Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1134/s1875372824700069
A. K. Cherkashin
Abstract
This article highlights the factors and conditions for the formation of a regime of sustainable development (SD) of a territory with environmental management according to the criterion of completeness of the composition and functioning of the nature–economy–population geographical system of the territory. Completeness is a pass-through indicator of the optimality of systems of various kinds at the minimum and maximum levels of their existence and changes in the process of nature conservation, economic growth, and improvement of society. The degree of completeness is a variant of the evaluation function that distinguishes geosystems of different locations and variable states by a set of interchangeable influencing factors of natural, economic, and social origin and features of local conditions of the geographical environment. All the processes reflect the goal of striving for perfection in the form of completeness and safety of their systemic expression, for the ideal, and for the priority development goal; only when that is achieved will it be possible to overcome SD. The trends of completeness are distinguished as the upper and lower envelope lines (surfaces) of the diversity of the connection of data from field and statistical observations. Controlling additive influences shift the landscape norm of completeness of different locations. It is necessary to take into account special restrictions on the degree of incompleteness and overflow of system qualities. Models and methods of analysis are demonstrated by the example of restoration of forest plantations and the implementation of the investment process in the regions of Russia.
{"title":"Criterion of Completeness of Sustainable Environmental Management","authors":"A. K. Cherkashin","doi":"10.1134/s1875372824700069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372824700069","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This article highlights the factors and conditions for the formation of a regime of sustainable development (SD) of a territory with environmental management according to the criterion of completeness of the composition and functioning of the nature–economy–population geographical system of the territory. Completeness is a pass-through indicator of the optimality of systems of various kinds at the minimum and maximum levels of their existence and changes in the process of nature conservation, economic growth, and improvement of society. The degree of completeness is a variant of the evaluation function that distinguishes geosystems of different locations and variable states by a set of interchangeable influencing factors of natural, economic, and social origin and features of local conditions of the geographical environment. All the processes reflect the goal of striving for perfection in the form of completeness and safety of their systemic expression, for the ideal, and for the priority development goal; only when that is achieved will it be possible to overcome SD. The trends of completeness are distinguished as the upper and lower envelope lines (surfaces) of the diversity of the connection of data from field and statistical observations. Controlling additive influences shift the landscape norm of completeness of different locations. It is necessary to take into account special restrictions on the degree of incompleteness and overflow of system qualities. Models and methods of analysis are demonstrated by the example of restoration of forest plantations and the implementation of the investment process in the regions of Russia.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141548218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1134/s1875372824700124
M. V. Bocharnikov, N. B. Leonova, I. M. Miklyaeva
Abstract
This article considers the ecological and geographical features of officinal plant distribution within the highlands of Northeastern Transbaikalia. The concept of ecosystem diversity is used as a methodological basis of the study. According to it, the orobiome presents a key regional unit for the inventory and assessment of mountain biodiversity. Comparative geographic and cartographic methods of analysis of original field data, papers, and maps are applied. We have identified 40 species of pharmacopoeial plants for the Northeastern Transbaikalia orobiome. The taxonomic, biomorphological, ecological, geographic, and altitudinal characteristics have been considered, and the analysis of composition of active substances and use in the treatment of diseases according to the ICD-10 international classification of diseases has been carried out. It has been revealed that the highest number of species are applied when treating diseases of the digestive system, diseases of the circulatory system, and diseases of the respiratory system. Five geographical groups of pharmacopoeial species have been identified, among which species with the Holarctic distributional type prevail. Boreal species predominate among nine ecological–coenotic groups. The coenotic value of pharmacopeial species in vegetation communities of the orobiome is considered. Some species of officinal plants are coenose formers, predominant in the background communities for the belts; they include Sctoch pine, Siberian fir, lingonberry, marsh rosemary, downy birch, and bearberry. The regional and altitudinal features of pharmacopeial species distribution have been revealed. The highest number of species grow on the North Baikal Highlands, while the smallest number are on the Patom Highlands. There are more than 20 species in the mountain–taiga belt and about 5–10 species in the high-mountain belt. A map of communities with the participation of typical species of pharmacopeial plants of resource importance has been compiled. It has been revealed that the greatest diversity of these resources is concentrated on the North Baikal Highlands due to climatic conditions and the geographical location at the junction of biogeographical boundaries. The map can be used to assess the ecosystem potential of the vegetation cover of a poorly explored region. The expediency of further study of the pharmacological properties of local flora species used in traditional medicine, as well as strengthening of measures for the protection of medical plant species, is noted.
{"title":"Ecological and Geographical Characteristics of Pharmacopoeial Medicinal Plants of the Northeastern Transbaikal Orobiome","authors":"M. V. Bocharnikov, N. B. Leonova, I. M. Miklyaeva","doi":"10.1134/s1875372824700124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372824700124","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This article considers the ecological and geographical features of officinal plant distribution within the highlands of Northeastern Transbaikalia. The concept of ecosystem diversity is used as a methodological basis of the study. According to it, the orobiome presents a key regional unit for the inventory and assessment of mountain biodiversity. Comparative geographic and cartographic methods of analysis of original field data, papers, and maps are applied. We have identified 40 species of pharmacopoeial plants for the Northeastern Transbaikalia orobiome. The taxonomic, biomorphological, ecological, geographic, and altitudinal characteristics have been considered, and the analysis of composition of active substances and use in the treatment of diseases according to the ICD-10 international classification of diseases has been carried out. It has been revealed that the highest number of species are applied when treating diseases of the digestive system, diseases of the circulatory system, and diseases of the respiratory system. Five geographical groups of pharmacopoeial species have been identified, among which species with the Holarctic distributional type prevail. Boreal species predominate among nine ecological–coenotic groups. The coenotic value of pharmacopeial species in vegetation communities of the orobiome is considered. Some species of officinal plants are coenose formers, predominant in the background communities for the belts; they include Sctoch pine, Siberian fir, lingonberry, marsh rosemary, downy birch, and bearberry. The regional and altitudinal features of pharmacopeial species distribution have been revealed. The highest number of species grow on the North Baikal Highlands, while the smallest number are on the Patom Highlands. There are more than 20 species in the mountain–taiga belt and about 5–10 species in the high-mountain belt. A map of communities with the participation of typical species of pharmacopeial plants of resource importance has been compiled. It has been revealed that the greatest diversity of these resources is concentrated on the North Baikal Highlands due to climatic conditions and the geographical location at the junction of biogeographical boundaries. The map can be used to assess the ecosystem potential of the vegetation cover of a poorly explored region. The expediency of further study of the pharmacological properties of local flora species used in traditional medicine, as well as strengthening of measures for the protection of medical plant species, is noted.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141548223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040133
B. B. Thien, V. T. Phuong
Abstract
Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are among the global changes resulting from human activity that have the biggest impacts on the ecosystem and the surrounding environment. Detecting and mapping changes in LULC in Ba Ria-Vung Tau province, Vietnam is critical for sustainable development, planning, and management. This study applies the supervised classifier maximum likelihood algorithm in ArcGIS 10.8 software to detect changes in LULC observed in the study area in the period 2000–2020 using multivariate satellite data. For each satellite scene, we applied supervised classification and spectral indices (NDVI-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and NDWI-Normalized Difference Water Index) for the classification and assessment of LULC changes. Areas obtained from Landsat 5 TM for 2000 and 2010 and Landsat 8 OLI for 2020 were checked for accuracy using kappa coefficients of 0.882, 0.891, and 0.915, respectively. The area was classified into five main LULC classes including agriculture, water bodies, forest, settlement, and bare soil/rock. The LULC status and change maps created in ArcGIS 10.8 show a significant change in LULC. The settlement class has increased continuously for 20 years from 128.09 km2 (2000) to 300.30 km2 (2020); the agricultural land class has increased by 124.96 km2 in the period 2000–2020. The remaining three classes, forest, water bodies, and bare soil/rock, all decreased in area during this period. These LULC changes pose a serious threat, impacting and disturbing the environment. The results of this study can be used in management and planning of future land use in the area.
{"title":"Detection of Land Use and Land Cover Change Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, Vietnam","authors":"B. B. Thien, V. T. Phuong","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823040133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823040133","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are among the global changes resulting from human activity that have the biggest impacts on the ecosystem and the surrounding environment. Detecting and mapping changes in LULC in Ba Ria-Vung Tau province, Vietnam is critical for sustainable development, planning, and management. This study applies the supervised classifier maximum likelihood algorithm in ArcGIS 10.8 software to detect changes in LULC observed in the study area in the period 2000–2020 using multivariate satellite data. For each satellite scene, we applied supervised classification and spectral indices (NDVI-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and NDWI-Normalized Difference Water Index) for the classification and assessment of LULC changes. Areas obtained from Landsat 5 TM for 2000 and 2010 and Landsat 8 OLI for 2020 were checked for accuracy using kappa coefficients of 0.882, 0.891, and 0.915, respectively. The area was classified into five main LULC classes including agriculture, water bodies, forest, settlement, and bare soil/rock. The LULC status and change maps created in ArcGIS 10.8 show a significant change in LULC. The settlement class has increased continuously for 20 years from 128.09 km<sup>2</sup> (2000) to 300.30 km<sup>2</sup> (2020); the agricultural land class has increased by 124.96 km<sup>2</sup> in the period 2000–2020. The remaining three classes, forest, water bodies, and bare soil/rock, all decreased in area during this period. These LULC changes pose a serious threat, impacting and disturbing the environment. The results of this study can be used in management and planning of future land use in the area.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140197823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040078
V. V. Dyachenko, V. G. Shemanin, V. V. Vishnevetskaya
Abstract
The results of the soil geochemistry study in the south of Russia, assessment of atmospheric pollution and the population health in some cities of Krasnodar region and Rostov Oblast are considered. During more than 30 years repeated soil sampling of different regions (more than 10 thousand samples), settlements (about 3 thousand samples) was carried out, which allowed to comprehensively assess the state of a large biosphere structure environment, where almost 20% of the Russian population lives. The increase in the level of atmospheric pollution and concentrations of chemical elements in soils was found. The negative impact of aeral pollution on the health of the population was revealed, which leads to an increase in the number of upper respiratory tract diseases. The highest degree of aerosol air pollution in the south of Russia is observed in Novorossiysk. According to the results of three-dimensional analysis, the maximum morbidity and mortality rates of newborns are found in areas with old 1–2-storey buildings, and the minimum—in areas of multi-storey buildings. It is shown that the morbidity of the population decreases as the floor of residence increases. Such distribution of morbidity indicates a high level of aerosol pollution of the atmosphere. To confirm the toxicity of urban air pollution, an ecological and geochemical assessment of the solid part of aerosols in comparison with natural deflationary aerosols has been carried out. Geochemical features of different sources of aerosols in the atmospheric surface layer were revealed. It was found that technogenic aerosols are enriched with a number of chemical elements, but especially intensively with polymetals Ag, Pb, Cu and Zn—elements that are not characteristic of the local geological situation and industrial specifics.
{"title":"Influence of Technogenesis and Geochemistry of Aerosols on the Status of Environment and Public Health in the South of Russia","authors":"V. V. Dyachenko, V. G. Shemanin, V. V. Vishnevetskaya","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823040078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823040078","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The results of the soil geochemistry study in the south of Russia, assessment of atmospheric pollution and the population health in some cities of Krasnodar region and Rostov Oblast are considered. During more than 30 years repeated soil sampling of different regions (more than 10 thousand samples), settlements (about 3 thousand samples) was carried out, which allowed to comprehensively assess the state of a large biosphere structure environment, where almost 20% of the Russian population lives. The increase in the level of atmospheric pollution and concentrations of chemical elements in soils was found. The negative impact of aeral pollution on the health of the population was revealed, which leads to an increase in the number of upper respiratory tract diseases. The highest degree of aerosol air pollution in the south of Russia is observed in Novorossiysk. According to the results of three-dimensional analysis, the maximum morbidity and mortality rates of newborns are found in areas with old 1–2-storey buildings, and the minimum—in areas of multi-storey buildings. It is shown that the morbidity of the population decreases as the floor of residence increases. Such distribution of morbidity indicates a high level of aerosol pollution of the atmosphere. To confirm the toxicity of urban air pollution, an ecological and geochemical assessment of the solid part of aerosols in comparison with natural deflationary aerosols has been carried out. Geochemical features of different sources of aerosols in the atmospheric surface layer were revealed. It was found that technogenic aerosols are enriched with a number of chemical elements, but especially intensively with polymetals Ag, Pb, Cu and Zn—elements that are not characteristic of the local geological situation and industrial specifics.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":"162 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140889679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1134/s187537282304011x
V. M. Plyusnin, A. D. Kitov
Abstract
We present results from a 10-year study of the local features of mountain glacier dynamics in Central Asia—from the latitudes of the middle taiga of Cisbaikalia and Transbaikalia, through the mountains of the steppe zone of Mongolian Altai and the desert zone of China to the cold deserts of the Himalayas. Multitemporal satellite images were interpreted, making it possible to obtain quantitative information on changes in the area and length of glaciers in key areas of the studied mountain territories. These data are linked to climatic parameters, absolute altitude, permafrost, morphology and tectonics of the mountain ridges, and anthropogenic impact. The study revealed a general trend: the retreat of glaciers starting in the 1970s, with an increase in the average annual air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere by 1.4‒1.6°С. Accelerated glacier melting and a reduction in glacier length were observed from 1990 to 2020, when the most significant warming occurred. The following years with above-average temperatures are highlighted: 1990, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2005, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2019, and 2020. This period also witnessed an increase in the area and length of some glaciers studied in 2013‒2015 and in 2021 associated with abnormal winter precipitation in 2012, 2013, and 2020. It was found that in the mountains in the south of Eastern Siberia, the aforementioned years showed a slowdown in the reduction of the area of glaciers, an increase of the number of perennial snow patches, and an increase in the frequency of snow avalanches. It has been revealed that the glaciers in Siberia, Mongolian Altai, and the Altyn-Tag Range retreated from the terminal moraines of the Little Ice Age by an average of 500 m; on the Karlyktag Range, 800‒900 m; and in the Himalayas (Langtang area), from 1 to 4.5 km.
{"title":"Dynamics of Intracontinental Glaciers of Siberia and East Asia since the Little Ice Age","authors":"V. M. Plyusnin, A. D. Kitov","doi":"10.1134/s187537282304011x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s187537282304011x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>We present results from a 10-year study of the local features of mountain glacier dynamics in Central Asia—from the latitudes of the middle taiga of Cisbaikalia and Transbaikalia, through the mountains of the steppe zone of Mongolian Altai and the desert zone of China to the cold deserts of the Himalayas. Multitemporal satellite images were interpreted, making it possible to obtain quantitative information on changes in the area and length of glaciers in key areas of the studied mountain territories. These data are linked to climatic parameters, absolute altitude, permafrost, morphology and tectonics of the mountain ridges, and anthropogenic impact. The study revealed a general trend: the retreat of glaciers starting in the 1970s, with an increase in the average annual air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere by 1.4‒1.6°С. Accelerated glacier melting and a reduction in glacier length were observed from 1990 to 2020, when the most significant warming occurred. The following years with above-average temperatures are highlighted: 1990, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2005, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2019, and 2020. This period also witnessed an increase in the area and length of some glaciers studied in 2013‒2015 and in 2021 associated with abnormal winter precipitation in 2012, 2013, and 2020. It was found that in the mountains in the south of Eastern Siberia, the aforementioned years showed a slowdown in the reduction of the area of glaciers, an increase of the number of perennial snow patches, and an increase in the frequency of snow avalanches. It has been revealed that the glaciers in Siberia, Mongolian Altai, and the Altyn-Tag Range retreated from the terminal moraines of the Little Ice Age by an average of 500 m; on the Karlyktag Range, 800‒900 m; and in the Himalayas (Langtang area), from 1 to 4.5 km.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140198065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040145
T. I. Zabortceva, G. B. Dugarova, O. V. Evstropieva, O. V. Gagarinova, O. A. Ignatova, P. V. Rogov
Abstract
This paper presents for the first time the results of practice-oriented investigations for determining the magnitude of socioeconomic damage to coastal areas of Lake Baikal as a result of the highest rise of its level (457.85 m according to the Pacific Reference Frame). The study area includes the coastal areas of Baikal and some areas of the Irkutsk reservoir of Irkutsk oblast within the Slyudyansky, Irkutsky, and Olkhonsky administrative districts. When compiling the list of sites falling within the zone of potential submergence, we used the open public database of the Unified State Registry of Real Estate and a package of working large-scale cartographic products and images. Expeditions made it possible to update, correct, and complement the working registry. The list of economic facilities and infrastructure (about 200) falling within the zone of potential submergence, includes line structures, enterprises of social services, and households. A calculation of economic damage to facilities of socioeconomic activity is presented using recommended technique of assessing probable damage from the harmful effect of water and assessing the effectiveness of preventive hydroeconomic measures (as of the year 2006). The amount of damage (to facilities and main sectoral groups) is corrected using the deflator index (as of 2022 in the “construction” position in Irkutsk oblast)). Potential losses (lost profit) are illustrated by the example of recreational activity on the shores of Baikal within the boundaries of Irkutsk oblast. The possible considerable losses have been revealed in the recreational sphere as a result of direct damage to facilities and infrastructure, as well as lost profits due to a loss of attractiveness of coastal areas, including beach zones. A preliminary quantitative assessment of socioeconomic damage to coastal administrative districts of Irkutsk oblast as a result of water level fluctuations in Lake Baikal and the Irkutsk reservoir may well provide a basis for developing program-strategic directions and measures and for seeking managerial decisions of a preventive nature for minimizing negative impacts.
{"title":"Predictive Assessment of Socioeconomic Damage to Coastal Areas of Irkutsk Oblast as a Result of Lake Baikal Level Fluctuations","authors":"T. I. Zabortceva, G. B. Dugarova, O. V. Evstropieva, O. V. Gagarinova, O. A. Ignatova, P. V. Rogov","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823040145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823040145","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This paper presents for the first time the results of practice-oriented investigations for determining the magnitude of socioeconomic damage to coastal areas of Lake Baikal as a result of the highest rise of its level (457.85 m according to the Pacific Reference Frame). The study area includes the coastal areas of Baikal and some areas of the Irkutsk reservoir of Irkutsk oblast within the Slyudyansky, Irkutsky, and Olkhonsky administrative districts. When compiling the list of sites falling within the zone of potential submergence, we used the open public database of the Unified State Registry of Real Estate and a package of working large-scale cartographic products and images. Expeditions made it possible to update, correct, and complement the working registry. The list of economic facilities and infrastructure (about 200) falling within the zone of potential submergence, includes line structures, enterprises of social services, and households. A calculation of economic damage to facilities of socioeconomic activity is presented using recommended technique of assessing probable damage from the harmful effect of water and assessing the effectiveness of preventive hydroeconomic measures (as of the year 2006). The amount of damage (to facilities and main sectoral groups) is corrected using the deflator index (as of 2022 in the “construction” position in Irkutsk oblast)). Potential losses (lost profit) are illustrated by the example of recreational activity on the shores of Baikal within the boundaries of Irkutsk oblast. The possible considerable losses have been revealed in the recreational sphere as a result of direct damage to facilities and infrastructure, as well as lost profits due to a loss of attractiveness of coastal areas, including beach zones. A preliminary quantitative assessment of socioeconomic damage to coastal administrative districts of Irkutsk oblast as a result of water level fluctuations in Lake Baikal and the Irkutsk reservoir may well provide a basis for developing program-strategic directions and measures and for seeking managerial decisions of a preventive nature for minimizing negative impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140888543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1134/s187537282304008x
V. B. Korobov, B. I. Kochurov, A. S. Lokhov, A. G. Tutygin
Abstract
The concept of a “system” is analyzed. The basic properties of systems are established. It is revealed that all its elements must be interrelated and be in interaction; the system interacts with the external environment as a whole, and division in it occurs from whole to parts. It is concluded that with respect to geographical objects, these requirements are too stringent, because then there arises the need for mandatory implementation of all conditions inherent in systems. And this is not always possible, because the realization of goals in accordance with which the object is formed may require consideration of independent factors. It is shown that not all geographical and related objects—sociogeographical and geoecological—meet the requirements on classical systems, because some (and sometimes all) of their components (or influencing factors) are not mutually dependent. A virtual example of a problem is given, namely, selection of the optimal location of an object out of several alternatives, consisting of several groups of factors, illustrating the absence of direct links between some of the components of the object. It is proposed to call such objects “nonsystem” objects. In contrast to systems, for them it is possible to form the structure from the bottom up, from particular to general, combining, if necessary, the components of the object into groups. This makes it possible to consistently complicate the object of research as necessary. At the same time, a number of factors, such as seasonal factors, can change their importance over time, which leads to the transition of objects from the “system” to the “nonsystem” state, and vice versa. Factors the influence of which is spatially limited can lead to similar consequences. A graphical interpretation of the concepts of “system” and “nonsystem object” provided in the form of oriented graphs, the edges of which represent groups of components (influencing factors). With such an approach, systems can be considered as a special case of objects in which all components are interrelated. At the same time, systems can be components of complex nonsystem objects.
{"title":"Geographical Objects as Systems: Adequate Properties and Functions","authors":"V. B. Korobov, B. I. Kochurov, A. S. Lokhov, A. G. Tutygin","doi":"10.1134/s187537282304008x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s187537282304008x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The concept of a “system” is analyzed. The basic properties of systems are established. It is revealed that all its elements must be interrelated and be in interaction; the system interacts with the external environment as a whole, and division in it occurs from whole to parts. It is concluded that with respect to geographical objects, these requirements are too stringent, because then there arises the need for mandatory implementation of all conditions inherent in systems. And this is not always possible, because the realization of goals in accordance with which the object is formed may require consideration of independent factors. It is shown that not all geographical and related objects—sociogeographical and geoecological—meet the requirements on classical systems, because some (and sometimes all) of their components (or influencing factors) are not mutually dependent. A virtual example of a problem is given, namely, selection of the optimal location of an object out of several alternatives, consisting of several groups of factors, illustrating the absence of direct links between some of the components of the object. It is proposed to call such objects “nonsystem” objects. In contrast to systems, for them it is possible to form the structure from the bottom up, from particular to general, combining, if necessary, the components of the object into groups. This makes it possible to consistently complicate the object of research as necessary. At the same time, a number of factors, such as seasonal factors, can change their importance over time, which leads to the transition of objects from the “system” to the “nonsystem” state, and vice versa. Factors the influence of which is spatially limited can lead to similar consequences. A graphical interpretation of the concepts of “system” and “nonsystem object” provided in the form of oriented graphs, the edges of which represent groups of components (influencing factors). With such an approach, systems can be considered as a special case of objects in which all components are interrelated. At the same time, systems can be components of complex nonsystem objects.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140888751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040091
S. N. Mishchuk
Abstract
The aim of the study is to analyze the transformation of the sectoral and territorial structure of international labor migrants in the Far East in the post-Soviet period. The subject for study is international labor migration in the Far Eastern regions. In contrast to earlier studies on similar topics, this paper analyzes the change in the structure of migration both at the levels of districts and individual regions of the Far East. It is shown that changes in the structure of labor migration in the Russian Far East correspond to all-Russian trends with a time lag of 10 years. While in general throughout Russia a steady excess of labor migrants from neighboring countries with visa-free regimes has been observed since the mid-2000s, overall throughout the Far East, it has been observed since the mid-2010s. It was found that by the beginning of the 2020s, a sectoral specialization of labor migrants from non-CIS and CIS countries had formed in the labor market of Far Eastern regions. It was established that the ratio of migrants’ categories differs in individual regions. It was determined that a list of source countries and the sectoral structure of foreign workers’ employment for countries with visa regimes formed from countries with visa regimes in the structure of labor migration of the Far East; however, the ratio of the countries has changed. China remains the leader, and citizens of Turkey, Vietnam, and Serbia also occupy a stable position in the Far Eastern labor market. In the Far Eastern labor market, among citizens of CIS countries, citizens of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan are in the lead. It is shown that the Far Eastern regions are characterized by deconcentration of skilled and highly skilled labor migrants and by their distribution in a larger number of regions than before.
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Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040121
A. P. Sizykh, V. I. Voronin, V. A. Oskolkov, A. P. Gritsenyuk
Abstract
The article establishes the tendencies of forest formation in fallow lands of different ages, currently used as rangelands, in postagricultural areas of Western Transbaikalia. Assessments of the nature of the restorative dynamics of forests in fallow lands extensively reference the typological and species composition of phytocenoses of the surrounding areas that have never been used for tilling. It is established that herbaceous communities currently emerging in fallow lands and steppe areas include tree species such as Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), more rarely Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), and sometimes Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.). It has been determined that, once removed from intensive pasture rotation, plant communities gradually restore a layered structure and show an increase in the species diversity of plants and in their abundance in communities. At the same time, it is noted that pine is actively advancing into herbaceous (steppe) communities of plant species typical of the forest–steppe and steppe. It has been found that the age composition of pine specimen varies from 2–5-year-old individuals to 20–25-year-old trees growing in isolated groups in fallow lands throughout the study area. It is noted that areas of fallow lands that are adjacent to a closed forest stand tend to have a fairly closed undergrowth, regardless of orographic features of the territory. The ground cover of such groupings is noted to have a significant presence of plant species characteristic of zonal light coniferous forests. That is likely to indicate an early stage of formation of zonal-type light coniferous taiga. A restraining factor in the development of forests in fallow and steppe lands in the study region is the potential increase in anthropogenic influences, mainly grazing regimes, due to an increased number of farms. Human activity in the area often involves periodic anthropogenic fires deliberately set in order to preserve rangelands. Pine undergrowth is also simply felled, both on fallow lands and in adjacent territories. That is, in many respects, a crucial factor for the possibility of formation and development of forests on postagricultural territories in the near future.
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Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040030
O. I. Bazhenova, E. M. Tyumentseva, A. A. Cherkashina, V. A. Golubtsov, S. A. Tukhta
Abstract
The article considers the issues of soil degradation and the possibility of conserving and restoring soil fertility in southern regions of Siberia. Long-term stationary research data is synthesized in order to determine the mechanism of erosion processes and obtain quantitative data on soil losses depending on key factors of water and wind erosion. Particular attention is given to the periodically extreme nature of processes that cause catastrophic soil degradation. Patterns of changes in the structure of processes that require agricultural soil conservation measures are revealed. The mechanism of soil erosion and soil degradation rate changes in the west to east direction along the belt of steppes and forest–steppes of southern Siberia. In the south of Western Siberia, the pressing issue is protecting soils from thawing erosion, in Khakassia the particular hazard is soil deflation, and in Cis-Baikal and Transbaikal region soil degradation is exacerbated by the combined effect of rainfall erosion and deflation. The results of a quantitative cartographic assessment of erosion hazard levels based on empirical models of potential soil loss and deflation are presented for the major agricultural regions with a case study of the Irkutsk–Cheremkhovo plain and the Nazarovskaya and Yuzhno-Minusinskaya depressions. A decrease in erosion soil losses as a result of socioeconomic agriculture reforms and a significant reduction in the area of agricultural land in the early 1990s and in the post-reform period (2010–2017) are noted. It is emphasized that the re-expansion of agricultural land observed in recent years creates the necessity of large-scale inventory mapping of erosion processes in southern Siberia. That data can be used to select an optimal nature management policy that promotes conservation of soil resources.
{"title":"Soil Resources of Southern Siberia","authors":"O. I. Bazhenova, E. M. Tyumentseva, A. A. Cherkashina, V. A. Golubtsov, S. A. Tukhta","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823040030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823040030","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The article considers the issues of soil degradation and the possibility of conserving and restoring soil fertility in southern regions of Siberia. Long-term stationary research data is synthesized in order to determine the mechanism of erosion processes and obtain quantitative data on soil losses depending on key factors of water and wind erosion. Particular attention is given to the periodically extreme nature of processes that cause catastrophic soil degradation. Patterns of changes in the structure of processes that require agricultural soil conservation measures are revealed. The mechanism of soil erosion and soil degradation rate changes in the west to east direction along the belt of steppes and forest–steppes of southern Siberia. In the south of Western Siberia, the pressing issue is protecting soils from thawing erosion, in Khakassia the particular hazard is soil deflation, and in Cis-Baikal and Transbaikal region soil degradation is exacerbated by the combined effect of rainfall erosion and deflation. The results of a quantitative cartographic assessment of erosion hazard levels based on empirical models of potential soil loss and deflation are presented for the major agricultural regions with a case study of the Irkutsk–Cheremkhovo plain and the Nazarovskaya and Yuzhno-Minusinskaya depressions. A decrease in erosion soil losses as a result of socioeconomic agriculture reforms and a significant reduction in the area of agricultural land in the early 1990s and in the post-reform period (2010–2017) are noted. It is emphasized that the re-expansion of agricultural land observed in recent years creates the necessity of large-scale inventory mapping of erosion processes in southern Siberia. That data can be used to select an optimal nature management policy that promotes conservation of soil resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":"165 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140197824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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