this same resonator to determine more precisely the main parameters affecting the dynamics of the Fe3+ ions when exposed to a microwave signal within their ESR bandwidth","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127190530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275503
J. Everard, K. Theodoropoulos
This paper describes, in general terms, the theory and design of ultra-low noise oscillators based on ceramic dielectric resonators and in particular oscillators operating at L and C band. This extends as presented in M. Sallin et al. (2003) at L band the new oscillators offer <-170dBc/Hz at 10kHz offsets with noise floors below -180dBc/Hz beyond 50kHz offset. Results at other frequencies up to 10GHz are also presented. The AM noise has been measured to be significantly below the PM noise at most offsets. To achieve this performance the amplifiers resonators and tuning elements have been extensively optimised. For example L band amplifiers produce very low residual flicker noise <-180dBc at 10kHz offset
{"title":"Ultra-Low Phase Noise Ceramic based Dielectric Resonator Oscillators","authors":"J. Everard, K. Theodoropoulos","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275503","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes, in general terms, the theory and design of ultra-low noise oscillators based on ceramic dielectric resonators and in particular oscillators operating at L and C band. This extends as presented in M. Sallin et al. (2003) at L band the new oscillators offer <-170dBc/Hz at 10kHz offsets with noise floors below -180dBc/Hz beyond 50kHz offset. Results at other frequencies up to 10GHz are also presented. The AM noise has been measured to be significantly below the PM noise at most offsets. To achieve this performance the amplifiers resonators and tuning elements have been extensively optimised. For example L band amplifiers produce very low residual flicker noise <-180dBc at 10kHz offset","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121729097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275487
C. Hackman, J. Levine
A simulation study is performed using GIPSY software in order to determine the impact of site-based and satellite-based systematic errors on the accuracy of between-site GPS carrier-phase frequency comparisons. The data are analyzed using both the precise point positioning (ppp) and network methods: in the former, the time differences between the satellite clocks and system time are fixed to predetermined values. In the latter, the time differences of both the satellite clocks and the receiver clocks are estimated relative to some reference clock (usually a ground-based receiver clock). We also analyze data both with and without the added constraint of double-difference ambiguity fixing. We find that between-site frequency comparisons are largely unaffected by site-based and satellite-based systematic errors when 100% of the double-difference ambiguities are fixed. We also find that in the ppp method, although fixing ambiguities removes between-site frequency errors, it can cause errors in the values of the individual receiver clocks relative to system time. Finally, we find that when a network solution is performed and ambiguities are not fixed, an error made at site A may adversely affect frequency comparisons between sites B and C
{"title":"Towards Sub-10-16 Transcontinental GPS Carrier-Phase Frequency Transfer: a Simulation Study","authors":"C. Hackman, J. Levine","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275487","url":null,"abstract":"A simulation study is performed using GIPSY software in order to determine the impact of site-based and satellite-based systematic errors on the accuracy of between-site GPS carrier-phase frequency comparisons. The data are analyzed using both the precise point positioning (ppp) and network methods: in the former, the time differences between the satellite clocks and system time are fixed to predetermined values. In the latter, the time differences of both the satellite clocks and the receiver clocks are estimated relative to some reference clock (usually a ground-based receiver clock). We also analyze data both with and without the added constraint of double-difference ambiguity fixing. We find that between-site frequency comparisons are largely unaffected by site-based and satellite-based systematic errors when 100% of the double-difference ambiguities are fixed. We also find that in the ppp method, although fixing ambiguities removes between-site frequency errors, it can cause errors in the values of the individual receiver clocks relative to system time. Finally, we find that when a network solution is performed and ambiguities are not fixed, an error made at site A may adversely affect frequency comparisons between sites B and C","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130492324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275470
D. Tsarapkin, S. S. Kozlov
The microwave oscillator utilizing a bridge-type network as a positive feedback loop filter (MBoS) opens a possibility to increase an oscillator effective g-factor by many times thus improving its frequency stability and phase noise. This paper develops the previous analysis taking into account impact on MBoS phase noise of auxiliary stabilizing networks (SNs) used in practical design to prevent parasitic oscillations. The SNs under analysis are presented with a classic transmission resonator (SN1), a new non-minimal-phase circuit of the second order having two pairs of complex conjugate zeros and poles (SN2) and their combination. As expected, the optimized MBoS could provide as low phase noise as approximately -(140... 145) dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset in the case of a room temperature X-band oscillator utilizing sapphire whispering-gallery resonator
{"title":"Impact of Stabilizing Networks on Phase Noise in Microwave Bridge Oscillators","authors":"D. Tsarapkin, S. S. Kozlov","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275470","url":null,"abstract":"The microwave oscillator utilizing a bridge-type network as a positive feedback loop filter (MBoS) opens a possibility to increase an oscillator effective g-factor by many times thus improving its frequency stability and phase noise. This paper develops the previous analysis taking into account impact on MBoS phase noise of auxiliary stabilizing networks (SNs) used in practical design to prevent parasitic oscillations. The SNs under analysis are presented with a classic transmission resonator (SN1), a new non-minimal-phase circuit of the second order having two pairs of complex conjugate zeros and poles (SN2) and their combination. As expected, the optimized MBoS could provide as low phase noise as approximately -(140... 145) dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset in the case of a room temperature X-band oscillator utilizing sapphire whispering-gallery resonator","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131115789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275472
Y. Kersalé, N. Boubekeur, M. Chaubet, N. Bazin, V. Giordano
The paper presents the characterization of a new microwave temperature compensated sapphire-rutile resonator oscillator. The oscillator frequency instability performances are better than 2 times 10-13 for tau < 1000s, and the frequency drift is estimated at 2.5 times10-12/day. These medium and long term results constitute, up to now, the state of the art for microwave temperature compensated sapphire resonator oscillator
{"title":"New Temperature Compensated Sapphire-Rutile Resonator Oscillator","authors":"Y. Kersalé, N. Boubekeur, M. Chaubet, N. Bazin, V. Giordano","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275472","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the characterization of a new microwave temperature compensated sapphire-rutile resonator oscillator. The oscillator frequency instability performances are better than 2 times 10-13 for tau < 1000s, and the frequency drift is estimated at 2.5 times10-12/day. These medium and long term results constitute, up to now, the state of the art for microwave temperature compensated sapphire resonator oscillator","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132065957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275444
Zheng Zhang, Hanhong Chen, J. Zhong, Ying Chen, Yicheng Lu
The medical diagnostics laboratories are showing an urgent need for accurate, fast and inexpensive biosensors. A zinc oxide (ZnO) nanotip-based quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor is developed as a solution for accurate and inexpensive biosensors. The QCM sensor composed of single crystalline ZnO nanotips grown on top of a gold electrode using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the ZnO nanotips are uniformly aligned with their c-axis normal to the gold surface, giving a large surface area for sample up-taking. The ZnO nanotip coated QCM sensor shows a 10-time larger frequency shift than that of regular QCM sensors, when measuring the same DNA oligonucleotide (5'-AGAAAATCTTAGTGTC-3') solution. In addition, the hydrophilic behaviors of the nanotip array significantly reduce the required liquid volume for effective detection. 0.5 mul solution fully covers the QCM sensor area (0.2047 cm2), while a minimum of 16 mul liquid is required to cover a flat surface of the conventional QCM. ZnO nanotips show superhydrophilicity with a contact angle of ~0deg under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. The superhydrophilic sensor surface significantly boosts the solution taking up ability; therefore, enhances the sensitivity of the QCM sensor. The effects of ZnO nanostructure on the bulk acoustic wave (BAW) are also discussed
{"title":"ZnO Nanotip-based QCM Biosensors","authors":"Zheng Zhang, Hanhong Chen, J. Zhong, Ying Chen, Yicheng Lu","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275444","url":null,"abstract":"The medical diagnostics laboratories are showing an urgent need for accurate, fast and inexpensive biosensors. A zinc oxide (ZnO) nanotip-based quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor is developed as a solution for accurate and inexpensive biosensors. The QCM sensor composed of single crystalline ZnO nanotips grown on top of a gold electrode using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the ZnO nanotips are uniformly aligned with their c-axis normal to the gold surface, giving a large surface area for sample up-taking. The ZnO nanotip coated QCM sensor shows a 10-time larger frequency shift than that of regular QCM sensors, when measuring the same DNA oligonucleotide (5'-AGAAAATCTTAGTGTC-3') solution. In addition, the hydrophilic behaviors of the nanotip array significantly reduce the required liquid volume for effective detection. 0.5 mul solution fully covers the QCM sensor area (0.2047 cm2), while a minimum of 16 mul liquid is required to cover a flat surface of the conventional QCM. ZnO nanotips show superhydrophilicity with a contact angle of ~0deg under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. The superhydrophilic sensor surface significantly boosts the solution taking up ability; therefore, enhances the sensitivity of the QCM sensor. The effects of ZnO nanostructure on the bulk acoustic wave (BAW) are also discussed","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123160941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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