Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275502
R. Boudot, S. Gribaldo, Y. Gruson, N. Bazin, E. Rubiola, O. Llopis, V. Giordano
This paper reports on the design and the measurement of low phase noise X-band oscillators combining a room temperature high-Q whispering gallery mode (WGM) sapphire resonator and an ultra-low phase noise sustaining amplifier. The resonator thermal configuration has been optimized leading to a thermal frequency sensitivity of -0.05 ppm/K. Compact microstrip DBR (dual behavior resonators) filters have been realized to suppress cavity spurious modes. High performance commercially available amplifiers have been tested. Owing to the low phase noise, the measurement of oscillators requires cross-correlation and some unusual solutions. X-band oscillators typical phase noise as low as -36 dB.rad2/Hz at 1 Hz Fourier frequency, -145 dB.rad 2/Hz at 10 kHz offset and -160 dB.rad2/Hz at 100 kHz from the carrier have been measured. Parallely, two excellent and original double stage amplifiers based on a Si-SiGe transistors cascade (power gain=8.2 dB - phase noise performances : -168 dB.rad2/Hz at 100kHz offset) have been designed, precisely modeled (non-linear and noise modeling) and optimized thanks to dedicated CAD techniques
{"title":"Development of Ultra Low Phase Noise X-Band Oscillators","authors":"R. Boudot, S. Gribaldo, Y. Gruson, N. Bazin, E. Rubiola, O. Llopis, V. Giordano","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275502","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on the design and the measurement of low phase noise X-band oscillators combining a room temperature high-Q whispering gallery mode (WGM) sapphire resonator and an ultra-low phase noise sustaining amplifier. The resonator thermal configuration has been optimized leading to a thermal frequency sensitivity of -0.05 ppm/K. Compact microstrip DBR (dual behavior resonators) filters have been realized to suppress cavity spurious modes. High performance commercially available amplifiers have been tested. Owing to the low phase noise, the measurement of oscillators requires cross-correlation and some unusual solutions. X-band oscillators typical phase noise as low as -36 dB.rad2/Hz at 1 Hz Fourier frequency, -145 dB.rad 2/Hz at 10 kHz offset and -160 dB.rad2/Hz at 100 kHz from the carrier have been measured. Parallely, two excellent and original double stage amplifiers based on a Si-SiGe transistors cascade (power gain=8.2 dB - phase noise performances : -168 dB.rad2/Hz at 100kHz offset) have been designed, precisely modeled (non-linear and noise modeling) and optimized thanks to dedicated CAD techniques","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129087510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275382
Xian-he Huang, Wei Wei, Feng Tan, Wei Fu
For improving the frequency-temperature characteristic of temperature compensation overtone crystal oscillator (TCOXO), a novel 120MHz TCOXO design is described in this paper. It is different from general methods, in which a compensated 40MHz 3th overtone crystal oscillator is frequency tripled. This design utilizes a 100MHz AT-cut 5th overtone crystal oscillator mixing with a 20MHz AT-cut VCXO, then the 120MHz signal is gained through the filter. In this design, AT89S52 microprocessor is chosen to control and supply the adjusted voltage which the 20MHz VCXO needs, consequently, frequency deviations of the two crystal oscillators are compensated so that the 120MHz is the stable output frequency. As the frequency deviation of the 100MHZ overtone crystal oscillator and the 20MHz VCXO is both compensated simply by the latter, which makes frequency deviations of total system even more, the piecewise linear interpolation method is used. In this work, verified experiment results of the compensation are presented. The stability of the experimental 120MHz TCOXO with microprocessor temperature compensation achieves plusmn 2 times 10-7 within the temperature range from -30 to +70degC. The adding inductance method in the common design is not contained, therefore, this novel design is helpful for improving frequency-temperature performances of TCOXO. Synchronously, frequency multiplication is substituted by mixing so that it is possible to reduce the phase noise of the high-frequency TCOXO with this method
{"title":"An Improved Overtone Crystal Oscillator with Microprocessor Temperature Compensation","authors":"Xian-he Huang, Wei Wei, Feng Tan, Wei Fu","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275382","url":null,"abstract":"For improving the frequency-temperature characteristic of temperature compensation overtone crystal oscillator (TCOXO), a novel 120MHz TCOXO design is described in this paper. It is different from general methods, in which a compensated 40MHz 3th overtone crystal oscillator is frequency tripled. This design utilizes a 100MHz AT-cut 5th overtone crystal oscillator mixing with a 20MHz AT-cut VCXO, then the 120MHz signal is gained through the filter. In this design, AT89S52 microprocessor is chosen to control and supply the adjusted voltage which the 20MHz VCXO needs, consequently, frequency deviations of the two crystal oscillators are compensated so that the 120MHz is the stable output frequency. As the frequency deviation of the 100MHZ overtone crystal oscillator and the 20MHz VCXO is both compensated simply by the latter, which makes frequency deviations of total system even more, the piecewise linear interpolation method is used. In this work, verified experiment results of the compensation are presented. The stability of the experimental 120MHz TCOXO with microprocessor temperature compensation achieves plusmn 2 times 10-7 within the temperature range from -30 to +70degC. The adding inductance method in the common design is not contained, therefore, this novel design is helpful for improving frequency-temperature performances of TCOXO. Synchronously, frequency multiplication is substituted by mixing so that it is possible to reduce the phase noise of the high-frequency TCOXO with this method","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124121409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275392
Wei Zhou, Xiaojuan Ou, Hui Zhou, B. Wang, Xiguang Yang
Because of the development of the frequency standard technique, the higher precision request to the measurement techniques is necessary. For enhancing measurement precision and reducing measurement cost, we developed a time interval measurement technique based on time-space relationship. The high-resolution coincidence detection is very important because it is basic condition for getting high precision. More stable measurement circuits and other processing approaches can reach even higher resolution. The start signal of the measured time interval passes the delay line. According to time transmission delay of signals in the line and the measuring resolution required, the line is divided into many small subsections. And at the end of every subsection, the coincidence state of start signals that have been delayed and stop signals that have not been delayed is detected. The start signal and stop signal of the measured time interval are reshaped into very narrow pulse. The time interval measured is exactly equal to the time of transmission delay that the start signal has passed through when the coincidence is detected. This method also has self adapting technique. That means the accuracy variation of delay lines is calibrated according to the relation of the period time of signals and the length of delay. This paper also shows how to use this method to measure ultra-high frequency
{"title":"A Time Interval Measurement Technique Based on Time - Space Relationship Processing","authors":"Wei Zhou, Xiaojuan Ou, Hui Zhou, B. Wang, Xiguang Yang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275392","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the development of the frequency standard technique, the higher precision request to the measurement techniques is necessary. For enhancing measurement precision and reducing measurement cost, we developed a time interval measurement technique based on time-space relationship. The high-resolution coincidence detection is very important because it is basic condition for getting high precision. More stable measurement circuits and other processing approaches can reach even higher resolution. The start signal of the measured time interval passes the delay line. According to time transmission delay of signals in the line and the measuring resolution required, the line is divided into many small subsections. And at the end of every subsection, the coincidence state of start signals that have been delayed and stop signals that have not been delayed is detected. The start signal and stop signal of the measured time interval are reshaped into very narrow pulse. The time interval measured is exactly equal to the time of transmission delay that the start signal has passed through when the coincidence is detected. This method also has self adapting technique. That means the accuracy variation of delay lines is calibrated according to the relation of the period time of signals and the length of delay. This paper also shows how to use this method to measure ultra-high frequency","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127455157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275364
T. Ohtsuka, T. Inoue, M. Yoshimatsu, H. Matsudo, M. Okazaki
The authors have developed an ultra-small angular rate sensor element which was manufactured from a laminated quartz wafer. The quartz tuning fork sensor element (1.3 times 2.2 times 0.24 mm3) is so small that it can be applied to the 2.5 times 3.2 times 1.3 mm 3 surface mount type angular rate sensor. This ultra-small angular rate sensor element consisted of weighted longer arms and a winged base part for damper. According to the experimental result, it was confirmed that the scale factor was 0.67 mV/(deg/s), zero point voltage was 1.349 V and the maximum angular rate was plusmn 210 deg/s
{"title":"Development of an Ultra-Small Angular Rate Sensor Element with a Laminated Quartz Tuning Fork","authors":"T. Ohtsuka, T. Inoue, M. Yoshimatsu, H. Matsudo, M. Okazaki","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275364","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have developed an ultra-small angular rate sensor element which was manufactured from a laminated quartz wafer. The quartz tuning fork sensor element (1.3 times 2.2 times 0.24 mm3) is so small that it can be applied to the 2.5 times 3.2 times 1.3 mm 3 surface mount type angular rate sensor. This ultra-small angular rate sensor element consisted of weighted longer arms and a winged base part for damper. According to the experimental result, it was confirmed that the scale factor was 0.67 mV/(deg/s), zero point voltage was 1.349 V and the maximum angular rate was plusmn 210 deg/s","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131455869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275445
D. Johannsmann, N. J. D’Amour, K. Kanazawa, J. Stålgren, C. Frank, M. Rodahl
The strength of the contacts between small glass spheres and the surface of a quartz crystal resonator has been probed based on the increase of resonance frequency induced upon sphere contact. The acoustic interaction between the sphere and the plate is modeled as a low-frequency coupled resonance; the dependence of the resonant parameters on overtone order lends support to this model. After exposing the sample to humid air and drying it again, the contact strength increases at least ten-fold due to capillary forces - we observe a hysteretic form of the sand-castle effect. Repeated wet-dry cycles reveal logarithmic capillary aging with time. The experiments suggest that the drying of the liquid bridges leads to a contraction of small voids in the contact zone, subsequently increasing cohesion
{"title":"Probing Interparticle Adhesion of Dry and Wet Granular Materials with the Quartz Crystal Microbalance","authors":"D. Johannsmann, N. J. D’Amour, K. Kanazawa, J. Stålgren, C. Frank, M. Rodahl","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275445","url":null,"abstract":"The strength of the contacts between small glass spheres and the surface of a quartz crystal resonator has been probed based on the increase of resonance frequency induced upon sphere contact. The acoustic interaction between the sphere and the plate is modeled as a low-frequency coupled resonance; the dependence of the resonant parameters on overtone order lends support to this model. After exposing the sample to humid air and drying it again, the contact strength increases at least ten-fold due to capillary forces - we observe a hysteretic form of the sand-castle effect. Repeated wet-dry cycles reveal logarithmic capillary aging with time. The experiments suggest that the drying of the liquid bridges leads to a contraction of small voids in the contact zone, subsequently increasing cohesion","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130771508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275440
S. Constant, P. Merrer, B. Onillon, X. Dollat, O. Llopis, L. Ghisa, Y. Dumeige, P. Féron, G. Cibiel
We have set up a characterization bench to test the optical and microwave properties of high Q optical whispering gallery mode resonators. The bench comprises nanometer scale precision 3D displacement stages mounted on an anti-vibration table in order to get a very fine coupling between the optical resonator and the tapered fibers used for coupling. This bench can be adapted to different types of resonators: mum- and mm-spheres of SiO2 or monocrystalline disks. In this paper we present several approaches which have been investigated in order to test these resonators. Different types of optical sources have been used: a broadband 'white light' source around 1550 nm, a T-control free-running laser emitting at ~1550 nm, an external cavity laser with a narrow spectral width. We have also performed a temperature control of the sphere. Finally, we are trying to lock the laser on a sphere optical mode in order to get a stable system
我们建立了一个表征台来测试高Q光窃窃廊模式谐振器的光学和微波特性。该平台包括安装在减振台上的纳米级精密三维位移台，以实现光学谐振器与用于耦合的锥形光纤之间的非常精细的耦合。该工作台可适用于不同类型的谐振器:mum- and mm-sphere of SiO2或单晶盘。在本文中，我们提出了几种已经研究的方法来测试这些谐振器。使用了不同类型的光源:约1550 nm的宽带“白光”光源，约1550 nm的t -控制自由运行激光器，窄光谱宽度的外腔激光器。我们还对球体进行了温度控制。最后，我们试图将激光锁定在一个球体光学模式上，以获得一个稳定的系统
{"title":"A characterization bench to analyse various types of optical WGM resonators for high spectral purity microwave sources applications","authors":"S. Constant, P. Merrer, B. Onillon, X. Dollat, O. Llopis, L. Ghisa, Y. Dumeige, P. Féron, G. Cibiel","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275440","url":null,"abstract":"We have set up a characterization bench to test the optical and microwave properties of high Q optical whispering gallery mode resonators. The bench comprises nanometer scale precision 3D displacement stages mounted on an anti-vibration table in order to get a very fine coupling between the optical resonator and the tapered fibers used for coupling. This bench can be adapted to different types of resonators: mum- and mm-spheres of SiO2 or monocrystalline disks. In this paper we present several approaches which have been investigated in order to test these resonators. Different types of optical sources have been used: a broadband 'white light' source around 1550 nm, a T-control free-running laser emitting at ~1550 nm, an external cavity laser with a narrow spectral width. We have also performed a temperature control of the sphere. Finally, we are trying to lock the laser on a sphere optical mode in order to get a stable system","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123237968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275403
S. Radhakrishnan, A. Lal
We report on a radioactive counting clock (RCC) based on radioactive beta emissions from nickel-63 thin films. We present a theoretical analysis of the clock that uses the radioactive source (physics package) to lock and stabilize the frequency of a voltage-to-frequency converter (local oscillator). We present frequency stability measurements of the RCC over 10 days of clock operation. We analyze the limitations on the short-term and long-term frequency stabilities of the RCCs for use in design of clocks that require good frequency stabilities over long-term operations and consume low power, thus holding promise for use in timing and frequency applications in portable systems
{"title":"Radioactive Counting Clocks","authors":"S. Radhakrishnan, A. Lal","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275403","url":null,"abstract":"We report on a radioactive counting clock (RCC) based on radioactive beta emissions from nickel-63 thin films. We present a theoretical analysis of the clock that uses the radioactive source (physics package) to lock and stabilize the frequency of a voltage-to-frequency converter (local oscillator). We present frequency stability measurements of the RCC over 10 days of clock operation. We analyze the limitations on the short-term and long-term frequency stabilities of the RCCs for use in design of clocks that require good frequency stabilities over long-term operations and consume low power, thus holding promise for use in timing and frequency applications in portable systems","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125130670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275383
D. Bogomolov
This paper considers a method of OCXO development which allows one to use two coupled crystal resonators in an oscillator feedback. A coupling coefficient provided by internal capacitive binding was optimized in order to get maximal attainable quality factor of a resulting network. In this case a close coupling causes a frequency pulling effect (two oscillation frequencies and two values of a real part of the feedback impedance correspond to each value of an imaginary part of the feedback impedance). The presented mathematical model of the oscillator shows that the second branch of oscillation frequencies may be eliminated from operating range while the quality factor of the resulting network remains high. The 100 MHz OCXO containing two identical AT-cut crystals was built in accordance with obtained recommendations. The phenomenon of frequency pulling was not observed throughout the entire electrical tuning range. The phase noise level -151 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz frequency offset is by 11 dB lower than that for the same type of the oscillator with single crystal in the feedback
本文研究了一种允许在一个振荡器反馈中使用两个耦合晶体谐振器的OCXO开发方法。优化了由内电容结合提供的耦合系数，以获得网络的最大可达质量因子。在这种情况下，紧密耦合导致频率拉动效应(两个振荡频率和反馈阻抗实部的两个值对应于反馈阻抗虚部的每个值)。所建立的振荡器的数学模型表明，振荡频率的第二分支可以从工作范围内消除，而得到的网络质量因子仍然很高。100兆赫OCXO包含两个相同的at切割晶体是根据获得的建议建立的。在整个电调谐范围内没有观察到频率拉扯现象。在1khz频偏下，相位噪声水平为-151 dBc/Hz，比反馈中带有单晶的同类型振荡器低11 dB
{"title":"Two Crystals and Frequency Pulling in Precision 100 MHz OCXO.","authors":"D. Bogomolov","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275383","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers a method of OCXO development which allows one to use two coupled crystal resonators in an oscillator feedback. A coupling coefficient provided by internal capacitive binding was optimized in order to get maximal attainable quality factor of a resulting network. In this case a close coupling causes a frequency pulling effect (two oscillation frequencies and two values of a real part of the feedback impedance correspond to each value of an imaginary part of the feedback impedance). The presented mathematical model of the oscillator shows that the second branch of oscillation frequencies may be eliminated from operating range while the quality factor of the resulting network remains high. The 100 MHz OCXO containing two identical AT-cut crystals was built in accordance with obtained recommendations. The phenomenon of frequency pulling was not observed throughout the entire electrical tuning range. The phase noise level -151 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz frequency offset is by 11 dB lower than that for the same type of the oscillator with single crystal in the feedback","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126454354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275413
N. Saldanha, D. Puccio, D. Malocha
Lithium niobate has been recently used for orthogonal frequency coded (OFC) SAW temperature sensors (Puccio, D, et. al., 2006), due to its high sensitivity to temperature and high reflectivity. The OFC technique uses multiple reflector banks; each bank having a different local center frequency determined by OFC design. Devices are currently fabricated with aluminum reflectors having frac12 wavelength period at the local reflector of a given chip. In order to increase the device operating frequency for a given electrode line resolution, harmonic operation of the reflector has been studied. Because of lithium niobate's high coupling coefficient, efficient reflection can be obtained for 1-wavelength period electrodes, corresponding to second harmonic operation. When used in conjunction with harmonically operated transducers, the device operating frequency can be increased for a given photolithographic line width resolution. In order to accurately predict fundamental and second harmonic behavior of these sensors at varying normalized metal thicknesses and varying mark to pitch ratios, the extraction of reflectivity and grating velocity is essential. Research has been conducted on fundamental and second harmonic reflectivity on YZ LiNbO3, using analysis and data extraction techniques similar to that presented by P.V. Wright (Wright, PV, 2000). Data has been obtained over normalized metal thickness ranging from 0.4% and 4% and mark to pitch ratios between 0.2 and 0.9. The data has been studied in both the time and frequency domain and has yielded reflectivity comparable to fundamental operation. Experimental results of grating reflection and velocity on YZ-LiNbO3 is presented in this paper. Fundamental and second harmonic reflectivity is reported versus mark to pitch ratio and normalized metal thickness, and these results are used to define the equivalent circuit parameters used in a transmission line model. Given the extracted reflectivity data, the COM model can then be used to predict reflector performance used in OFC devices. Fundamental and second harmonic OFC SAW devices are fabricated at 500 MHz and results of predicted and measured device performance are compared
{"title":"Experimental Measurements and Modeling of Aluminum Reflection Gratings on YZ LiNbO3 for OFC SAW Sensors","authors":"N. Saldanha, D. Puccio, D. Malocha","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275413","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium niobate has been recently used for orthogonal frequency coded (OFC) SAW temperature sensors (Puccio, D, et. al., 2006), due to its high sensitivity to temperature and high reflectivity. The OFC technique uses multiple reflector banks; each bank having a different local center frequency determined by OFC design. Devices are currently fabricated with aluminum reflectors having frac12 wavelength period at the local reflector of a given chip. In order to increase the device operating frequency for a given electrode line resolution, harmonic operation of the reflector has been studied. Because of lithium niobate's high coupling coefficient, efficient reflection can be obtained for 1-wavelength period electrodes, corresponding to second harmonic operation. When used in conjunction with harmonically operated transducers, the device operating frequency can be increased for a given photolithographic line width resolution. In order to accurately predict fundamental and second harmonic behavior of these sensors at varying normalized metal thicknesses and varying mark to pitch ratios, the extraction of reflectivity and grating velocity is essential. Research has been conducted on fundamental and second harmonic reflectivity on YZ LiNbO3, using analysis and data extraction techniques similar to that presented by P.V. Wright (Wright, PV, 2000). Data has been obtained over normalized metal thickness ranging from 0.4% and 4% and mark to pitch ratios between 0.2 and 0.9. The data has been studied in both the time and frequency domain and has yielded reflectivity comparable to fundamental operation. Experimental results of grating reflection and velocity on YZ-LiNbO3 is presented in this paper. Fundamental and second harmonic reflectivity is reported versus mark to pitch ratio and normalized metal thickness, and these results are used to define the equivalent circuit parameters used in a transmission line model. Given the extracted reflectivity data, the COM model can then be used to predict reflector performance used in OFC devices. Fundamental and second harmonic OFC SAW devices are fabricated at 500 MHz and results of predicted and measured device performance are compared","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131933586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275352
H. Ascarrunz, A. Hati, C. Nelson, D. Howe, F. Walls
The paper describes a regenerative frequency comb generator (RCG) used to synthesize a signal coherent with the input signal with a fractional multiplication of m/n, where the frequency of n is proportional to 1/tau, where tau is the loop delay, and m is a positive integer less than n. The RCG was described and its performance was compared with traditional regenerative dividers, digital dividers and multipliers. Preliminary data for a divide by ten whose residual noise was measured at 100 MHz suggest superior performance to low noise digital dividers, with a SSB noise of -145 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz and 1/f characteristic. While the broadband performance of the regenerative dividers and conjugate regenerative dividers studied in the past have not attained, a -162 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset have been attained and expect to be able to improve the overall noise further by applying techniques investigated in the aforementioned devices
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