Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275332
W. Riley
This tutorial is an introduction to the basic physics and electronics of passive atomic frequency standards (AFS). A passive AFS is the most common type of atomic clock. It uses a crystal oscillator or other frequency source to excite a passive atomic discriminator that produces a correction signal in a frequency control loop to lock the oscillator to the atomic reference. The crystal oscillator then provides a stable output frequency. The types of atomic resonator (physics package) in these devices include the rubidium gas cell, the cesium beam tube (magnetically selected or laser pumped/detected), the passive hydrogen maser, the trapped mercury ion, cesium or rubidium fountains, several types of optical standards, and, most recently, devices using coherent population trapping, including the chip-scale atomic clock. The rubidium gas cell frequency standard, by far the most widely used such device, will be covered in the most detail.
{"title":"Tutorial Session 3B - Passive Atomic Frequency Standards","authors":"W. Riley","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275332","url":null,"abstract":"This tutorial is an introduction to the basic physics and electronics of passive atomic frequency standards (AFS). A passive AFS is the most common type of atomic clock. It uses a crystal oscillator or other frequency source to excite a passive atomic discriminator that produces a correction signal in a frequency control loop to lock the oscillator to the atomic reference. The crystal oscillator then provides a stable output frequency. The types of atomic resonator (physics package) in these devices include the rubidium gas cell, the cesium beam tube (magnetically selected or laser pumped/detected), the passive hydrogen maser, the trapped mercury ion, cesium or rubidium fountains, several types of optical standards, and, most recently, devices using coherent population trapping, including the chip-scale atomic clock. The rubidium gas cell frequency standard, by far the most widely used such device, will be covered in the most detail.","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125079208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275479
Ji Wang, Guojun Chen, J. Du
Lee plate equations for high frequency vibrations of piezoelectric plates have been established and improved over the decades with the sole objective to obtain the accurate prediction of frequency and mode shapes to aid crystal resonator design. The latest improvement includes extra terms related to derivatives of the flexural displacement to adjust the accuracy and for the consideration of the electrode for practical applications. As part of the efforts to make the equations more practical for resonator design with the improved of frequency accuracy and consideration of electrodes, the authors derived Lee plate equations for electroded plates by changing the integration limits in the dimension reduction procedure to signify the dominant role of the crystal plate. As a result, the equations are modified for the inclusion of the electrode effects. To improve the accuracy in the vicinity of thickness-shear vibration frequency of electroded plates, we modified the density terms in plate equations to reflect the contribution of both electrode stiffness and density, which makes the frequency more accurate for commonly used electrode materials
{"title":"Modified Lee Plate Equations for the Vibration Analysis of Piezoelectric Plates with Consideration of Stiffness and Mass of Electrodes","authors":"Ji Wang, Guojun Chen, J. Du","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275479","url":null,"abstract":"Lee plate equations for high frequency vibrations of piezoelectric plates have been established and improved over the decades with the sole objective to obtain the accurate prediction of frequency and mode shapes to aid crystal resonator design. The latest improvement includes extra terms related to derivatives of the flexural displacement to adjust the accuracy and for the consideration of the electrode for practical applications. As part of the efforts to make the equations more practical for resonator design with the improved of frequency accuracy and consideration of electrodes, the authors derived Lee plate equations for electroded plates by changing the integration limits in the dimension reduction procedure to signify the dominant role of the crystal plate. As a result, the equations are modified for the inclusion of the electrode effects. To improve the accuracy in the vicinity of thickness-shear vibration frequency of electroded plates, we modified the density terms in plate equations to reflect the contribution of both electrode stiffness and density, which makes the frequency more accurate for commonly used electrode materials","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122104947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275390
M. Koyama, T. Hosoda, T. Uchiyama
In this paper, progress of the domestic (Japan) round robin phase jitter measurement of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators is explained. Users apply the SONET/SDH analyzer to measure the phase jitter of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators, which is currently in demand. The SONET/SDH analyzer was chosen as the measurement device with the intention of establishing an international standard. This paper attempts to display the process of international standardization, with reference to the progress of the domestic round robin measurement of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators. The occurrence of measurement errors, and the values demanded by the users that could not be guaranteed were shown
{"title":"Interim report on the round robin result of phase jitter measurement in crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators","authors":"M. Koyama, T. Hosoda, T. Uchiyama","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275390","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, progress of the domestic (Japan) round robin phase jitter measurement of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators is explained. Users apply the SONET/SDH analyzer to measure the phase jitter of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators, which is currently in demand. The SONET/SDH analyzer was chosen as the measurement device with the intention of establishing an international standard. This paper attempts to display the process of international standardization, with reference to the progress of the domestic round robin measurement of quartz crystal oscillators and SAW oscillators. The occurrence of measurement errors, and the values demanded by the users that could not be guaranteed were shown","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130481079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275459
Li Gun, Hu Yong-hui, Zhou Wei
Detecting and reconstructing the cycle slip are very important in GPS carrier phase time transfer (GPS CPTT). Many kinds of algorithms have been developed in the past several years especially using GIPSY OASIS software developed by JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) for estimating ambiguity resolution and solving cycle slip problem. NTSC has installed one geodetic like dual frequency Ashtech Z12T receiver for GPS CPTT investigation. The GPS carrier phase time transfer data have been obtained using this receiver at NTSC (National time service center, Chinese Academy of Sciences). In this paper, a new algorithm of TWO STEP method for detecting outliers and cycle slips in dual-frequency GPS is presented. Firstly, using Kalman filter in the model of the 3rd order polynomial for a larger cycle slips, such as larger than 2cycles. Secondly, estimating and reconstruction small cycle slips(less than 1) by using Daubechies wavelet. The details of algorithm are given. The processing result using the algorithm is presented. It is applicable to the carrier phase measurement with one sample per 30 second. The calculated results using data of GPS on NTSC show that the algorithm is so efficiency that it can accurately find the small cycle slip less than one cycle
{"title":"A New Algorithm of Detecting and Correction Cycle Slips in Dual-Frequency GPS","authors":"Li Gun, Hu Yong-hui, Zhou Wei","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275459","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting and reconstructing the cycle slip are very important in GPS carrier phase time transfer (GPS CPTT). Many kinds of algorithms have been developed in the past several years especially using GIPSY OASIS software developed by JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) for estimating ambiguity resolution and solving cycle slip problem. NTSC has installed one geodetic like dual frequency Ashtech Z12T receiver for GPS CPTT investigation. The GPS carrier phase time transfer data have been obtained using this receiver at NTSC (National time service center, Chinese Academy of Sciences). In this paper, a new algorithm of TWO STEP method for detecting outliers and cycle slips in dual-frequency GPS is presented. Firstly, using Kalman filter in the model of the 3rd order polynomial for a larger cycle slips, such as larger than 2cycles. Secondly, estimating and reconstruction small cycle slips(less than 1) by using Daubechies wavelet. The details of algorithm are given. The processing result using the algorithm is presented. It is applicable to the carrier phase measurement with one sample per 30 second. The calculated results using data of GPS on NTSC show that the algorithm is so efficiency that it can accurately find the small cycle slip less than one cycle","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129633279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275463
Li Gun, Huang Hui, Zhong Chong-xia, Zhou Wei
Two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) and GPS C/A code based common view (GPS CV) are the two primary methods for international time and frequency transfer. TWSTFT technique has been made significant improvement in the last several years, and demonstrated to show a higher precision of T&F transfer than that of GPS CV. So it has been utilized for in the computation of TAI (international atomic time) and the GPS CV link is regarded as a back up if the links have both TWSTFT and GPS CV time transfer links. Actually, the TWSTFT is unavailable frequently for some unknown reasons or failure of instrument. More important, in some links, the comparison result of GPS CV has valuable information in the calculation of TAI and UTC (coordinated universal time). Considering these two cases, we have been used GPS CV C/A code and TWSTFT observations in attempt to form a more stable and reliable composite time transfer links. In this study we have focused on the unavailability when the system has malfunction or abnormality, in this case, the GPS CV data will be used in TAI computation which will cause a systematic error that should be deduct in some links. Finally, to avoid the above mentioned shortcomings, a new optimal algorithm for combining the two types time transfer data is given, the details of the optimal algorithm has been presented in this paper. A more stable and reliable time comparison result has been achieved in time comparison between some national time laboratories. The UTC(USNO)-UTC(PTB) and the UTC(ROA)-UTC(PTB) are given as a example
{"title":"Study of an Optimal Algorithm for Combing TWSTFT and GPS CV Comparisons","authors":"Li Gun, Huang Hui, Zhong Chong-xia, Zhou Wei","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275463","url":null,"abstract":"Two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) and GPS C/A code based common view (GPS CV) are the two primary methods for international time and frequency transfer. TWSTFT technique has been made significant improvement in the last several years, and demonstrated to show a higher precision of T&F transfer than that of GPS CV. So it has been utilized for in the computation of TAI (international atomic time) and the GPS CV link is regarded as a back up if the links have both TWSTFT and GPS CV time transfer links. Actually, the TWSTFT is unavailable frequently for some unknown reasons or failure of instrument. More important, in some links, the comparison result of GPS CV has valuable information in the calculation of TAI and UTC (coordinated universal time). Considering these two cases, we have been used GPS CV C/A code and TWSTFT observations in attempt to form a more stable and reliable composite time transfer links. In this study we have focused on the unavailability when the system has malfunction or abnormality, in this case, the GPS CV data will be used in TAI computation which will cause a systematic error that should be deduct in some links. Finally, to avoid the above mentioned shortcomings, a new optimal algorithm for combining the two types time transfer data is given, the details of the optimal algorithm has been presented in this paper. A more stable and reliable time comparison result has been achieved in time comparison between some national time laboratories. The UTC(USNO)-UTC(PTB) and the UTC(ROA)-UTC(PTB) are given as a example","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130254939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275371
V. Kulkarni, K. Prasad, B. Barber
In this paper, the results of a stacked crystal filter (SCF) are presented. It is shown that the bandwidth of the SCF can be designed by choice of electrode materials, device dimensions and use of external components such as inductors. This paper also discusses the fabrication of SCF along with the device layouts. A single stage and a two-stage SCF are designed and it is shown that the bandwidth of two-stage can only be increased if the inductor is connected between stages
{"title":"Bandwidth Improvement Methods In Acoustically-Coupled Thin Film BAW Devices","authors":"V. Kulkarni, K. Prasad, B. Barber","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275371","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the results of a stacked crystal filter (SCF) are presented. It is shown that the bandwidth of the SCF can be designed by choice of electrode materials, device dimensions and use of external components such as inductors. This paper also discusses the fabrication of SCF along with the device layouts. A single stage and a two-stage SCF are designed and it is shown that the bandwidth of two-stage can only be increased if the inductor is connected between stages","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128509244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275455
J. Munoz-Diaz, Y. Shmaliy, L. Arceo-Miquel, O. Ibarra-Manzano
An investigation of the optimal time step (sampling interval) is provided for the time interval error (TIE) model of a local crystal clock in GPS-based timekeeping. For the sawtooth noise of a receiver, the local clock states are estimated employing an unbiased finite impulse response (FIR) filtering algorithm. We exploit the local crystal clock imbedded to the Stanford Frequency Counter SR620. The measurements are provided using the SynPaQ III GPS Sensor as a timing receiver and rubidium clock (SR625) as a reference source of time for the crystal clock
研究了gps计时中局部晶体钟的时间间隔误差(TIE)模型的最佳时间步长(采样间隔)。对于接收机的锯齿噪声，采用无偏有限脉冲响应(FIR)滤波算法估计局部时钟状态。我们利用嵌入到斯坦福频率计数器SR620的本地晶体时钟。测量使用SynPaQ III GPS传感器作为定时接收器，铷时钟(SR625)作为晶体时钟的参考时间源
{"title":"Investigation of an Optimum Sampling Interval for a Local Clock TIE Model with an Unbiased FIR Filtering Algorithm","authors":"J. Munoz-Diaz, Y. Shmaliy, L. Arceo-Miquel, O. Ibarra-Manzano","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275455","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation of the optimal time step (sampling interval) is provided for the time interval error (TIE) model of a local crystal clock in GPS-based timekeeping. For the sawtooth noise of a receiver, the local clock states are estimated employing an unbiased finite impulse response (FIR) filtering algorithm. We exploit the local crystal clock imbedded to the Stanford Frequency Counter SR620. The measurements are provided using the SynPaQ III GPS Sensor as a timing receiver and rubidium clock (SR625) as a reference source of time for the crystal clock","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127516583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275482
V. Reinhardt
This paper discusses the behavior of sample, standard, bandpass, and Allan variances of the time and phase error in the presence of negative power law or fbeta noise for a variety of systems. These systems include those in the digital, communications, signal processing, radar, ranging, and time transfer areas. A theory is presented which spectrally defines these variances by explicitly incorporating a system phase response function Hs(f) into the spectral integral. For many of the above systems, Hs(f) is shown to contain highpass as well as lowpass filtering properties, and these highpass properties, when present, are shown to enable both the sample and standard variances, as well as Allan variances, to be used in the presence of fbeta noise for beta>-4. It is also shown that the sample variance defined in this way can be used to justify the heuristic low and high frequency cut-offs that appear in the spectral definition of the bandpass variance (also known as the jitter). Hs(f) is further shown to fall into four general classes for the purposes of characterizing variance behavior. These classes we call: digital sampling, delay, delay with averaging, and PLL. The final part of the paper consists of a detailed discussion of the properties of these variances in the presence of negative power law noise for the above systems, organized by class of Hs(f)
{"title":"The Properties of Time and Phase Variances in the Presence of Power Law Noise for Various Systems","authors":"V. Reinhardt","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275482","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the behavior of sample, standard, bandpass, and Allan variances of the time and phase error in the presence of negative power law or fbeta noise for a variety of systems. These systems include those in the digital, communications, signal processing, radar, ranging, and time transfer areas. A theory is presented which spectrally defines these variances by explicitly incorporating a system phase response function Hs(f) into the spectral integral. For many of the above systems, Hs(f) is shown to contain highpass as well as lowpass filtering properties, and these highpass properties, when present, are shown to enable both the sample and standard variances, as well as Allan variances, to be used in the presence of fbeta noise for beta>-4. It is also shown that the sample variance defined in this way can be used to justify the heuristic low and high frequency cut-offs that appear in the spectral definition of the bandpass variance (also known as the jitter). Hs(f) is further shown to fall into four general classes for the purposes of characterizing variance behavior. These classes we call: digital sampling, delay, delay with averaging, and PLL. The final part of the paper consists of a detailed discussion of the properties of these variances in the presence of negative power law noise for the above systems, organized by class of Hs(f)","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122170186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275501
D. Green, C. McNeilage, J. Searls
A tuneable 10.24 GHz microwave oscillator based on a sapphire-loaded cavity (SLQ resonator operating in a "whispering gallery"-mode has been built. Extremely low phase noise of -130 dBc/Hz @ 1 kHz and -179 dBc/Hz floor has been measured, without the need for any form of noise reduction. This level of performance is made possible by the high Q factor of the SLC resonator, together with the low phase noise of a commercially-available sustaining amplifier based on a parallel combination of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). This paper presents the results for the performance of this low phase noise, sapphire resonator based loop (SLOOP) oscillator. The SLOOP has an SLC resonator with a significantly improved start-up time over previous sapphire-based resonators, coming to temperature lock within 2 minutes over the operating temperature range 0 to +55degC
{"title":"A Low Phase Noise Microwave Sapphire Loop Oscillator","authors":"D. Green, C. McNeilage, J. Searls","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275501","url":null,"abstract":"A tuneable 10.24 GHz microwave oscillator based on a sapphire-loaded cavity (SLQ resonator operating in a \"whispering gallery\"-mode has been built. Extremely low phase noise of -130 dBc/Hz @ 1 kHz and -179 dBc/Hz floor has been measured, without the need for any form of noise reduction. This level of performance is made possible by the high Q factor of the SLC resonator, together with the low phase noise of a commercially-available sustaining amplifier based on a parallel combination of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). This paper presents the results for the performance of this low phase noise, sapphire resonator based loop (SLOOP) oscillator. The SLOOP has an SLC resonator with a significantly improved start-up time over previous sapphire-based resonators, coming to temperature lock within 2 minutes over the operating temperature range 0 to +55degC","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126864253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275345
Y. Yong, M.S. Patel, S. Srivastava, M. Tanaka, T. Imai
A review of the finite element method for the analysis and design of quartz resonators is presented. Finite element analysis of the factors which impact on the performance of high quality quartz resonators are discussed. Novel techniques for the visualization of frequency spectra, calculation of resonator Q, and modeling of the effects of thermal stresses on the f-T behavior are presented. Good comparisons of simulated finite element results with their respective experimental results were found
{"title":"The Impact of Finite Element Analysis on the Design of Quartz Resonators","authors":"Y. Yong, M.S. Patel, S. Srivastava, M. Tanaka, T. Imai","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275345","url":null,"abstract":"A review of the finite element method for the analysis and design of quartz resonators is presented. Finite element analysis of the factors which impact on the performance of high quality quartz resonators are discussed. Novel techniques for the visualization of frequency spectra, calculation of resonator Q, and modeling of the effects of thermal stresses on the f-T behavior are presented. Good comparisons of simulated finite element results with their respective experimental results were found","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126949867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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