Pub Date : 2022-03-22DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2022.2048642
B. Çağlar
This study takes up the subject of the Journalist biography of Edgar Whitaker, one of the three editors of The Levant Herald (1856-1914), extending from London to the Ottoman Empire, while giving particular focus on his adventurous journey as a publisher since under his editorship The Levant Herald contributed to the formation of the political opposition to the Hamidian regime (1878-1909). The study addresses Whitaker’s ongoing struggle against suppression, censorship and closure penalties that were imposed by the Ottoman government. His effort served to spread the journalism tradition within the Ottoman Press. The study also gives attention to the political, social, and cultural relations that Whitaker as a journalist of British nationality established with the Ottoman government, the British embassy, and the European Levantine communities.
{"title":"Edgar Whitaker","authors":"B. Çağlar","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2022.2048642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2022.2048642","url":null,"abstract":"This study takes up the subject of the Journalist biography of Edgar Whitaker, one of the three editors of The Levant Herald (1856-1914), extending from London to the Ottoman Empire, while giving particular focus on his adventurous journey as a publisher since under his editorship The Levant Herald contributed to the formation of the political opposition to the Hamidian regime (1878-1909). The study addresses Whitaker’s ongoing struggle against suppression, censorship and closure penalties that were imposed by the Ottoman government. His effort served to spread the journalism tradition within the Ottoman Press. The study also gives attention to the political, social, and cultural relations that Whitaker as a journalist of British nationality established with the Ottoman government, the British embassy, and the European Levantine communities.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":"29 1","pages":"39 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47516384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-18DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2022.2051461
C. O’Reilly
This study examines local government reporting in the English provincial press from 1900 to 1950. It has two main findings—firstly, that the press moved from verbatim council reports in the early part of the century to selective news stories that were designed to maximise news values and commercial revenues. City council meeting reports were re-shaped, re-focused and re-formulated to resemble news stories, often featuring on the front pages. They conformed to journalistic news values such as drama, conflict and personalities and provide evidence of a move to a more news-driven approach to local government reporting. The paper also demonstrates the often-invisible commercial links between some elected representatives and the local press, on whose boards of management they sat. Overall, it provides a challenge to the conventional wisdom that the provincial press interest in municipal issues declined in the twentieth century.
{"title":"Municipal Matters","authors":"C. O’Reilly","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2022.2051461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2022.2051461","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines local government reporting in the English provincial press from 1900 to 1950. It has two main findings—firstly, that the press moved from verbatim council reports in the early part of the century to selective news stories that were designed to maximise news values and commercial revenues. City council meeting reports were re-shaped, re-focused and re-formulated to resemble news stories, often featuring on the front pages. They conformed to journalistic news values such as drama, conflict and personalities and provide evidence of a move to a more news-driven approach to local government reporting. The paper also demonstrates the often-invisible commercial links between some elected representatives and the local press, on whose boards of management they sat. Overall, it provides a challenge to the conventional wisdom that the provincial press interest in municipal issues declined in the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":"29 1","pages":"59 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49433785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-16DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2022.2048640
Masduki
This paper revisits the history of Indonesian broadcasting, focusing particularly on the broadcasting model implemented during the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) and its influence on broadcast organizations in the post-independence era. Taking into consideration four elements of broadcast governance—remit, structure, ownership, and funding—this study examines how the Japanese colonial model of radio became the model used by the Radio of the Republic of Indonesia. Examining the broadcast policies of colonial Japan and post-independence Indonesia, this paper finds policy connections between these countries’ broadcast systems. Japanese colonial policy remained evident in the management of Indonesia’s radio in the early independence era, particularly in the use of autocratic political propaganda and centralized control of media content. Even today, the military media of colonial Japan continues to influence how broadcasters serve Indonesia’s national interests. This paper fills the gap in the literature on how Japanese colonialism has affected broadcast systems of Asia.
{"title":"The Influence of Japanese Colonialism on Post-Independence Indonesian Radio","authors":"Masduki","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2022.2048640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2022.2048640","url":null,"abstract":"This paper revisits the history of Indonesian broadcasting, focusing particularly on the broadcasting model implemented during the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) and its influence on broadcast organizations in the post-independence era. Taking into consideration four elements of broadcast governance—remit, structure, ownership, and funding—this study examines how the Japanese colonial model of radio became the model used by the Radio of the Republic of Indonesia. Examining the broadcast policies of colonial Japan and post-independence Indonesia, this paper finds policy connections between these countries’ broadcast systems. Japanese colonial policy remained evident in the management of Indonesia’s radio in the early independence era, particularly in the use of autocratic political propaganda and centralized control of media content. Even today, the military media of colonial Japan continues to influence how broadcasters serve Indonesia’s national interests. This paper fills the gap in the literature on how Japanese colonialism has affected broadcast systems of Asia.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":"29 1","pages":"116 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44713275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2022.2051460
M. O'Brien
As an innovative photojournalism publication with a left-of-centre worldview, Picture Post was hugely popular in Ireland but also has the distinction of being one of the most frequently banned periodicals in twentieth-century Ireland. Senior church figures and morality campaigners viewed its photojournalism as indecent and obscene and engaged in a sustained decades-long battle to ban the publication. Utilising records held at the National Archives of Ireland, this article examines the campaign against Picture Post as a case study to offer a deeper comprehension of the Catholic Church inspired crusade against popular ‘foreign’ and ‘immoral’ publications. Understanding the motivations and rationale for targeting periodicals such as Picture Post is central to illuminating not just the censorship mentality that dominated Irish life in the period under consideration but is central also to appreciating the rational offered by morality campaigners in favour of the Irish censorship regime.
{"title":"‘Indecent and Suggestive Pictorial Matter’","authors":"M. O'Brien","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2022.2051460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2022.2051460","url":null,"abstract":"As an innovative photojournalism publication with a left-of-centre worldview, Picture Post was hugely popular in Ireland but also has the distinction of being one of the most frequently banned periodicals in twentieth-century Ireland. Senior church figures and morality campaigners viewed its photojournalism as indecent and obscene and engaged in a sustained decades-long battle to ban the publication. Utilising records held at the National Archives of Ireland, this article examines the campaign against Picture Post as a case study to offer a deeper comprehension of the Catholic Church inspired crusade against popular ‘foreign’ and ‘immoral’ publications. Understanding the motivations and rationale for targeting periodicals such as Picture Post is central to illuminating not just the censorship mentality that dominated Irish life in the period under consideration but is central also to appreciating the rational offered by morality campaigners in favour of the Irish censorship regime.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":"29 1","pages":"80 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42050280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-10DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2022.2048641
R. Williamson
Australian newspapers mediate the response of the prime minister to communities stricken by disaster. From 1967, newspapers have reported ritualised visits by the prime minister to sites of natural disaster along with associated press conferences. A historical overview of national and metropolitan newspapers reveals that through word and image, dress is presented as a meaningful performative element of these rituals and increasingly acknowledged as such. It also reveals a shift toward an expectation that the prime minister dress in a way that projects empathetic engagement with communities. While confined to only some newspapers and prime ministers, this shift arguably is significant in the evolution of newspaper depictions of disaster and political authenticity. Donyale R. Griffin-Padgett and Donnetrice Allison’s concept of restorative rhetoric, Gunn Enli’s notion of performed authenticity and Jeffrey C. Alexander’s theory of cultural pragmatics inform this finding.
{"title":"Costumes of Empathy","authors":"R. Williamson","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2022.2048641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2022.2048641","url":null,"abstract":"Australian newspapers mediate the response of the prime minister to communities stricken by disaster. From 1967, newspapers have reported ritualised visits by the prime minister to sites of natural disaster along with associated press conferences. A historical overview of national and metropolitan newspapers reveals that through word and image, dress is presented as a meaningful performative element of these rituals and increasingly acknowledged as such. It also reveals a shift toward an expectation that the prime minister dress in a way that projects empathetic engagement with communities. While confined to only some newspapers and prime ministers, this shift arguably is significant in the evolution of newspaper depictions of disaster and political authenticity. Donyale R. Griffin-Padgett and Donnetrice Allison’s concept of restorative rhetoric, Gunn Enli’s notion of performed authenticity and Jeffrey C. Alexander’s theory of cultural pragmatics inform this finding.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":"29 1","pages":"130 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48933238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-10DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2022.2048643
I. Richet
{"title":"Standing on the Edge of Two Cultural Worlds","authors":"I. Richet","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2022.2048643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2022.2048643","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48504567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-25DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2021.2013184
A. Rodrigues, Ignacio García-Pereda
This article examines how the 1940s Lisbon Flower Exhibitions and their impact on the press served the propaganda of the Portuguese dictatorship as they fostered and disseminated a positive image of the government’s policies and competencies. The propaganda used the garden culture to fabricate an idea of national identity, bestowing Portugal as a modern and culturally elevated regime. Based on archive files and press clippings, this research demonstrates that constructing the concept of ‘national flowers’ was used to fuel the pride of nationalistic feelings according to the regime’s policy. However, the investigation also revealed an inconsistency between narrative and practice in designing and applying this concept, as exotic or ‘foreign’ plants continued to appear side by side with the native ones.
{"title":"Flower Exhibitions for a Nationalistic Regime","authors":"A. Rodrigues, Ignacio García-Pereda","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2021.2013184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2021.2013184","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how the 1940s Lisbon Flower Exhibitions and their impact on the press served the propaganda of the Portuguese dictatorship as they fostered and disseminated a positive image of the government’s policies and competencies. The propaganda used the garden culture to fabricate an idea of national identity, bestowing Portugal as a modern and culturally elevated regime. Based on archive files and press clippings, this research demonstrates that constructing the concept of ‘national flowers’ was used to fuel the pride of nationalistic feelings according to the regime’s policy. However, the investigation also revealed an inconsistency between narrative and practice in designing and applying this concept, as exotic or ‘foreign’ plants continued to appear side by side with the native ones.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":"29 1","pages":"95 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41906869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2021.2013182
H. Hakkarainen
In early nineteenth-century German-speaking Europe, the press was a key cultural forum, in which emotions were discussed in public through newly emerging journalistic practices and discourses. The era of educational reforms created debates about the right kinds of means of cultivating the human. One of the key concepts of these debates was the concept of ‘education of the heart’ (Bildung des Herzens). The searchable collections of German-language newspapers and periodicals, such as the ANNO and digiPress repositories provided by the Austrian National Library and Bavarian State Library, open up new vistas of exploring the material across regional borders and established categories and genres, which provides new insight into the ways in which the press shaped ideas of and discourses surrounding the education of emotions in German-speaking Europe.
在19世纪初讲德语的欧洲，新闻界是一个关键的文化论坛，在这里，人们通过新出现的新闻实践和话语公开讨论情感。教育改革的时代引发了关于培养人的正确方式的争论。这些争论的关键概念之一是“心灵教育”的概念（Bildung des Herzens）。可搜索的德语报刊收藏，如奥地利国家图书馆和巴伐利亚州立图书馆提供的ANNO和digiPress资料库，开辟了跨越地区边界和既定类别和流派探索材料的新前景，这为新闻界塑造德语欧洲情感教育思想和话语的方式提供了新的见解。
{"title":"The Cultivation of Emotions in the Press","authors":"H. Hakkarainen","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2021.2013182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2021.2013182","url":null,"abstract":"In early nineteenth-century German-speaking Europe, the press was a key cultural forum, in which emotions were discussed in public through newly emerging journalistic practices and discourses. The era of educational reforms created debates about the right kinds of means of cultivating the human. One of the key concepts of these debates was the concept of ‘education of the heart’ (Bildung des Herzens). The searchable collections of German-language newspapers and periodicals, such as the ANNO and digiPress repositories provided by the Austrian National Library and Bavarian State Library, open up new vistas of exploring the material across regional borders and established categories and genres, which provides new insight into the ways in which the press shaped ideas of and discourses surrounding the education of emotions in German-speaking Europe.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":"28 1","pages":"465 - 481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46355318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-17DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2021.2013180
Sebastian Thalheim
This article will argue that the popularization of the amateur genre ‘family film’ in guides, manuals and a leisure film festival became a paternalistic strategy to regulate individual moviemakers in state socialism. It reveals the benefits of historical research on guiding literature and guidelines at an amateur festival in East Germany. Analyzing promoted norms diachronically points to a changing understanding of leisure in socialism. Additionally, it reveals a complex media history that is not reduced to top-down orders. On the contrary, guides display constant negotiations between state regulation and individualism. Thus, this paper questions a perspective on private media production in the GDR that is often politicized by categories such as propaganda or subversion.
{"title":"Regulating Leisure in State Socialism","authors":"Sebastian Thalheim","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2021.2013180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2021.2013180","url":null,"abstract":"This article will argue that the popularization of the amateur genre ‘family film’ in guides, manuals and a leisure film festival became a paternalistic strategy to regulate individual moviemakers in state socialism. It reveals the benefits of historical research on guiding literature and guidelines at an amateur festival in East Germany. Analyzing promoted norms diachronically points to a changing understanding of leisure in socialism. Additionally, it reveals a complex media history that is not reduced to top-down orders. On the contrary, guides display constant negotiations between state regulation and individualism. Thus, this paper questions a perspective on private media production in the GDR that is often politicized by categories such as propaganda or subversion.","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":"28 1","pages":"576 - 591"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43943737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1080/13688804.2021.2010526
Betto van Waarden, M. Kohlrausch
It is no exaggeration to state that interactions between politics and media turned more complex in recent years. Unidirectional assumptions about the relationship of democracy and mediatization have been challenged. The modes of mediated politics established throughout the twentieth century are obviously under pressure. The nowadays ubiquitous but equally vague term ‘populism’ captures some of the underlying dynamics. At the core of the term’s genealogy is a bewilderment with the rise of a type of political strongman, who belongs to an older age of authoritarian politics yet simultaneously thrives in the modern world of social media and media-generated ‘realities’. The dynamics fuelling the careers of politicians such as Jair Bolsonaro, Victor Orbán and Donald Trump, specific as they are, constitute a new mode of personalized politics and may be seen as extreme— but in this sense telling—examples of broader changes in how politics is mediated. A striking feature of these personalized politics are leaders’ attempts to connect directly with their publics through media, like the yearly call-in show (‘direct line’) bringing Russian citizens in a more-or-less staged dialogue with Vladimir Putin. More recently, Donald Trump’s Twitter-based presidency evoked discussion and disbelief: not since the Italian fascist Benito Mussolini mounted his Roman balcony had a national leader merged so completely with a communication platform, Nicholas Carr judged. In particular, the Trump presidency triggered new interest in personalized politics and the fusion of entertainment and politics—the overarching theme of this special issue. A less evident explanation of Trumpism has discussed the American president as a product of the wrestling universe: What appears chaotic, improvised and grossly amateuristic actually follows simple but suggestive narratives—you have to stick to your role— and thus displays a certain professionalism. The link between Trump and wrestling works on two levels. First, the direct links, i.e. the connections of Trump to the wrestling world, a scene of white men among whom Trump figures himself—starring in the Hall of Fame or sharing a video of him ‘beating up’ a CNN journalist. More relevant to the questions we focus on in this issue is a second layer, the structural intermingling of reality and fiction, with wrestling catering to an audience that believes in something it recognizes as show (both the fights and bizarre stories
{"title":"The Mediatization of Political Personae, 1880s–1930s","authors":"Betto van Waarden, M. Kohlrausch","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2021.2010526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2021.2010526","url":null,"abstract":"It is no exaggeration to state that interactions between politics and media turned more complex in recent years. Unidirectional assumptions about the relationship of democracy and mediatization have been challenged. The modes of mediated politics established throughout the twentieth century are obviously under pressure. The nowadays ubiquitous but equally vague term ‘populism’ captures some of the underlying dynamics. At the core of the term’s genealogy is a bewilderment with the rise of a type of political strongman, who belongs to an older age of authoritarian politics yet simultaneously thrives in the modern world of social media and media-generated ‘realities’. The dynamics fuelling the careers of politicians such as Jair Bolsonaro, Victor Orbán and Donald Trump, specific as they are, constitute a new mode of personalized politics and may be seen as extreme— but in this sense telling—examples of broader changes in how politics is mediated. A striking feature of these personalized politics are leaders’ attempts to connect directly with their publics through media, like the yearly call-in show (‘direct line’) bringing Russian citizens in a more-or-less staged dialogue with Vladimir Putin. More recently, Donald Trump’s Twitter-based presidency evoked discussion and disbelief: not since the Italian fascist Benito Mussolini mounted his Roman balcony had a national leader merged so completely with a communication platform, Nicholas Carr judged. In particular, the Trump presidency triggered new interest in personalized politics and the fusion of entertainment and politics—the overarching theme of this special issue. A less evident explanation of Trumpism has discussed the American president as a product of the wrestling universe: What appears chaotic, improvised and grossly amateuristic actually follows simple but suggestive narratives—you have to stick to your role— and thus displays a certain professionalism. The link between Trump and wrestling works on two levels. First, the direct links, i.e. the connections of Trump to the wrestling world, a scene of white men among whom Trump figures himself—starring in the Hall of Fame or sharing a video of him ‘beating up’ a CNN journalist. More relevant to the questions we focus on in this issue is a second layer, the structural intermingling of reality and fiction, with wrestling catering to an audience that believes in something it recognizes as show (both the fights and bizarre stories","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":"28 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42111936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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