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Gaussian Process-Based Model to Optimize Additively Manufactured Powder Microstructures From Phase Field Modeling 基于高斯过程的增材制造粉末微观结构相场优化模型
IF 2.2 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-02 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051745
A. Batabyal, Sugrim Sagar, Jian Zhang, T. Dube, Xuehui Yang, Jing Zhang
A persistent problem in the selective laser sintering process is to maintain the quality of additively manufactured parts, which can be attributed to the various sources of uncertainty. In this work, a two-particle phase-field microstructure model has been analyzed using a Gaussian process-based model. The sources of uncertainty as the two input parameters were surface diffusivity and interparticle distance. The response quantity of interest (QOI) was selected as the size of the neck region that develops between the two particles. Two different cases with equal and unequal-sized particles were studied. It was observed that the neck size increased with increasing surface diffusivity and decreased with increasing interparticle distance irrespective of particle size. Sensitivity analysis found that the interparticle distance has more influence on variation in neck size than that of surface diffusivity. The machine learning algorithm Gaussian process regression was used to create the surrogate model of the QOI. Bayesian optimization method was used to find optimal values of the input parameters. For equal-sized particles, optimization using Probability of Improvement provided optimal values of surface diffusivity and interparticle distance as 23.8268 and 40.0001, respectively. The Expected Improvement as an acquisition function gave optimal values of 23.9874 and 40.7428, respectively. For unequal-sized particles, optimal design values from Probability of Improvement were 23.9700 and 33.3005, respectively, while those from Expected Improvement were 23.9893 and 33.9627, respectively. The optimization results from the two different acquisition functions seemed to be in good agreement.
在选择性激光烧结工艺中,一个长期存在的问题是如何保持增材制造零件的质量,这可以归因于各种不确定性来源。本文采用基于高斯过程的模型分析了双粒子相场微观结构模型。作为两个输入参数的不确定性来源是表面扩散率和粒子间距离。感兴趣的响应量(QOI)被选择为两个粒子之间形成的颈部区域的大小。研究了颗粒大小不等和颗粒大小不等的两种情况。观察到,与颗粒大小无关,颈部尺寸随表面扩散系数的增加而增加,随颗粒间距的增加而减小。灵敏度分析发现,粒子间距离比表面扩散系数对颈部尺寸变化的影响更大。利用机器学习算法高斯过程回归建立了QOI的代理模型。采用贝叶斯优化方法寻找输入参数的最优值。对于等粒径粒子,采用改进概率法优化得到的表面扩散系数和粒子间距离的最优值分别为23.8268和40.0001。期望改进作为获取函数的最优值分别为23.9874和40.7428。对于非等粒径颗粒,改进概率的最优设计值分别为23.9700和33.3005,期望改进的最优设计值分别为23.9893和33.9627。两种不同采集函数的优化结果似乎是一致的。
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引用次数: 2
Uncertainty of Integral System Safety in Enginering 工程中整体系统安全的不确定性
IF 2.2 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-29 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051939
K. Ziha
The probabilistic safety analysis evaluates system reliability and failure probability by using statistics and probability theory but it cannot estimate the system uncertainties due to variabilities of system state probabilities. The article firstly resumes how the information entropy expresses the probabilistic uncertainties due to unevenness of probability distributions of system states. Next it argues that the conditional entropy with respect to system operational and failure states appropriately describes system redundancy and robustness, respectively. Finally the article concludes that the joint probabilistic uncertainties of reliability, redundancy and robustness defines the integral system safety. The concept of integral system safety allows more comprehensive definitions of favorable system functional properties, configuration evaluation, optimization and decision making in engineering.
概率安全分析是利用统计和概率论来评估系统的可靠性和故障概率,但由于系统状态概率的可变性,无法估计系统的不确定性。本文首先回顾了信息熵如何表达由于系统状态概率分布的不均匀而引起的概率不确定性。其次,本文认为系统运行状态和故障状态的条件熵分别恰当地描述了系统冗余和鲁棒性。最后得出了可靠性、冗余性和鲁棒性的联合概率不确定性定义了整体系统的安全性。整体系统安全的概念允许在工程中更全面地定义有利的系统功能特性、配置评估、优化和决策。
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引用次数: 1
Comparison of the HAZOP, FMEA, FRAM and STPA Methods for the Hazard Analysis of Automatic Emergency Brake Systems 自动紧急制动系统危害分析的HAZOP、FMEA、FRAM和STPA方法比较
IF 2.2 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-29 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051940
Liangliang Sun, Yanfu Li, E. Zio
As autonomous vehicle (AV) intelligence for controllability continues to develop, involving increasingly complex and interconnected systems, the maturity level of AV technology increasingly depends on the systems reliability level, also considering the interactions among them. Hazard analysis is typically used to identify potential system risks and avoid loss of AV system functionality. Conventional hazard analysis methods are commonly used for traditional standalone systems. New hazard analysis methods have been developed that may be more suitable for AV system-of-systems complexity. However, a comprehensive comparison of hazard analysis methods for AV systems is lacking. In this study, the traditional hazard analysis methods, hazard and operability (HAZOP) and failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), as well as the most recent methods, like functional resonance analysis method (FRAM; Hollnagel, 2004, 2012) and system-theoretic process analysis (STPA; Leveson, 2011), are considered for implementation in the automatic emergency braking system. This system is designed to avoid collisions by utilizing the surrounding sensors to detect objects on the road, warning drivers with alerts about any collision risk, and actuating automatic partial/full braking through calculated adaptive braking deceleration. The objective of this work is to evaluate the methods in terms of their applicability to AV technologies. The advantages of HAZOP, FMEA, FRAM, and STPA, as well as the possibility of combining them to achieve systematic risk identification in practice, are discussed.
随着自动驾驶汽车智能可控性的不断发展,涉及越来越复杂和互联的系统,自动驾驶技术的成熟程度越来越依赖于系统的可靠性水平,并考虑到系统之间的相互作用。危害分析通常用于识别潜在的系统风险,避免自动驾驶系统功能的丧失。传统的危害分析方法通常用于传统的独立系统。新的危害分析方法已经被开发出来,可能更适合于AV系统的复杂性。然而,缺乏对AV系统危害分析方法的综合比较。在本研究中,传统的危害分析方法,危害和可操作性(HAZOP)和失效模式和影响分析(FMEA),以及最近的方法,如功能共振分析法(FRAM);Hollnagel, 2004, 2012)和系统理论过程分析(STPA;Leveson, 2011),考虑在自动紧急制动系统中实施。该系统旨在利用周围的传感器来检测道路上的物体,警告驾驶员任何碰撞风险,并通过计算自适应制动减速度来实现自动部分/完全制动,从而避免碰撞。这项工作的目的是评估这些方法在自动驾驶技术中的适用性。讨论了HAZOP、FMEA、FRAM和STPA的优点,以及在实践中将它们结合起来实现系统风险识别的可能性。
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引用次数: 17
Data-Driven Sensitivity Analysis for Static Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti–6Al–4V 增材制造Ti-6Al-4V静态力学性能的数据驱动灵敏度分析
IF 2.2 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-16 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051799
Antriksh Sharma, Jie Chen, Evan Diewald, A. Imanian, J. Beuth, Yongming Liu
Additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively investigated in recent years to explore its application in a wide range of engineering functionalities, such as mechanical, acoustic, thermal, and electrical properties. A data-driven approach is proposed to investigate the influence of major fabrication parameters in the laser-based additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V. Two separate laser-based powder bed fusion techniques, i.e., selective laser melting (SLM) and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), have been investigated and several data regarding the tensile properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with their corresponding fabrication parameters are collected from open literature. Statistical data analysis is performed for four fabrication parameters (scanning speed, laser power, hatch spacing, and powder layer thickness) and three postfabrication parameters (heating temperature, heating time, and hot isostatically pressed or not) which are major influencing factors and have been investigated by several researchers to identify their behavior on the static mechanical properties (i.e., yielding strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation). To identify the behavior of the relationship between the input and output parameters, both linear regression analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) models are developed using 53 and 100 datasets for SLM and DMLS processes, respectively. The linear regression model resulted in an average R squared value of 0.351 and 0.507 compared to 0.908 and 0.833 in the case of nonlinear ANN modeling for SLM and DMLS based modeling, respectively. Both local and global sensitivity analyses are carried out to identify the important factors for future optimal design. Based on the current study, local sensitivity analysis (SA) suggests that SLM is most sensitive to laser power, scanning speed, and heat treatment temperature while DMLS is most sensitive to heat treatment temperature, hatch spacing, and laser power. In the case of DMLS fabricated Ti–6Al–4V alloy, laser power, and scan speed are found to be the most impactful input parameters for tensile properties of the alloy while heating time turned out to be the least affecting parameter. The global sensitivity analysis results can be used to tailor the alloy's static properties as per the requirement while results from local sensitivity analysis could be useful to optimize the already tailored design properties. Sobol's global sensitivity analysis implicates laser power, heating temperature, and hatch spacing to be the most influential parameters for alloy strength while powder layer thickness followed by scanning speed to be the prominent parameters for elongation for SLM fabricated Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Future work would still be needed to eradicate some of the limitations of this study related to limited dataset availability.
近年来,人们对增材制造(AM)进行了广泛的研究,以探索其在机械、声学、热学和电学等广泛工程功能中的应用。提出了一种数据驱动的方法来研究激光增材制造Ti-6Al-4V过程中主要工艺参数的影响。研究了两种不同的激光粉末床熔合技术,即选择性激光熔化(SLM)和直接金属激光烧结(DMLS),并从公开文献中收集了有关Ti-6Al-4V合金的拉伸性能及其相应的制造参数的数据。统计数据分析了四个制造参数(扫描速度、激光功率、缝隙间距和粉末层厚度)和三个制造后参数(加热温度、加热时间和热等静压与否),这是主要的影响因素,并由几位研究人员进行了研究,以确定它们对静态力学性能(即屈服强度、极限拉伸强度和伸长率)的行为。为了确定输入和输出参数之间的关系,分别使用53个和100个数据集对SLM和DMLS过程进行了线性回归分析和人工神经网络(ANN)模型。线性回归模型的平均R平方值分别为0.351和0.507,而基于SLM和DMLS的非线性神经网络模型的平均R平方值分别为0.908和0.833。进行了局部和全局敏感性分析,以确定未来优化设计的重要因素。基于目前的研究,局部灵敏度分析(SA)表明,SLM对激光功率、扫描速度和热处理温度最为敏感,而DMLS对热处理温度、舱口间距和激光功率最为敏感。在DMLS制备的Ti-6Al-4V合金中,激光功率和扫描速度是影响合金拉伸性能最大的输入参数,而加热时间是影响合金拉伸性能最小的输入参数。整体灵敏度分析结果可用于根据要求定制合金的静态性能,而局部灵敏度分析结果可用于优化已经定制的设计性能。Sobol的全局灵敏度分析表明,激光功率、加热温度和舱口间距是影响合金强度的最重要参数,而粉末层厚度、扫描速度是影响SLM制备Ti-6Al-4V合金伸长率的主要参数。未来的工作仍然需要消除本研究与有限的数据集可用性相关的一些局限性。
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引用次数: 5
Automated Transformation of UML/SysML Behavioral Diagrams for Stochastic Error Propagation Analysis of Autonomous Systems 用于自治系统随机误差传播分析的UML/SysML行为图的自动转换
IF 2.2 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051781
A. Morozov, Thomas Mutzke, K. Ding
Modern technical systems consist of heterogeneous components, including mechanical parts, hardware, and the extensive software part that allows the autonomous system operation. The heterogeneity and autonomy require appropriate models that can describe the mutual interaction of the components. UML and SysML are widely accepted candidates for system modeling and model-based analysis in early design phases, including the analysis of reliability properties. UML and SysML models are semi-formal. Thus, transformation methods to formal models are required. Recently, we introduced a stochastic Dual-graph Error Propagation Model (DEPM). This model captures control and data flow structures of a system and allows the computation of advanced risk metrics using probabilistic model checking techniques. This article presents a new automated transformation method of an annotated State Machine Diagram, extended with Activity Diagrams, to a hierarchical DEPM. This method will help reliability engineers to keep error propagation models up to date and ensure their consistency with the available system models. The capabilities and limitations of transformation algorithm is described in detail and demonstrated on a complete model-based error propagation analysis of an autonomous medical patient table.
现代技术系统由异构部件组成,包括机械部件、硬件以及允许系统自主运行的广泛的软件部分。异构性和自主性需要适当的模型来描述组件之间的相互作用。UML和SysML是在早期设计阶段广泛接受的系统建模和基于模型的分析的候选工具,包括可靠性属性的分析。UML和SysML模型是半形式化的。因此,需要形式化模型的转换方法。最近,我们引入了一种随机双图误差传播模型(DEPM)。该模型捕获系统的控制和数据流结构,并允许使用概率模型检查技术计算高级风险度量。本文提出了一种新的自动转换方法,将带注释的状态机图与活动图扩展到分层的DEPM。这种方法将有助于可靠性工程师保持错误传播模型的更新,并确保其与可用的系统模型的一致性。详细描述了转换算法的功能和局限性,并在一个完整的基于模型的自主医疗患者表的错误传播分析中进行了演示。
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引用次数: 1
Uncertainty Quantification Analysis on Silicon Electrodeposition Process Via Numerical Simulation Methods 硅电沉积过程不确定度的数值模拟分析
IF 2.2 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-07 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051700
Zhuoyuan Zheng, Pingfeng Wang
Silicon is one of the commonly used semiconductors for various industrial applications. Traditional silicon synthesis methods are often expensive and cannot meet the continuously growing demands for high-purity Si; electrodeposition is a promising and simple alternative. However, the electrodeposited products often possess nonuniform thicknesses due to various sources of uncertainty inherited from the fabrication process; to improve the quality of the coating products, it is crucial to better understand the influences of the sources of uncertainty. In this paper, uncertainty quantification (UQ) analysis is performed on the silicon electrodeposition process to evaluate the impacts of various experimental operation parameters on the thickness variation of the coated silicon layer and to find the optimal experimental conditions. To mitigate the high experimental and computational cost issues, a Gaussian process (GP) based surrogate model is constructed to conduct the UQ study with finite element (FE) simulation results as training data. It is found that the GP surrogate model can efficiently and accurately estimate the performance of the electrodeposition given certain experimental operation parameters. The results show that the electrodeposition process is sensitive to the geometric settings of the experiments, i.e., distance and area ratio between the counter and working electrodes; whereas other conditions, such as the potential of the counter electrode, temperature, and ion concentration in the electrolyte bath are less important. Furthermore, the optimal operating condition to deposit silicon is proposed to minimize the thickness variation of the coated silicon layer and to enhance the reliability of the electrodeposition experiment.
硅是各种工业应用中常用的半导体之一。传统的硅合成方法往往昂贵,不能满足对高纯度硅不断增长的需求;电沉积是一种很有前途且简单的替代方法。然而,由于制造过程中继承的各种不确定性来源,电沉积产品往往具有不均匀的厚度;为了提高涂层产品的质量,更好地了解不确定源的影响是至关重要的。本文对硅电沉积过程进行不确定度量化(UQ)分析,评价各种实验操作参数对涂覆硅层厚度变化的影响,寻找最佳实验条件。为了减少高实验和计算成本问题,构建了基于高斯过程(GP)的代理模型,以有限元(FE)模拟结果作为训练数据进行UQ研究。结果表明,在给定一定实验操作参数的情况下,GP替代模型能有效、准确地估计电沉积的性能。结果表明:电沉积过程对实验的几何设置,即计数电极与工作电极之间的距离和面积比敏感;而其他条件,如对电极的电位、温度和电解质浴中的离子浓度就不那么重要了。此外,提出了沉积硅的最佳操作条件,以使镀层厚度变化最小,提高电沉积实验的可靠性。
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引用次数: 2
Resilience Assessment and Importance Measure for Interdependent Critical Infrastructures 相互依赖的关键基础设施弹性评估与重要性测度
IF 2.2 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-17 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051196
Xing Liu, Yiping Fang, E. Ferrario, E. Zio
Based upon a novel control-based dynamic modeling framework, this paper proposes two new indicators, i.e., resilience by mitigation and resilience by recovery, for the resilience analysis of interdependent critical infrastructures (ICIs) under disruptions. The former is built from the protection activities before and during the mitigation phase of a disruptive event, and the latter is the result of the restoration efforts, which take place at the recovery phase. The total resilience of ICIs combines both of these two aspects by taking into account the preferences of the decision makers. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed modeling framework and metrics in a case study involving ICIs made of a power grid and a gas distribution system. Owing to the new resilience indicators, the priorities of subsystems and links within ICIs at different phases can be ranked; therefore, different resilience strategies at different phases of disruptive events are compared. The results show that proposed metrics can be used by stakeholders of ICIs on improving the effectiveness of system protection measurements.
基于一种新的基于控制的动态建模框架,本文提出了两个新的指标,即缓解复原力和恢复复原力,用于相互依赖的关键基础设施(ICIs)在中断下的复原力分析。前者建立在破坏性事件缓解阶段之前和期间的保护活动之上,后者是在恢复阶段进行的恢复工作的结果。综合投资机构的总弹性通过考虑决策者的偏好将这两个方面结合起来。我们在一个案例研究中展示了所提出的建模框架和度量的适用性,该案例研究涉及由电网和燃气分配系统组成的集成电路。利用新的弹性指标,可以对不同阶段的子系统和各环节的优先级进行排序;因此,本文比较了破坏性事件不同阶段的弹性策略。结果表明,所提出的度量可以被集成电路利益相关者用于提高系统保护度量的有效性。
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引用次数: 9
Impact of Geotechnical Uncertainty on the Preliminary Design of Monopiles Supporting Offshore Wind Turbines 岩土不确定性对海上风力发电机单桩支护初步设计的影响
IF 2.2 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-11 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051418
C. Reale, J. Tott-Buswell, L. Prendergast
The growing demand for clean renewable energy sources and the lack of suitable nearshore sites are moving the offshore wind industry toward developing larger wind turbines in deeper water locations further offshore. This is adding significant uncertainty to the geotechnical design of monopiles used as foundations for these systems. Soil testing becomes more challenging, rigid monopile behavior is less certain, and design methods are being applied outside the bounds of the datasets from which they were originally derived. This paper examines the potential impact of certain elements of geotechnical uncertainty on monotonic load–displacement behavior and design system natural frequency of an example monopile-supported offshore wind turbine (OWT). Geotechnical uncertainty is considered in terms of spatial variability in soil properties derived from cone penetration tests (CPT), parameter transformation uncertainty using the rigidity index, and design choice for subgrade reaction modeling. Results suggest that spatial variability in CPT properties exhibits limited impact on design load–displacement characteristics of monopiles as vertical spatial variability tends to be averaged out in the process to develop discrete soil reaction-lateral displacement (p-y) models. This highlights a potential issue whereby localized variations in soil properties may not be captured in certain models. Spatial variability in CPT data has a noticeable effect on predicted system frequency responses of OWTs employing a subgrade reaction model approach, and the influence of subgrade reaction model choice is significant. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of uncertainty in soil data, model transformation, and design model choice on resulting structural behavior for a subset of available design approaches. It should be noted that significant further uncertainty exists and a wide variety of alternative models can be used by designers, so the results should be interpreted qualitatively.
对清洁可再生能源日益增长的需求,以及缺乏合适的近岸地点,促使海上风电行业转向在更远的近海更深的水域开发更大的风力涡轮机。这给这些系统的地基单桩的岩土工程设计增加了很大的不确定性。土壤测试变得更具挑战性,刚性单桩行为不太确定,设计方法正在应用于最初导出数据集的范围之外。本文研究了某岩土工程不确定性因素对单桩支撑海上风力发电机组单调荷载-位移特性和设计系统固有频率的潜在影响。岩土工程的不确定性考虑了由锥贯试验(CPT)得出的土壤性质的空间变异性、使用刚度指数的参数转换不确定性以及路基反应模型的设计选择。结果表明,CPT特性的空间变异性对单桩设计荷载-位移特性的影响有限,因为在建立离散土壤反力-侧向位移(p-y)模型的过程中,垂直空间变异性往往被平均。这突出了一个潜在的问题,即土壤性质的局部变化可能无法在某些模型中捕捉到。CPT数据的空间变异性对采用路基反力模型方法预测wts系统频率响应有显著影响,其中路基反力模型选择的影响显著。本文的目的是研究土壤数据、模型转换和设计模型选择的不确定性对现有设计方法子集的结果结构行为的影响。值得注意的是,存在显著的进一步的不确定性,并且设计师可以使用各种各样的替代模型,因此应该对结果进行定性解释。
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引用次数: 5
Discrete-Direct Model Calibration and Uncertainty Propagation Method Confirmed on Multi-Parameter Plasticity Model Calibrated to Sparse Random Field Data 稀疏随机场数据下多参数塑性模型标定的离散-直接模型标定与不确定性传播方法
IF 2.2 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1115/1.4050371
V. Romero, J. Winokur, G. Orient, J. Dempsey
A discrete direct (DD) model calibration and uncertainty propagation approach is explained and demonstrated on a 4-parameter Johnson-Cook (J-C) strain-rate dependent material strength model for an aluminum alloy. The methodology's performance is characterized in many trials involving four random realizations of strain-rate dependent material-test data curves per trial, drawn from a large synthetic population. The J-C model is calibrated to particular combinations of the data curves to obtain calibration parameter sets which are then propagated to “Can Crush” structural model predictions to produce samples of predicted response variability. These are processed with appropriate sparse-sample uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods to estimate various statistics of response with an appropriate level of conservatism. This is tested on 16 output quantities (von Mises stresses and equivalent plastic strains) and it is shown that important statistics of the true variabilities of the 16 quantities are bounded with a high success rate that is reasonably predictable and controllable. The DD approach has several advantages over other calibration-UQ approaches like Bayesian inference for capturing and utilizing the information obtained from typically small numbers of replicate experiments in model calibration situations—especially when sparse replicate functional data are involved like force–displacement curves from material tests. The DD methodology is straightforward and efficient for calibration and propagation problems involving aleatory and epistemic uncertainties in calibration experiments, models, and procedures.
在四参数Johnson-Cook (J-C)应变率相关的铝合金材料强度模型上,解释并演示了一种离散直接(DD)模型校准和不确定性传播方法。该方法的性能表现在许多试验中,每次试验涉及四种随机实现应变率相关的材料试验数据曲线,从大量合成人群中提取。J-C模型根据数据曲线的特定组合进行校准,以获得校准参数集,然后将其传播到“Can Crush”结构模型预测中,以产生预测响应变异性的样本。使用适当的稀疏样本不确定性量化(UQ)方法对这些数据进行处理,以适当的保守性水平估计响应的各种统计量。这在16个输出量(冯米塞斯应力和等效塑性应变)上进行了测试,结果表明,16个量的真实变量的重要统计数据是有界的,具有较高的成功率,可以合理地预测和控制。与贝叶斯推理等其他校准uq方法相比,DD方法有几个优点,可以捕获和利用模型校准情况下从典型的少量重复实验中获得的信息,特别是在涉及稀疏复制功能数据(如材料测试的力-位移曲线)时。DD方法对于校准实验、模型和程序中涉及不确定性和认知不确定性的校准和传播问题是直接和有效的。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence Theory Representations for Properties Associated With Weak Link/Strong Link Systems, Part 2: Failure Time and Failure Temperature 弱链接/强链接系统相关特性的证据理论表示,第2部分:失效时间和失效温度
IF 2.2 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1115/1.4050584
J. C. Helton, D. Brooks, J. Darby
The use of evidence theory and associated cumulative plausibility functions (CPFs), cumulative belief functions (CBFs), cumulative distribution functions (CDFs), complementary cumulative plausibility functions (CCPFs), complementary cumulative belief functions (CCBFs), and complementary cumulative distribution functions (CCDFs) in the analysis of loss of assured safety (LOAS) for weak link (WL)/strong link (SL) systems is introduced and illustrated. Article content includes cumulative and complementary cumulative belief, plausibility, and probability for (i) time at which LOAS occurs for a one WL/two SL system, (ii) time at which a two-link system fails, (iii) temperature at which a two-link system fails, and (iv) temperature at which LOAS occurs for a one WL/two SL system. The presented results can be generalized to systems with more than one WL and two SLs.
介绍并说明了证据理论及其相关的累积似然函数(CPFs)、累积信念函数(CBFs)、累积分布函数(CDFs)、互补累积似然函数(CCPFs)、互补累积信念函数(CCBFs)和互补累积分布函数(CCDFs)在弱链接(WL)/强链接(SL)系统安全损失分析中的应用。文章内容包括累积和互补累积信念、可信性和概率(i)一个WL/两个SL系统发生LOAS的时间,(ii)两个链接系统失效的时间,(iii)两个链接系统失效的温度,以及(iv)一个WL/两个SL系统发生LOAS的温度。本文的结果可以推广到具有多个WL和两个SLs的系统。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems Part B-Mechanical Engineering
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