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Nodes of Population and Production Concentration in the South of Yenisei Siberia 叶尼塞西伯利亚南部的人口和生产集聚点
IF 0.3 Q4 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372824700136
N. V. Vorobyev, A. N. Vorobyev, N. A. Ippolitova

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to identify the spatial relationship between the population and production of the territories of the south of Yenisei Siberia (Krasnoyarsk krai without northern areas, the Republic of Tyva, and the Republic of Khakassia). The study was conducted using statistical, cartographic, and comparative geographic methods; urban districts and municipal areas were chosen as units of statistical observation. The main results include identifying the main urbanized areas and transport corridors in places of maximum population concentration. Thus, the demographic potential of the Krasnoyarsk part of the Trans-Siberian transport corridor makes up more than half of the region’s population, while it receives migrants from peripheral territories. The branches of industrial specialization have been singled out, and a grouping of municipalities of the region has been carried out according to the volume of industrial production (four groups have been identified). The influence of the level of development and distribution of productive forces on the demographic situation and the transformation of settlement systems has been assessed. The correlation between the population size and the volume of industrial production for the set of urban districts is very high (0.98), and for the set of municipal districts it is very weak (0.28), indicating large differences. The consideration of cities as nodes of the supporting framework of the region’s territory shows a very strong correlation between population and industrial development, which is obscured when the analysis is extended to the entire territory of municipal districts. The geographical aspects of spatial development are expressed in the strengthening of the central–peripheral gradients of the concentration of population and production. Modern market conditions through the strengthening of economic contrasts, the weakness of subsidized budgets, and the degradation of local infrastructure affect the demographic situation. In all the regions considered, the dominance of capital cities in terms of demographic and industrial potential has been noted; it is these administrative centers that are regional points of growth. The grouping of municipalities by production volume shows the unevenness of industrial development. The leaders and nodes of the supporting framework of the territory are cities with developed industries of great all-Russian, regional, or export significance, as well as centers with extractive industries.

摘要 研究的目的是确定叶尼塞西伯利亚南部地区(不含北部地区的克拉斯诺亚尔斯克边疆区、蒂瓦共和国和哈卡夏共和国)人口与生产之间的空间关系。研究采用了统计、制图和比较地理学方法;选择城区和市辖区作为统计观察单位。主要成果包括确定了人口最集中地区的主要城市化区域和交通走廊。因此,西伯利亚运输走廊克拉斯诺亚尔斯克部分的人口潜力占该地区人口的一半以上,同时还接收来自周边地区的移民。工业专业化分支已被挑出,并根据工业产量对该地区各城市进行了分组(已确定四个组别)。评估了生产力的发展水平和分布对人口状况和居住系统转变的影响。人口规模与工业生产量之间的相关性在城市地区组中非常高(0.98),而在市级地区组中则非常弱(0.28),这表明两者之间存在很大差异。将城市视为区域领土支撑框架的节点,可以看出人口与工业发展之间存在很强的相关性,而如果将分析扩展到整个市辖区领土,这种相关性就会被掩盖。空间发展的地理方面表现为人口和生产集中的中心-外围梯度的加强。现代市场条件通过加强经济对比、削弱补贴预算以及地方基础设施的退化影响着人口状况。在所有研究的地区中,都注意到省会城市在人口和工业潜力方面的主导地位;正是这些行政中心成为了地区的增长点。按生产量对城市进行分组显示了工业发展的不平衡性。全俄、地区或出口意义重大的发达工业城市,以及采掘业中心,是地区支撑框架的领导者和节点。
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引用次数: 0
Geoecological Assessment of the City of Vidnoe Using Multifractal Analysis 利用多分形分析法对维德诺市进行地质生态评估
IF 0.3 Q4 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372824700148
B. I. Kochurov, M. A. Movchan

Abstract

Modern scientific research in the field of geoecology, urban ecology, and urban planning focuses on the issues of geoecological assessment and the management of sustainable development of urban systems (urban geosystems). This research paper highlights both traditional methods of geoecological assessment, including environmental risk assessment and a comparison of MPC and MPL indicators, as well as modern methods such as remote sensing of the earth (analysis of satellite images) and modeling—a fractal analysis of urban geosystems. In addition, the article uses data from state statistics and environmental monitoring of the city and data from its own field research. It has been revealed that, in order to solve the problems of urban planning and management of territories based on the principles of sustainable development, such a system of geoecological assessment is required that would reflect the degree of development of the structure of urban geosystems, including the deviation of the development of urban geosystems from the optimum in conditions of multicomponent anthropogenic loads and risks of disruption of the sustainable functioning of the urban geosystem. Using the fractal modeling of the impact of anthropogenic factors, data on the deficit or redundancy of their impact were calculated. The advantage of territorial planning and the proposal of measures for the sustainable development of the city of Vidnoe based on fractal analysis consists of justifying the optimal degree of construction and the development of the transport network, reducing the risk of chaotic sprawl of the district and problems (first and foremost, traffic congestion and the pollution of environmental components), and achieving a minimum level of spatial fragmentation of the urban environment.

摘要 地质生态学、城市生态学和城市规划领域的现代科学研究侧重于地质生态评估和城市系统(城市地质系统)可持续发展管理问题。这篇研究论文重点介绍了传统的地质生态评估方法,包括环境风险评估和 MPC 与 MPL 指标的比较,以及地球遥感(卫星图像分析)和建模--城市地质系统的分形分析等现代方法。此外,文章还使用了国家统计和城市环境监测数据以及自己的实地研究数据。结果表明,为了解决基于可持续发展原则的城市规划和领土管理问题,需要建立这样一个地质生态评估系统,以反映城市地质系统结构的发展程度,包括在多成分人为负荷条件下城市地质系统的发展偏离最佳状态的情况,以及城市地质系统可持续功能遭到破坏的风险。利用人为因素影响的分形模型,计算出了人为因素影响的不足或冗余数据。在分形分析的基础上为维德诺伊市的可持续发展进行国土规划和提出措施建议的优势在于,合理确定交通网络的最佳建设和发展程度,降低该地区无序扩张的风险和问题(首先是交通拥堵和环境污染),并将城市环境的空间破碎程度降到最低。
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引用次数: 0
Detection of Land Use and Land Cover Change Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, Vietnam 利用遥感和地理信息系统探测越南巴里哇头省的土地利用和土地覆被变化
IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040133
B. B. Thien, V. T. Phuong

Abstract

Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are among the global changes resulting from human activity that have the biggest impacts on the ecosystem and the surrounding environment. Detecting and mapping changes in LULC in Ba Ria-Vung Tau province, Vietnam is critical for sustainable development, planning, and management. This study applies the supervised classifier maximum likelihood algorithm in ArcGIS 10.8 software to detect changes in LULC observed in the study area in the period 2000–2020 using multivariate satellite data. For each satellite scene, we applied supervised classification and spectral indices (NDVI-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and NDWI-Normalized Difference Water Index) for the classification and assessment of LULC changes. Areas obtained from Landsat 5 TM for 2000 and 2010 and Landsat 8 OLI for 2020 were checked for accuracy using kappa coefficients of 0.882, 0.891, and 0.915, respectively. The area was classified into five main LULC classes including agriculture, water bodies, forest, settlement, and bare soil/rock. The LULC status and change maps created in ArcGIS 10.8 show a significant change in LULC. The settlement class has increased continuously for 20 years from 128.09 km2 (2000) to 300.30 km2 (2020); the agricultural land class has increased by 124.96 km2 in the period 2000–2020. The remaining three classes, forest, water bodies, and bare soil/rock, all decreased in area during this period. These LULC changes pose a serious threat, impacting and disturbing the environment. The results of this study can be used in management and planning of future land use in the area.

摘要土地利用和土地覆盖(LULC)的变化是人类活动导致的全球变化之一,对生态系统和周围环境的影响最大。检测和绘制越南巴里哇头省土地利用和土地覆被变化图对于可持续发展、规划和管理至关重要。本研究采用 ArcGIS 10.8 软件中的监督分类器最大似然法算法,利用多变量卫星数据检测研究区域 2000-2020 年间观测到的 LULC 变化。对于每个卫星场景,我们采用监督分类和光谱指数(NDVI-归一化差异植被指数和 NDWI-归一化差异水指数)对 LULC 变化进行分类和评估。利用 2000 年和 2010 年大地遥感卫星 5 TM 和 2020 年大地遥感卫星 8 OLI 获得的区域,分别用 0.882、0.891 和 0.915 的卡帕系数检验了准确性。该地区被划分为五大 LULC 等级,包括农业、水体、森林、聚落和裸土/岩石。用 ArcGIS 10.8 绘制的 LULC 状态和变化地图显示,LULC 发生了显著变化。在 2000-2020 年期间,定居类土地面积持续增加了 124.96 平方公里,从 128.09 平方公里(2000 年)增至 300.30 平方公里(2020 年)。其余三个等级,即森林、水体和裸土/岩石,在此期间面积均有所减少。这些土地利用、土地利用变化对环境造成了严重的影响和破坏。这项研究的结果可用于该地区未来土地利用的管理和规划。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Technogenesis and Geochemistry of Aerosols on the Status of Environment and Public Health in the South of Russia 气溶胶的技术生成和地球化学对俄罗斯南部环境和公众健康状况的影响
IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040078
V. V. Dyachenko, V. G. Shemanin, V. V. Vishnevetskaya

Abstract

The results of the soil geochemistry study in the south of Russia, assessment of atmospheric pollution and the population health in some cities of Krasnodar region and Rostov Oblast are considered. During more than 30 years repeated soil sampling of different regions (more than 10 thousand samples), settlements (about 3 thousand samples) was carried out, which allowed to comprehensively assess the state of a large biosphere structure environment, where almost 20% of the Russian population lives. The increase in the level of atmospheric pollution and concentrations of chemical elements in soils was found. The negative impact of aeral pollution on the health of the population was revealed, which leads to an increase in the number of upper respiratory tract diseases. The highest degree of aerosol air pollution in the south of Russia is observed in Novorossiysk. According to the results of three-dimensional analysis, the maximum morbidity and mortality rates of newborns are found in areas with old 1–2-storey buildings, and the minimum—in areas of multi-storey buildings. It is shown that the morbidity of the population decreases as the floor of residence increases. Such distribution of morbidity indicates a high level of aerosol pollution of the atmosphere. To confirm the toxicity of urban air pollution, an ecological and geochemical assessment of the solid part of aerosols in comparison with natural deflationary aerosols has been carried out. Geochemical features of different sources of aerosols in the atmospheric surface layer were revealed. It was found that technogenic aerosols are enriched with a number of chemical elements, but especially intensively with polymetals Ag, Pb, Cu and Zn—elements that are not characteristic of the local geological situation and industrial specifics.

内容提要 本文介绍了俄罗斯南部土壤地球化学研究的结果,以及对克拉斯诺达尔州和罗斯托夫州一些城市的大气污染和居民健康状况的评估。在 30 多年的时间里,对不同地区(1 万多个样本)和居民点(约 3000 个样本)进行了多次土壤采样,从而全面评估了俄罗斯近 20% 人口居住的大型生物圈结构环境的状况。研究发现,大气污染程度和土壤中化学元素的浓度都有所上升。大气污染对居民健康的负面影响已经显现,导致上呼吸道疾病数量增加。在俄罗斯南部,新罗西斯克的气溶胶空气污染程度最高。根据三维分析结果,新生儿发病率和死亡率最高的地区是 1-2 层老式建筑区,最低的是多层建筑区。结果表明,随着住宅楼层的增加,居民的发病率也在降低。这种发病率分布表明大气气溶胶污染程度很高。为了证实城市空气污染的毒性,对气溶胶的固体部分与自然放气气溶胶进行了生态和地球化学评估。研究揭示了大气表层不同来源气溶胶的地球化学特征。研究发现,技术产生的气溶胶富含多种化学元素,尤其是多金属元素 Ag、Pb、Cu 和 Zn,这些元素与当地的地质情况和工业特点不符。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of Intracontinental Glaciers of Siberia and East Asia since the Little Ice Age 小冰河时期以来西伯利亚和东亚大陆内冰川的动态变化
IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1134/s187537282304011x
V. M. Plyusnin, A. D. Kitov

Abstract

We present results from a 10-year study of the local features of mountain glacier dynamics in Central Asia—from the latitudes of the middle taiga of Cisbaikalia and Transbaikalia, through the mountains of the steppe zone of Mongolian Altai and the desert zone of China to the cold deserts of the Himalayas. Multitemporal satellite images were interpreted, making it possible to obtain quantitative information on changes in the area and length of glaciers in key areas of the studied mountain territories. These data are linked to climatic parameters, absolute altitude, permafrost, morphology and tectonics of the mountain ridges, and anthropogenic impact. The study revealed a general trend: the retreat of glaciers starting in the 1970s, with an increase in the average annual air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere by 1.4‒1.6°С. Accelerated glacier melting and a reduction in glacier length were observed from 1990 to 2020, when the most significant warming occurred. The following years with above-average temperatures are highlighted: 1990, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2005, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2019, and 2020. This period also witnessed an increase in the area and length of some glaciers studied in 2013‒2015 and in 2021 associated with abnormal winter precipitation in 2012, 2013, and 2020. It was found that in the mountains in the south of Eastern Siberia, the aforementioned years showed a slowdown in the reduction of the area of glaciers, an increase of the number of perennial snow patches, and an increase in the frequency of snow avalanches. It has been revealed that the glaciers in Siberia, Mongolian Altai, and the Altyn-Tag Range retreated from the terminal moraines of the Little Ice Age by an average of 500 m; on the Karlyktag Range, 800‒900 m; and in the Himalayas (Langtang area), from 1 to 4.5 km.

摘要 我们介绍了对中亚地区--从西贝加尔和外贝加尔的中泰加林纬度,到蒙古阿尔泰草原区和中国沙漠区的山脉,再到喜马拉雅山的寒冷沙漠--山地冰川动态的地方特征进行的一项为期十年的研究结果。对多时空卫星图像进行了解读,从而获得了所研究山区主要地区冰川面积和长度变化的定量信息。这些数据与气候参数、绝对高度、永久冻土、山脊形态和构造以及人为影响有关。研究揭示了一个总体趋势:从 20 世纪 70 年代开始,随着北半球年平均气温上升 1.4-1.6°С ,冰川开始后退。从 1990 年到 2020 年,冰川加速融化,冰川长度减少,这一时期的变暖最为显著。以下气温高于平均水平的年份被突出显示:1990、1995、1997、2002、2005、2005、2007、2008、2011、2012、2016、2019 和 2020 年。在此期间,2013-2015 年和 2021 年研究的一些冰川的面积和长度也有所增加,这与 2012、2013 和 2020 年异常的冬季降水有关。研究发现,在东西伯利亚南部山区,上述年份的冰川面积减少速度放缓,常年积雪斑块数量增加,雪崩频率上升。研究表明,西伯利亚、蒙古阿尔泰和阿尔金山-塔格山脉的冰川从小冰期的末端冰碛平均后退了 500 米;卡里克塔格山脉的冰川后退了 800 至 900 米;喜马拉雅山(朗唐地区)的冰川后退了 1 至 4.5 公里。
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引用次数: 0
Predictive Assessment of Socioeconomic Damage to Coastal Areas of Irkutsk Oblast as a Result of Lake Baikal Level Fluctuations 贝加尔湖水位波动对伊尔库茨克州沿海地区社会经济损失的预测评估
IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040145
T. I. Zabortceva, G. B. Dugarova, O. V. Evstropieva, O. V. Gagarinova, O. A. Ignatova, P. V. Rogov

Abstract

This paper presents for the first time the results of practice-oriented investigations for determining the magnitude of socioeconomic damage to coastal areas of Lake Baikal as a result of the highest rise of its level (457.85 m according to the Pacific Reference Frame). The study area includes the coastal areas of Baikal and some areas of the Irkutsk reservoir of Irkutsk oblast within the Slyudyansky, Irkutsky, and Olkhonsky administrative districts. When compiling the list of sites falling within the zone of potential submergence, we used the open public database of the Unified State Registry of Real Estate and a package of working large-scale cartographic products and images. Expeditions made it possible to update, correct, and complement the working registry. The list of economic facilities and infrastructure (about 200) falling within the zone of potential submergence, includes line structures, enterprises of social services, and households. A calculation of economic damage to facilities of socioeconomic activity is presented using recommended technique of assessing probable damage from the harmful effect of water and assessing the effectiveness of preventive hydroeconomic measures (as of the year 2006). The amount of damage (to facilities and main sectoral groups) is corrected using the deflator index (as of 2022 in the “construction” position in Irkutsk oblast)). Potential losses (lost profit) are illustrated by the example of recreational activity on the shores of Baikal within the boundaries of Irkutsk oblast. The possible considerable losses have been revealed in the recreational sphere as a result of direct damage to facilities and infrastructure, as well as lost profits due to a loss of attractiveness of coastal areas, including beach zones. A preliminary quantitative assessment of socioeconomic damage to coastal administrative districts of Irkutsk oblast as a result of water level fluctuations in Lake Baikal and the Irkutsk reservoir may well provide a basis for developing program-strategic directions and measures and for seeking managerial decisions of a preventive nature for minimizing negative impacts.

摘要 本文首次介绍了为确定贝加尔湖最高水位上升(根据太平洋参照基准为 457.85 米)对该湖沿岸地区造成的社会经济损失程度而进行的面向实践的调查结果。研究范围包括贝加尔湖沿岸地区和伊尔库茨克州伊尔库茨克水库的斯柳迪安斯基、伊尔库茨基和奥尔洪斯基行政区的部分地区。在编制属于潜在淹没区的遗址清单时,我们使用了国家不动产统一登记处的开放式公共数据库以及一套正在使用的大比例尺制图产品和图像。通过考察,我们对工作登记册进行了更新、更正和补充。可能淹没区域内的经济设施和基础设施清单(约 200 个)包括线路结构、社会服务企业和家庭。社会经济活动设施的经济损失计算采用了建议的技术,即评估水的有害影响可能造成的损失和评估预防性水文经济措施的有效性(截至 2006 年)。损失额(对设施和主要部门群体的损失额)使用平减指数(截至 2022 年伊尔库茨克州 "建筑 "部门)进行修正。)以伊尔库茨克州境内贝加尔湖畔的娱乐活动为例,说明了潜在的损失(利润损失)。由于设施和基础设施受到直接破坏,娱乐活动可能会遭受巨大损失,同时,由于沿海地区(包括海滩区)失去吸引力,也会造成利润损失。对贝加尔湖和伊尔库茨克水库水位波动给伊尔库茨克州沿海行政区造成的社会经济损 失进行初步定量评估,可以为制定计划战略方向和措施以及寻求预防性管理决策提供依据, 从而最大限度地减少负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Geographical Objects as Systems: Adequate Properties and Functions 作为系统的地理物体:适当的属性和功能
IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1134/s187537282304008x
V. B. Korobov, B. I. Kochurov, A. S. Lokhov, A. G. Tutygin

Abstract

The concept of a “system” is analyzed. The basic properties of systems are established. It is revealed that all its elements must be interrelated and be in interaction; the system interacts with the external environment as a whole, and division in it occurs from whole to parts. It is concluded that with respect to geographical objects, these requirements are too stringent, because then there arises the need for mandatory implementation of all conditions inherent in systems. And this is not always possible, because the realization of goals in accordance with which the object is formed may require consideration of independent factors. It is shown that not all geographical and related objects—sociogeographical and geoecological—meet the requirements on classical systems, because some (and sometimes all) of their components (or influencing factors) are not mutually dependent. A virtual example of a problem is given, namely, selection of the optimal location of an object out of several alternatives, consisting of several groups of factors, illustrating the absence of direct links between some of the components of the object. It is proposed to call such objects “nonsystem” objects. In contrast to systems, for them it is possible to form the structure from the bottom up, from particular to general, combining, if necessary, the components of the object into groups. This makes it possible to consistently complicate the object of research as necessary. At the same time, a number of factors, such as seasonal factors, can change their importance over time, which leads to the transition of objects from the “system” to the “nonsystem” state, and vice versa. Factors the influence of which is spatially limited can lead to similar consequences. A graphical interpretation of the concepts of “system” and “nonsystem object” provided in the form of oriented graphs, the edges of which represent groups of components (influencing factors). With such an approach, systems can be considered as a special case of objects in which all components are interrelated. At the same time, systems can be components of complex nonsystem objects.

摘要 分析了 "系统 "的概念。确定了系统的基本属性。它揭示了系统的所有要素必须是相互关联和相互作用的;系统作为一个整体与外部环境相互作用,并从整体到部分进行划分。结论是,就地理对象而言,这些要求过于严格,因为这样就需要强制执行系统的所有固有 条件。而这并不总是可能的,因为要实现形成对象的目标,可能需要考虑独立的因素。事实证明,并非所有地理和相关对象--社会地理和地理生态--都符合经典系统的要求,因为它们的某些(有时是全部)组成部分(或影响因素)并不是相互依存的。我们给出了一个问题的虚拟例子,即从由几组因素组成的多个备选方案中选择一个对象的最佳位置,说明对象的某些组成部分之间没有直接联系。建议将这类物体称为 "非系统 "物体。与系统不同的是,它们可以自下而上、从特殊到一般地形成结构,必要时将对象的各个 组成部分组合成组。这样就可以根据需要不断地将研究对象复杂化。同时,一些因素(如季节性因素)的重要性会随着时间的推移而发生变化,从而导致研究对象从 "系统 "状态过渡到 "非系统 "状态,反之亦然。在空间上影响有限的因素也会导致类似的后果。对 "系统 "和 "非系统对象 "这两个概念的图解是以定向图的形式提供的,定向图的边代表各组元件(影响因素)。采用这种方法,系统可被视为对象的一种特例,其中所有组成部分都是相互关联的。同时,系统也可以是复杂的非系统对象的组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Transformation of International Labor Migration in the Russian Far East in the Post-Soviet Period 后苏联时期俄罗斯远东地区国际劳动力迁移的转变
IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040091
S. N. Mishchuk

Abstract

The aim of the study is to analyze the transformation of the sectoral and territorial structure of international labor migrants in the Far East in the post-Soviet period. The subject for study is international labor migration in the Far Eastern regions. In contrast to earlier studies on similar topics, this paper analyzes the change in the structure of migration both at the levels of districts and individual regions of the Far East. It is shown that changes in the structure of labor migration in the Russian Far East correspond to all-Russian trends with a time lag of 10 years. While in general throughout Russia a steady excess of labor migrants from neighboring countries with visa-free regimes has been observed since the mid-2000s, overall throughout the Far East, it has been observed since the mid-2010s. It was found that by the beginning of the 2020s, a sectoral specialization of labor migrants from non-CIS and CIS countries had formed in the labor market of Far Eastern regions. It was established that the ratio of migrants’ categories differs in individual regions. It was determined that a list of source countries and the sectoral structure of foreign workers’ employment for countries with visa regimes formed from countries with visa regimes in the structure of labor migration of the Far East; however, the ratio of the countries has changed. China remains the leader, and citizens of Turkey, Vietnam, and Serbia also occupy a stable position in the Far Eastern labor market. In the Far Eastern labor market, among citizens of CIS countries, citizens of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan are in the lead. It is shown that the Far Eastern regions are characterized by deconcentration of skilled and highly skilled labor migrants and by their distribution in a larger number of regions than before.

摘要 本研究旨在分析后苏联时期远东地区国际劳工移民的部门和地域结构的变化。研究对象是远东地区的国际劳工移民。与之前类似主题的研究不同,本文分析了远东地区区级和个别地区级移民结构的变化。研究表明,俄罗斯远东地区劳动力迁移结构的变化与全俄罗斯的趋势一致,但有 10 年的时间差。自 2000 年代中期以来,俄罗斯全国范围内来自免签证邻国的劳动力移民持续过剩,而在整个远东地区,这一现象自 2010 年代中期开始出现。研究发现,到 2020 年代初,来自非独联体和独联体国家的劳动力移民在远东地区劳动力市场上形成了部门专业化。各地区的移民类别比例也不尽相同。研究确定,在远东地区劳动力迁移结构中,签证制度国家与签证制度国家之间形成了来源国清单和外籍工人就业部门结构;但是,国家之间的比例发生了变化。中国仍然处于领先地位,土耳其、越南和塞尔维亚的公民在远东劳动力市场上也占有稳定的地位。在远东劳动力市场上,独联体国家的公民中,乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦的公民处于领先地位。研究表明,远东地区的特点是技术移民和高技能劳动力移民的非集中化以及他们在更多地区的分布。
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引用次数: 0
Reforestation in Postagricultural Areas of Western Transbaikalia 在外贝加尔西部农业后地区重新造林
IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040121
A. P. Sizykh, V. I. Voronin, V. A. Oskolkov, A. P. Gritsenyuk

Abstract

The article establishes the tendencies of forest formation in fallow lands of different ages, currently used as rangelands, in postagricultural areas of Western Transbaikalia. Assessments of the nature of the restorative dynamics of forests in fallow lands extensively reference the typological and species composition of phytocenoses of the surrounding areas that have never been used for tilling. It is established that herbaceous communities currently emerging in fallow lands and steppe areas include tree species such as Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), more rarely Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), and sometimes Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.). It has been determined that, once removed from intensive pasture rotation, plant communities gradually restore a layered structure and show an increase in the species diversity of plants and in their abundance in communities. At the same time, it is noted that pine is actively advancing into herbaceous (steppe) communities of plant species typical of the forest–steppe and steppe. It has been found that the age composition of pine specimen varies from 2–5-year-old individuals to 20–25-year-old trees growing in isolated groups in fallow lands throughout the study area. It is noted that areas of fallow lands that are adjacent to a closed forest stand tend to have a fairly closed undergrowth, regardless of orographic features of the territory. The ground cover of such groupings is noted to have a significant presence of plant species characteristic of zonal light coniferous forests. That is likely to indicate an early stage of formation of zonal-type light coniferous taiga. A restraining factor in the development of forests in fallow and steppe lands in the study region is the potential increase in anthropogenic influences, mainly grazing regimes, due to an increased number of farms. Human activity in the area often involves periodic anthropogenic fires deliberately set in order to preserve rangelands. Pine undergrowth is also simply felled, both on fallow lands and in adjacent territories. That is, in many respects, a crucial factor for the possibility of formation and development of forests on postagricultural territories in the near future.

摘要 文章确定了外贝加尔西部农业后地区目前用作牧场的不同年龄休耕地的森林形成趋势。对休耕地森林恢复动态性质的评估广泛参考了周边地区从未耕种过的植物群落的类型和物种组成。研究发现,目前在休耕地和草原地区出现的草本群落包括苏格兰松树(Pinus sylvestris L.)、西伯利亚落叶松(Larix sibirica Ledeb.)等树种,有时也包括西伯利亚榆树(Ulmus pumila L.)。据测定,一旦脱离密集的牧场轮作,植物群落会逐渐恢复分层结构,并显示出植物物种多样性和群落丰度的增加。同时,研究还发现,松树正积极向草本(草原)群落推进,这些群落中的植物物种具有森林-草原和草原的典型特征。研究发现,在整个研究区域的休耕地中,松树标本的树龄组成从 2-5 年的个体到 20-25 年树龄的树木不等,这些树木孤立地生长在一起。值得注意的是,与郁闭林分相邻的休耕地区域往往有相当郁闭的林下植被,与该地区的地形特征无关。我们注意到,在这些群落的地面植被中,有大量具有地带性轻针叶林特征的植物物种。这可能预示着泰加地带性轻针叶林的早期形成阶段。在研究区域的休耕地和草原上发展森林的一个限制因素是人为影响的潜在增加,主要是农场数量的增加导致的放牧制度。该地区的人类活动通常包括为保护牧场而故意定期人为放火。休耕地和邻近地区的松树林也被简单砍伐。这在许多方面都是在不久的将来在农业后土地上形成和发展森林的一个关键因素。
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引用次数: 0
Soil Resources of Southern Siberia 南西伯利亚的土壤资源
IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040030
O. I. Bazhenova, E. M. Tyumentseva, A. A. Cherkashina, V. A. Golubtsov, S. A. Tukhta

Abstract

The article considers the issues of soil degradation and the possibility of conserving and restoring soil fertility in southern regions of Siberia. Long-term stationary research data is synthesized in order to determine the mechanism of erosion processes and obtain quantitative data on soil losses depending on key factors of water and wind erosion. Particular attention is given to the periodically extreme nature of processes that cause catastrophic soil degradation. Patterns of changes in the structure of processes that require agricultural soil conservation measures are revealed. The mechanism of soil erosion and soil degradation rate changes in the west to east direction along the belt of steppes and forest–steppes of southern Siberia. In the south of Western Siberia, the pressing issue is protecting soils from thawing erosion, in Khakassia the particular hazard is soil deflation, and in Cis-Baikal and Transbaikal region soil degradation is exacerbated by the combined effect of rainfall erosion and deflation. The results of a quantitative cartographic assessment of erosion hazard levels based on empirical models of potential soil loss and deflation are presented for the major agricultural regions with a case study of the Irkutsk–Cheremkhovo plain and the Nazarovskaya and Yuzhno-Minusinskaya depressions. A decrease in erosion soil losses as a result of socioeconomic agriculture reforms and a significant reduction in the area of agricultural land in the early 1990s and in the post-reform period (2010–2017) are noted. It is emphasized that the re-expansion of agricultural land observed in recent years creates the necessity of large-scale inventory mapping of erosion processes in southern Siberia. That data can be used to select an optimal nature management policy that promotes conservation of soil resources.

摘要 本文探讨了西伯利亚南部地区的土壤退化问题以及保护和恢复土壤肥力的可能性。文章综合了长期固定研究数据,以确定侵蚀过程的机理,并根据水蚀和风蚀的关键因素获得土壤流失的定量数据。特别关注造成灾难性土壤退化的周期性极端过程。揭示了需要采取农业水土保持措施的过程结构的变化规律。沿着西伯利亚南部的草原和森林草原带,土壤侵蚀机制和土壤退化速度自西向东发生变化。在西西伯利亚南部,亟待解决的问题是保护土壤免受解冻侵蚀;在哈卡西亚,特别的危害是土壤塌陷;在西斯-贝加尔和外贝加尔地区,降雨侵蚀和塌陷的共同作用加剧了土壤退化。以伊尔库茨克-切列姆霍沃平原、纳扎罗夫斯卡娅洼地和尤日诺-米尼辛斯卡娅洼地为例,介绍了根据潜在土壤流失和塌陷的经验模型对主要农业区水土流失危害程度进行定量制图评估的结果。报告指出,由于社会经济农业改革,土壤侵蚀损失减少,20 世纪 90 年代初和改革后时期(2010-2017 年)的农业用地面积大幅减少。需要强调的是,近年来农业用地的重新扩大使得有必要对西伯利亚南部的水土流失过程进行大规模的清查测绘。这些数据可用于选择促进土壤资源保护的最佳自然管理政策。
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引用次数: 0
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Geography and Natural Resources
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