Geography and Natural Resources最新文献

Abstract

The article generalizes the global experience of research on communication geography with the goal to identify future directions of study of the spatial and temporal deployment and functioning of telecommunications networks. An original algorithm of semantic search for publications in bibliographic databases has returned about 400 articles on communication geography published in 1981–2020 in scientific journals worldwide. An analysis of these publications shows that six types of communications: fiber-optic, mobile, telephone, postal, telegraph, and satellite—have been studied within infrastructural, statistical, impact, streaming, and optimization directions of communication geography. Trends are identified using the methods of the moving average and bi-proportional indices. Linear extrapolation of trends in the number of publications by type of communications and by research directions suggests that in the future preference will be given to geographical study of fiber-optic and mobile networks within infrastructural and statistical approaches with the objective to optimize the line-nodal structure. Based on a comparative analysis of unsolved problems, it is established that the priority in future research should be given to the following meta-tasks: transferring the experience of geographical study of a given type of communications to other types; using big data of telecom operators for geographical analysis of the functioning of networks; transitioning from descriptive to constructive communication geography; identifying geographical patterns for deployment of telecommunication networks, and developing the concept of a territory telecommunications complex. The following research objects are identified as promising: machine-to-machine information exchange networks, 6G mobile communication networks, and multifunctional networks.

The dynamics of Siberia’s total population and changes in age groups by working capacity are considered. The focus is on a significant reduction in the working-age population and an increase in number in the group older than working age. The dynamics of three types of demographic load coefficients over a 20-year period is analyzed: potential (children), pension, and general. It is shown that since 2000, the coefficients of the potential load on Siberia have increased by 16%, and the pension load, by 23%. Significant territorial disproportions in the coefficients of the total demographic load were revealed, and the difference between the minimum and maximum values in the regional context is 1.5 times. It has been established that the minimum loads are typical of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra (KhMAO-Yugra) and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YaNAO) as centers of attraction for the young able-bodied population; the maximum values of the demographic load are recorded in regions with a high proportion of children in the population structure: in the republics of Tyva and Altai, as well as in regions characterized by an aging population, namely, Altai krai, Kemerovo oblast, and Omsk oblast. The problem of the demographic potential of regions is considered with the index of potential demographic load. The maximum excess of the load of children over the load of pensioners (by 67%) was revealed in the Republic of Tyva. The maximum excess of the load of pensioners over the load of children (by 43%) was noted in Altai krai. The influence of regional socioeconomic factors on the formation of the demographic load index is emphasized: the level of fertility and mortality, migration activity, the influx of able-bodied population, and aging of the population.

Abstract

Based on daily data on the isobaric surface altitude 700 hPa (lower troposphere) of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, we carried out an objective classification of synoptic types over the Kodar Range (Transbaikalia) for the period 1970‒2020 and investigated seasonal and interannual variability of cyclonic and anticyclonic weather types frequency. It was found that the advective atmospheric circulation regime dominates at the level of the lower troposphere over the Kodar Range, and cyclonic types prevail over anticyclonic types in all seasons except summer (June‒August). It was further found that the frequency of occurrence of anticyclonic types has had a tendency to increase in summer and decrease in autumn over the last 50 years, and the frequency of cyclonic types has shown a trend to decrease in spring and, conversely, increase in autumn. It is concluded that the atmospheric circulation over the Kodar Range may influence changes in the mass balance of mountain glaciers. According to the ratio of cyclones and anticyclones in different seasons, three main modes of atmospheric circulation were established that govern possible changes in the mass balance of glaciers. Until the mid-1980s, the increased frequency of winter and spring cyclones contributed to stabilization of the glacier mass balance. From the mid-1980s to the early 2000s, the frequency of winter, spring, and summer cyclones decreased and the number of summer anticyclones increased. It is concluded that such conditions contributed to a decrease in winter precipitation and summer cloud cover, an increase in the net radiation and accelerated ablation of glaciers in the 1990s. Since the early 2000s the atmospheric circulation has contributed to a partial restoring of the glacier mass balance.