Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275505
J. Kwon, I. Kim
This paper reports that the output signal power of a series feedback FET DRO (dielectric resonator oscillator), at the second harmonic frequency, can be significantly enhanced with an additional DR (dielectric resonator) at the drain port. This enhancement has been observed by an experiment and analyzed based on reflection and feedback mechanism between two DRs. Finally we propose that there is an optimum reflection condition and location of the second DR to extract the maximum output power at the second harmonic frequency from the FET DRO
{"title":"2nd Harmonic Power Enhancement of FET DRO with Additional Dielectric Resonator","authors":"J. Kwon, I. Kim","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275505","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports that the output signal power of a series feedback FET DRO (dielectric resonator oscillator), at the second harmonic frequency, can be significantly enhanced with an additional DR (dielectric resonator) at the drain port. This enhancement has been observed by an experiment and analyzed based on reflection and feedback mechanism between two DRs. Finally we propose that there is an optimum reflection condition and location of the second DR to extract the maximum output power at the second harmonic frequency from the FET DRO","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125048528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275332
W. Riley
This tutorial is an introduction to the basic physics and electronics of passive atomic frequency standards (AFS). A passive AFS is the most common type of atomic clock. It uses a crystal oscillator or other frequency source to excite a passive atomic discriminator that produces a correction signal in a frequency control loop to lock the oscillator to the atomic reference. The crystal oscillator then provides a stable output frequency. The types of atomic resonator (physics package) in these devices include the rubidium gas cell, the cesium beam tube (magnetically selected or laser pumped/detected), the passive hydrogen maser, the trapped mercury ion, cesium or rubidium fountains, several types of optical standards, and, most recently, devices using coherent population trapping, including the chip-scale atomic clock. The rubidium gas cell frequency standard, by far the most widely used such device, will be covered in the most detail.
{"title":"Tutorial Session 3B - Passive Atomic Frequency Standards","authors":"W. Riley","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275332","url":null,"abstract":"This tutorial is an introduction to the basic physics and electronics of passive atomic frequency standards (AFS). A passive AFS is the most common type of atomic clock. It uses a crystal oscillator or other frequency source to excite a passive atomic discriminator that produces a correction signal in a frequency control loop to lock the oscillator to the atomic reference. The crystal oscillator then provides a stable output frequency. The types of atomic resonator (physics package) in these devices include the rubidium gas cell, the cesium beam tube (magnetically selected or laser pumped/detected), the passive hydrogen maser, the trapped mercury ion, cesium or rubidium fountains, several types of optical standards, and, most recently, devices using coherent population trapping, including the chip-scale atomic clock. The rubidium gas cell frequency standard, by far the most widely used such device, will be covered in the most detail.","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125079208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275420
P. Dubé, A. Madej, J. Bernard, A. Shiner
The electric quadrupole shift is an important source of systematic uncertainty in several single-ion optical frequency standards. In this paper, we review the electric quadrupole shift cancellation method based on the Zeeman spectrum of the clock transition. The method is demonstrated with an actual frequency measurement of the 5s2S 1/2-4d2D5/2 transition of 88Sr+. This cancellation method also removes shifts from the tensor part of the Stark effect. Further analysis of the data provides an evaluation of the micromotion shifts which are then applied to correct the observed ion clock frequency. Recent improvements to our probe laser system and the observation of Fourier-transform limited linewidths of 5 Hz at 445 THz are also reported
{"title":"88Sr+ Single-Ion Optical Frequency Standard","authors":"P. Dubé, A. Madej, J. Bernard, A. Shiner","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275420","url":null,"abstract":"The electric quadrupole shift is an important source of systematic uncertainty in several single-ion optical frequency standards. In this paper, we review the electric quadrupole shift cancellation method based on the Zeeman spectrum of the clock transition. The method is demonstrated with an actual frequency measurement of the 5s2S 1/2-4d2D5/2 transition of 88Sr+. This cancellation method also removes shifts from the tensor part of the Stark effect. Further analysis of the data provides an evaluation of the micromotion shifts which are then applied to correct the observed ion clock frequency. Recent improvements to our probe laser system and the observation of Fourier-transform limited linewidths of 5 Hz at 445 THz are also reported","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121102511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275434
J.R. Clark, Minfan Pai, B. Wissman, G. He, W. Hsu
Large, parallel-coupled arrays of micromechanical square resonators have been demonstrated, greatly reducing the equivalent impedance of the aggregate resonator by up to a factor of 30 in an array of 30 strongly-coupled devices while retaining quality factors approaching 10,000. In addition, multiple strong-coupled arrays have been weakly coupled via mechanical linkage in order to form a 10.7MHz IF filter, such as would be required in a heterodyning FM radio system, with greatly reduced matching impedance requirements
{"title":"Parallel-Coupled Square-Resonator Micromechanical Filter Arrays","authors":"J.R. Clark, Minfan Pai, B. Wissman, G. He, W. Hsu","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275434","url":null,"abstract":"Large, parallel-coupled arrays of micromechanical square resonators have been demonstrated, greatly reducing the equivalent impedance of the aggregate resonator by up to a factor of 30 in an array of 30 strongly-coupled devices while retaining quality factors approaching 10,000. In addition, multiple strong-coupled arrays have been weakly coupled via mechanical linkage in order to form a 10.7MHz IF filter, such as would be required in a heterodyning FM radio system, with greatly reduced matching impedance requirements","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116395104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275501
D. Green, C. McNeilage, J. Searls
A tuneable 10.24 GHz microwave oscillator based on a sapphire-loaded cavity (SLQ resonator operating in a "whispering gallery"-mode has been built. Extremely low phase noise of -130 dBc/Hz @ 1 kHz and -179 dBc/Hz floor has been measured, without the need for any form of noise reduction. This level of performance is made possible by the high Q factor of the SLC resonator, together with the low phase noise of a commercially-available sustaining amplifier based on a parallel combination of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). This paper presents the results for the performance of this low phase noise, sapphire resonator based loop (SLOOP) oscillator. The SLOOP has an SLC resonator with a significantly improved start-up time over previous sapphire-based resonators, coming to temperature lock within 2 minutes over the operating temperature range 0 to +55degC
{"title":"A Low Phase Noise Microwave Sapphire Loop Oscillator","authors":"D. Green, C. McNeilage, J. Searls","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275501","url":null,"abstract":"A tuneable 10.24 GHz microwave oscillator based on a sapphire-loaded cavity (SLQ resonator operating in a \"whispering gallery\"-mode has been built. Extremely low phase noise of -130 dBc/Hz @ 1 kHz and -179 dBc/Hz floor has been measured, without the need for any form of noise reduction. This level of performance is made possible by the high Q factor of the SLC resonator, together with the low phase noise of a commercially-available sustaining amplifier based on a parallel combination of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). This paper presents the results for the performance of this low phase noise, sapphire resonator based loop (SLOOP) oscillator. The SLOOP has an SLC resonator with a significantly improved start-up time over previous sapphire-based resonators, coming to temperature lock within 2 minutes over the operating temperature range 0 to +55degC","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126864253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275455
J. Munoz-Diaz, Y. Shmaliy, L. Arceo-Miquel, O. Ibarra-Manzano
An investigation of the optimal time step (sampling interval) is provided for the time interval error (TIE) model of a local crystal clock in GPS-based timekeeping. For the sawtooth noise of a receiver, the local clock states are estimated employing an unbiased finite impulse response (FIR) filtering algorithm. We exploit the local crystal clock imbedded to the Stanford Frequency Counter SR620. The measurements are provided using the SynPaQ III GPS Sensor as a timing receiver and rubidium clock (SR625) as a reference source of time for the crystal clock
研究了gps计时中局部晶体钟的时间间隔误差(TIE)模型的最佳时间步长(采样间隔)。对于接收机的锯齿噪声，采用无偏有限脉冲响应(FIR)滤波算法估计局部时钟状态。我们利用嵌入到斯坦福频率计数器SR620的本地晶体时钟。测量使用SynPaQ III GPS传感器作为定时接收器，铷时钟(SR625)作为晶体时钟的参考时间源
{"title":"Investigation of an Optimum Sampling Interval for a Local Clock TIE Model with an Unbiased FIR Filtering Algorithm","authors":"J. Munoz-Diaz, Y. Shmaliy, L. Arceo-Miquel, O. Ibarra-Manzano","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275455","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation of the optimal time step (sampling interval) is provided for the time interval error (TIE) model of a local crystal clock in GPS-based timekeeping. For the sawtooth noise of a receiver, the local clock states are estimated employing an unbiased finite impulse response (FIR) filtering algorithm. We exploit the local crystal clock imbedded to the Stanford Frequency Counter SR620. The measurements are provided using the SynPaQ III GPS Sensor as a timing receiver and rubidium clock (SR625) as a reference source of time for the crystal clock","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127516583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275345
Y. Yong, M.S. Patel, S. Srivastava, M. Tanaka, T. Imai
A review of the finite element method for the analysis and design of quartz resonators is presented. Finite element analysis of the factors which impact on the performance of high quality quartz resonators are discussed. Novel techniques for the visualization of frequency spectra, calculation of resonator Q, and modeling of the effects of thermal stresses on the f-T behavior are presented. Good comparisons of simulated finite element results with their respective experimental results were found
{"title":"The Impact of Finite Element Analysis on the Design of Quartz Resonators","authors":"Y. Yong, M.S. Patel, S. Srivastava, M. Tanaka, T. Imai","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275345","url":null,"abstract":"A review of the finite element method for the analysis and design of quartz resonators is presented. Finite element analysis of the factors which impact on the performance of high quality quartz resonators are discussed. Novel techniques for the visualization of frequency spectra, calculation of resonator Q, and modeling of the effects of thermal stresses on the f-T behavior are presented. Good comparisons of simulated finite element results with their respective experimental results were found","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126949867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275390
M. Koyama, T. Hosoda, T. Uchiyama
In this paper, progress of the domestic (Japan) round robin phase jitter measurement of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators is explained. Users apply the SONET/SDH analyzer to measure the phase jitter of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators, which is currently in demand. The SONET/SDH analyzer was chosen as the measurement device with the intention of establishing an international standard. This paper attempts to display the process of international standardization, with reference to the progress of the domestic round robin measurement of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators. The occurrence of measurement errors, and the values demanded by the users that could not be guaranteed were shown
{"title":"Interim report on the round robin result of phase jitter measurement in crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators","authors":"M. Koyama, T. Hosoda, T. Uchiyama","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275390","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, progress of the domestic (Japan) round robin phase jitter measurement of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators is explained. Users apply the SONET/SDH analyzer to measure the phase jitter of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators, which is currently in demand. The SONET/SDH analyzer was chosen as the measurement device with the intention of establishing an international standard. This paper attempts to display the process of international standardization, with reference to the progress of the domestic round robin measurement of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators. The occurrence of measurement errors, and the values demanded by the users that could not be guaranteed were shown","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130481079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275379
S. Goka, Y. Mase, H. Sekimoto, Y. Watanabe
We calculated an improved bimesa structure, ones that has two mesa steps and is suitable for mounting using a two-dimensional finite element method in the X-Y' region. The frequency differences between clamp and free X-edge conditions were estimated as an index of mounting influences. When the outer mesa height was lower than 20% of the thick area, the frequency differences were less than 10% of standard-type bimesa resonator values. These results indicate that our bi-mesa structure has good separation from the mounting influences
{"title":"Calculation of Bi-mesa Structures Suitable for Mounting","authors":"S. Goka, Y. Mase, H. Sekimoto, Y. Watanabe","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275379","url":null,"abstract":"We calculated an improved bimesa structure, ones that has two mesa steps and is suitable for mounting using a two-dimensional finite element method in the X-Y' region. The frequency differences between clamp and free X-edge conditions were estimated as an index of mounting influences. When the outer mesa height was lower than 20% of the thick area, the frequency differences were less than 10% of standard-type bimesa resonator values. These results indicate that our bi-mesa structure has good separation from the mounting influences","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132579574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275485
N. Ashby, D. Howe
XNAV is a technology demonstration involving many organizations that will use photons from X-ray pulsars for navigation and spacecraft attitude determination. This paper summarizes relativistic effects in the context of XNAV. It also characterizes the primary task in the time domain of realizing an on-board master clock that time-tags detected X-ray photons with sufficient accuracy to permit meaningful navigation solutions. XNAV must first estimate the periods of uncatalogued X-ray pulsars to determine suitable candidate pulsars for navigation. This task will use an efficient search algorithm to determine the pulsar period from a sensor aimed at the pulsar. As a part of this search and catalogue task, an accumulator that integrates photon counts will compute average counts per sampling time interval, in time bins that are small compared to the pulsar's period. This operation is dubbed the pulsar profiler function. It is intended to build a reference or standard profile of a chosen pulsar for later use. The search and catalogue need to be sufficient for navigation based on times-of-arrival of pulsar signals in real time vs. the on-board reference clock. Operationally, the timing module locates in time the highest peak (or other defined phase center) in the group velocity of received, periodic plane-wave pulses from catalogued pulsars. The goal is to permit navigation accuracy approaching 100 m. This will be accomplished by cross-correlation of catalogued profiles to incoming profiles based on X-ray sensor data collected in real time
{"title":"Relativity and Timing in X-ray Pulsar Navigation","authors":"N. Ashby, D. Howe","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275485","url":null,"abstract":"XNAV is a technology demonstration involving many organizations that will use photons from X-ray pulsars for navigation and spacecraft attitude determination. This paper summarizes relativistic effects in the context of XNAV. It also characterizes the primary task in the time domain of realizing an on-board master clock that time-tags detected X-ray photons with sufficient accuracy to permit meaningful navigation solutions. XNAV must first estimate the periods of uncatalogued X-ray pulsars to determine suitable candidate pulsars for navigation. This task will use an efficient search algorithm to determine the pulsar period from a sensor aimed at the pulsar. As a part of this search and catalogue task, an accumulator that integrates photon counts will compute average counts per sampling time interval, in time bins that are small compared to the pulsar's period. This operation is dubbed the pulsar profiler function. It is intended to build a reference or standard profile of a chosen pulsar for later use. The search and catalogue need to be sufficient for navigation based on times-of-arrival of pulsar signals in real time vs. the on-board reference clock. Operationally, the timing module locates in time the highest peak (or other defined phase center) in the group velocity of received, periodic plane-wave pulses from catalogued pulsars. The goal is to permit navigation accuracy approaching 100 m. This will be accomplished by cross-correlation of catalogued profiles to incoming profiles based on X-ray sensor data collected in real time","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134216649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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