Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275368
R. L. Targat, A. Brusch, X. Baillard, M. Fouché, O. Tcherbakoff, G. Rovera, P. Lemonde
The authors report the observation of the hyperpolarizability frequency shift due to the trapping field in a 87Sr optical lattice clock. The authors show that at the magic wavelength of the lattice, where the first order term cancels, this higher order shift will not constitute a limitation to the fractional accuracy of the clock down to the 10 -18 level. This result is achieved by operating the clock at very high trapping intensity up to 400 kW/cm2 and by a specific study of the effect of the two two-photon transitions near the magic wavelength. The authors also report an accurate frequency measurement of the clock transition. The frequency is determined to be v1S0-3P0 = 429 228 004 229 879 (5) Hz with a fractional uncertainty that is comparable to state-of-the-art optical clocks with neutral atoms in free fall
{"title":"Hyperpolarizability effects and accuracy evaluation of a 87Sr optical lattice clock","authors":"R. L. Targat, A. Brusch, X. Baillard, M. Fouché, O. Tcherbakoff, G. Rovera, P. Lemonde","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275368","url":null,"abstract":"The authors report the observation of the hyperpolarizability frequency shift due to the trapping field in a 87Sr optical lattice clock. The authors show that at the magic wavelength of the lattice, where the first order term cancels, this higher order shift will not constitute a limitation to the fractional accuracy of the clock down to the 10 -18 level. This result is achieved by operating the clock at very high trapping intensity up to 400 kW/cm2 and by a specific study of the effect of the two two-photon transitions near the magic wavelength. The authors also report an accurate frequency measurement of the clock transition. The frequency is determined to be v1S0-3P0 = 429 228 004 229 879 (5) Hz with a fractional uncertainty that is comparable to state-of-the-art optical clocks with neutral atoms in free fall","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123419187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.75.063608
P. Wolf, P. Lemonde, A. Lambrecht, S. Bize, A. Landragin, A. Clairon
The authors propose a novel experiment based on atoms trapped close to a macroscopic surface, to study the interactions between the atoms and the surface at very small separations (0.6 to 10 mum). In this range the dominant potential is the QED interaction (Casimir-Polder and Van der Waals) between the surface and the atom. Additionally, several theoretical models suggest the possibility of Yukawa type potentials with sub-mm range, arising from new physics related to gravity. The paper proposes a set-up very similar to neutral atom optical lattice clocks, but with the atoms trapped in lattice sites close to the reflecting mirror. A sequence of pulses of the probe laser at different frequencies is then used to create an interferometer with a coherent superposition between atomic states at different distances from the mirror (in different lattice sites). Assuming atom interferometry state of the art measurement of the phase difference and a duration of the superposition of about 0.1s we expect to be able to measure the potential difference between separated states with an uncertainty of about 10-4Hz. A preliminary analysis of systematic effects for different atoms (Sr, Yb, Rb, Cs) indicates no fundamentally limiting effect at the same level of uncertainty, but does influence the choice of atom and isotope. Based on those estimates, we expect that such an experiment would improve the best existing measurements of the atom-wall QED interaction by <2 orders of magnitude, whilst gaining up to 4 orders of magnitude on the best present limits on new interactions in the range between 100 nm and 100mum
{"title":"From Optical Lattice Clocks to the Measurement of Forces in the Casimir Regime","authors":"P. Wolf, P. Lemonde, A. Lambrecht, S. Bize, A. Landragin, A. Clairon","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevA.75.063608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.75.063608","url":null,"abstract":"The authors propose a novel experiment based on atoms trapped close to a macroscopic surface, to study the interactions between the atoms and the surface at very small separations (0.6 to 10 mum). In this range the dominant potential is the QED interaction (Casimir-Polder and Van der Waals) between the surface and the atom. Additionally, several theoretical models suggest the possibility of Yukawa type potentials with sub-mm range, arising from new physics related to gravity. The paper proposes a set-up very similar to neutral atom optical lattice clocks, but with the atoms trapped in lattice sites close to the reflecting mirror. A sequence of pulses of the probe laser at different frequencies is then used to create an interferometer with a coherent superposition between atomic states at different distances from the mirror (in different lattice sites). Assuming atom interferometry state of the art measurement of the phase difference and a duration of the superposition of about 0.1s we expect to be able to measure the potential difference between separated states with an uncertainty of about 10-4Hz. A preliminary analysis of systematic effects for different atoms (Sr, Yb, Rb, Cs) indicates no fundamentally limiting effect at the same level of uncertainty, but does influence the choice of atom and isotope. Based on those estimates, we expect that such an experiment would improve the best existing measurements of the atom-wall QED interaction by <2 orders of magnitude, whilst gaining up to 4 orders of magnitude on the best present limits on new interactions in the range between 100 nm and 100mum","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130205509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275385
A. Hati, C. Nelson, D. Howe
We discuss the performance of a feed-forward amplifier (FFA) at 10 GHz. The feed-forward method is primarily used to suppress intermodulation distortion in amplifiers to suppress up-converted near-DC noise. The main amplifier in this configuration is a low-noise array of eight amplifiers in parallel and having a phase noise of -165 dBc/Hz at f = 10 kHz. By implementing a feed-forward scheme, we are able to suppress this noise, as well as close-to-carrier noise, by at least another 10 dB. This improved performance surpasses that of other present low-noise microwave amplifiers. We discuss this exceptional performance in the context of trade-offs with other amplifier properties and specifications. We also construct a 10 GHz oscillator using an air-dielectric resonator and the FFA as the loop amplifier. The phase modulated (PM) noise of this particular oscillator is either less than or comparable to the PM noise of several classes of commercial oscillators. Additionally, the AM noise performance is superior to existing oscillators
{"title":"Low Phase Noise Amplifier and Oscillator Using Feed-Forward Technique at 10 GHz","authors":"A. Hati, C. Nelson, D. Howe","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275385","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss the performance of a feed-forward amplifier (FFA) at 10 GHz. The feed-forward method is primarily used to suppress intermodulation distortion in amplifiers to suppress up-converted near-DC noise. The main amplifier in this configuration is a low-noise array of eight amplifiers in parallel and having a phase noise of -165 dBc/Hz at f = 10 kHz. By implementing a feed-forward scheme, we are able to suppress this noise, as well as close-to-carrier noise, by at least another 10 dB. This improved performance surpasses that of other present low-noise microwave amplifiers. We discuss this exceptional performance in the context of trade-offs with other amplifier properties and specifications. We also construct a 10 GHz oscillator using an air-dielectric resonator and the FFA as the loop amplifier. The phase modulated (PM) noise of this particular oscillator is either less than or comparable to the PM noise of several classes of commercial oscillators. Additionally, the AM noise performance is superior to existing oscillators","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128940119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275504
Hee Sang Noh, I. Kim
In this paper, a series feedback FET DRO (dielectric resonator oscillator) at around 10 GHz developed in GCPW (grounded coplanar waveguide) technology is reported. The DRO is based on coupling between a TE01 delta mode dielectric resonator and a uniform GCPW line. The measurement results of the FET DRO circuit in GCPW are compared with the characteristics of the circuit in microstrip, in terms of output power and phase noise. The GCPW DRO shows better phase noise, but not output power
{"title":"Dielectric Resonator Oscillator Using the Coupling Between a Coplanar Waveguide( CPW ) and a TE01 δ a Mode Dielectric Resonator","authors":"Hee Sang Noh, I. Kim","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275504","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a series feedback FET DRO (dielectric resonator oscillator) at around 10 GHz developed in GCPW (grounded coplanar waveguide) technology is reported. The DRO is based on coupling between a TE01 delta mode dielectric resonator and a uniform GCPW line. The measurement results of the FET DRO circuit in GCPW are compared with the characteristics of the circuit in microstrip, in terms of output power and phase noise. The GCPW DRO shows better phase noise, but not output power","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121079983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275361
M. Loschonsky, D. Eisele, L. Reindl
The mass sensitive effect of RF-filter technology based film and a solidly-mounted acoustic bulk wave single resonator (FBARs and SBARs) is investigated for metrological use. For a high resolution of a sensor system all systematical errors like cross temperature sensitivity must be eliminated. A high quality factor Q is needed for stable oscillating for minimizing statistical errors. Experiments using FBAR and SBAR single resonators have been carried out in a vapor deposition facility and thermal chamber to analyze mass and temperature sensitive effects. The usage of more than one resonant mode with distinct polarization might allow the compensation of cross sensitivities
{"title":"Mass Sensitive Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators","authors":"M. Loschonsky, D. Eisele, L. Reindl","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275361","url":null,"abstract":"The mass sensitive effect of RF-filter technology based film and a solidly-mounted acoustic bulk wave single resonator (FBARs and SBARs) is investigated for metrological use. For a high resolution of a sensor system all systematical errors like cross temperature sensitivity must be eliminated. A high quality factor Q is needed for stable oscillating for minimizing statistical errors. Experiments using FBAR and SBAR single resonators have been carried out in a vapor deposition facility and thermal chamber to analyze mass and temperature sensitive effects. The usage of more than one resonant mode with distinct polarization might allow the compensation of cross sensitivities","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"164 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120881028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275451
Y. Shmaliy, R. Brendel
A stochastic model of a crystal oscillator is discussed at low drive levels, where a crystal resonator exhibits the effect termed "sleeping sickness". In the model, resonator losses are supposed to be nonlinear, R1(Ir) = R10(1 + gammaR/Irn), where Ir is a peak amplitude of the piezoelectric current, gammaR is a drive level dependence (DLD) coefficient, and n is a degree of nonlinearity. We show that a nonlinear crystal resonator with sleeping sickness does not fall to an "absolute sleep" in the oscillator, when a feedback becomes insufficient after a long storage. It rather generates the noise-induced oscillations at the noise level
{"title":"A Stochastic Model of \"Sleeping Sickness\" of Crystal Oscillators","authors":"Y. Shmaliy, R. Brendel","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275451","url":null,"abstract":"A stochastic model of a crystal oscillator is discussed at low drive levels, where a crystal resonator exhibits the effect termed \"sleeping sickness\". In the model, resonator losses are supposed to be nonlinear, R<sub>1</sub>(I<sub>r</sub>) = R<sub>10</sub>(1 + gamma<sub>R</sub>/I<sub>r</sub> <sup>n</sup>), where I<sub>r</sub> is a peak amplitude of the piezoelectric current, gamma<sub>R</sub> is a drive level dependence (DLD) coefficient, and n is a degree of nonlinearity. We show that a nonlinear crystal resonator with sleeping sickness does not fall to an \"absolute sleep\" in the oscillator, when a feedback becomes insufficient after a long storage. It rather generates the noise-induced oscillations at the noise level","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123403182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275366
F. Lucklum, B. Jakoby, P. Hauptmann, N. D. de Rooij
The excitation of acoustic resonators is traditionally based on the piezoelectric effect. The alternative magnetic direct generation of acoustic waves is the basic operation principle of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs). For sensor applications this method can be applied to a mechanical resonator, thus enhancing the rather poor transduction efficiency by the high acoustic Q-factors. This principle has been theoretically investigated in FEM and PSpice simulations and practically applied to high-Q silicon membranes. The advantages of this non-piezoelectric sensor showing strong resonances with Q-factors up to 105 have been demonstrated. Sensor response to mass loading shows a Sauerbrey-like behavior suitable for sensing purposes
{"title":"Remote Electromagnetic Excitation of High-Q Silicon Resonator Sensors","authors":"F. Lucklum, B. Jakoby, P. Hauptmann, N. D. de Rooij","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275366","url":null,"abstract":"The excitation of acoustic resonators is traditionally based on the piezoelectric effect. The alternative magnetic direct generation of acoustic waves is the basic operation principle of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs). For sensor applications this method can be applied to a mechanical resonator, thus enhancing the rather poor transduction efficiency by the high acoustic Q-factors. This principle has been theoretically investigated in FEM and PSpice simulations and practically applied to high-Q silicon membranes. The advantages of this non-piezoelectric sensor showing strong resonances with Q-factors up to 105 have been demonstrated. Sensor response to mass loading shows a Sauerbrey-like behavior suitable for sensing purposes","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"3 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120809756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275498
J. Masson, D. Gachon, L. Robert, N. Bazin, J. Friedt, G. Martin, S. Alzuaga, R. Rodolphe, B. Guichardaz, S. Ballandras
Compact high stability frequency sources devoted to on-board applications may be stabilized by acousto-electric devices such as SAW and BAW resonators. Many architectures have been proposed to improve the quality factor of such devices which directly influences the phase noise figures of the oscillator. However, the quality factor-frequency products of such acousto-electric devices mainly built on quartz hardly overcome 1013, which remains rather small compared to the intrinsic mechanical quality factor of the material. In the 80's, Lakin et al. have emphasized the capability of high overtone bulk acoustic resonator (HBAR) to present high quality factors at frequencies in the GHz range. In this paper, we characterize the resonance properties of HBAR built on thick AT-cut quartz plates excited by a C-oriented aluminum nitride thin films deposited atop quartz, examining its behaviour versus temperature and its capability to stabilize a Colpitts oscillator
{"title":"High Overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonators built using Aluminum Nitride thin films deposited onto AT-cut quartz plates","authors":"J. Masson, D. Gachon, L. Robert, N. Bazin, J. Friedt, G. Martin, S. Alzuaga, R. Rodolphe, B. Guichardaz, S. Ballandras","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275498","url":null,"abstract":"Compact high stability frequency sources devoted to on-board applications may be stabilized by acousto-electric devices such as SAW and BAW resonators. Many architectures have been proposed to improve the quality factor of such devices which directly influences the phase noise figures of the oscillator. However, the quality factor-frequency products of such acousto-electric devices mainly built on quartz hardly overcome 1013, which remains rather small compared to the intrinsic mechanical quality factor of the material. In the 80's, Lakin et al. have emphasized the capability of high overtone bulk acoustic resonator (HBAR) to present high quality factors at frequencies in the GHz range. In this paper, we characterize the resonance properties of HBAR built on thick AT-cut quartz plates excited by a C-oriented aluminum nitride thin films deposited atop quartz, examining its behaviour versus temperature and its capability to stabilize a Colpitts oscillator","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122806689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275359
B. Ivira, P. Benech, F. Ndagijimana, R. Fillit, G. Parat, P. Ancey
This paper deals with the temperature impact on electrical characteristics of thin film acoustic resonators. Consequences of excessive temperature due to self-heating and harsh environment are investigated. For self-heating aspects, an RF power bench coupled to an infrared camera with a spatial resolution as good as 2 mu/pixels gives us accurate thermal images of structures while submitted to high power. In addition, drifts or resonances in respect to power are properly measured. In a different way, resonator behavior, under small signal, but from low to high temperature is determined above wireless specifications. Complementarily to RF characterizations, a 1-D modeling based on transmission line equations is modified and a way for increasing thermal stability of resonators is proposed
{"title":"Thermal Characterization for Reliability Assessment of Solidly Mounted Resonators","authors":"B. Ivira, P. Benech, F. Ndagijimana, R. Fillit, G. Parat, P. Ancey","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275359","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the temperature impact on electrical characteristics of thin film acoustic resonators. Consequences of excessive temperature due to self-heating and harsh environment are investigated. For self-heating aspects, an RF power bench coupled to an infrared camera with a spatial resolution as good as 2 mu/pixels gives us accurate thermal images of structures while submitted to high power. In addition, drifts or resonances in respect to power are properly measured. In a different way, resonator behavior, under small signal, but from low to high temperature is determined above wireless specifications. Complementarily to RF characterizations, a 1-D modeling based on transmission line equations is modified and a way for increasing thermal stability of resonators is proposed","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123437883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-04DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275399
A. Bebeachibuli, R. F. Alves, S. T. Muller, V. Bagnato, D. Magalhães
From some years our group has been investing efforts to develop a Caesium atomic fountain system to operate as a frequency standard. Our most recent results concern the observation of the first Ramsey resonance and we also performed a characterization of it. We discuss the main characteristics of our system and the improvements on planning
{"title":"The Brazilian Atomic Fountain Primary Frequency Standard","authors":"A. Bebeachibuli, R. F. Alves, S. T. Muller, V. Bagnato, D. Magalhães","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275399","url":null,"abstract":"From some years our group has been investing efforts to develop a Caesium atomic fountain system to operate as a frequency standard. Our most recent results concern the observation of the first Ramsey resonance and we also performed a characterization of it. We discuss the main characteristics of our system and the improvements on planning","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128813654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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