Heavy metal emission from brick kiln operation in developing countries is one of the major sources of environmental pollution. The present study evaluated the intensity of Cd and Pb pollution and the impact on soil microbial activity in agricultural soils in the vicinity of the brick kiln cluster of Hathazari, Chattogram, Bangladesh. It is a major concern as anthropogenic stress on soil microorganisms is directly related to crop productivity. Soil samples were collected from 21 sites covering 7 locations including the reference sites for the assessment of the toxic impact on soil biota. Soil samples were analyzed using standard procedures. In some of the sampling sites, Cd and Pb concentrations were signifi cantly higher than the reference sites. Metal concentration indicates that the anthropogenic input in the soils was in the range of 0.27 to 1.07 mg∙kg–1 of Cd and 19.07 to 52.07 mg∙kg–1 of Pb. However, the concentrations of Pb were not in toxic concentration when compared to the standard level by Chinese environmental quality standards for soil. The highest contamination degree (PER) of the soils was 200.87 and the lowest was 115.83. The contamination factor demonstrated that the soils were in the moderate to considerable level of contamination. The results showed that the number of soil microbial population, microbial activity, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities in the reference soil were all higher than in the agricultural soil in the vicinity of brick kiln cluster. Exponential curves showed a signifi cant positive correlation between heavy metal and microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2) indicating metal stress and high concentration of heavy metals decreased microbial biomass and enzyme activity. Soil pH and Cd content were identifi ed as the key infl uential factors controlling soil biological functions. A signifi cantly high correlation was observed for Cd and Pb (r = 0.89, p < 0.001), it suggests the same source of contamination input. Contamination of Cd and Pb is attributed to heavy input of aerial deposits of metal-enriched fumes from brick kiln operation. A signifi cant negative impact of Cd and Pb on soil microbial activities and enzyme activities was also profound from correlation studies and PCA analysis. However, regular application of fertilizer in agricultural soils may have supported adaptation to long-term Cd stress mainly through the maintenance of microbial activity. The study is important in eco-toxicological and biomonitoring aspects as the data on heavy metal toxicity to the soil environment can act as guidelines for the continuation of brick kiln operation and the sustainable utilization of natural resources. Keywords
{"title":"Evaluation of brick kiln operation impact on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity","authors":"Nasrin Chowdhury, M. Rasid","doi":"10.37501/SOILSA/132232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/SOILSA/132232","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metal emission from brick kiln operation in developing countries is one of the major sources of environmental pollution. The present study evaluated the intensity of Cd and Pb pollution and the impact on soil microbial activity in agricultural soils in the vicinity of the brick kiln cluster of Hathazari, Chattogram, Bangladesh. It is a major concern as anthropogenic stress on soil microorganisms is directly related to crop productivity. Soil samples were collected from 21 sites covering 7 locations including the reference sites for the assessment of the toxic impact on soil biota. Soil samples were analyzed using standard procedures. In some of the sampling sites, Cd and Pb concentrations were signifi cantly higher than the reference sites. Metal concentration indicates that the anthropogenic input in the soils was in the range of 0.27 to 1.07 mg∙kg–1 of Cd and 19.07 to 52.07 mg∙kg–1 of Pb. However, the concentrations of Pb were not in toxic concentration when compared to the standard level by Chinese environmental quality standards for soil. The highest contamination degree (PER) of the soils was 200.87 and the lowest was 115.83. The contamination factor demonstrated that the soils were in the moderate to considerable level of contamination. The results showed that the number of soil microbial population, microbial activity, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, urease, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities in the reference soil were all higher than in the agricultural soil in the vicinity of brick kiln cluster. Exponential curves showed a signifi cant positive correlation between heavy metal and microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2) indicating metal stress and high concentration of heavy metals decreased microbial biomass and enzyme activity. Soil pH and Cd content were identifi ed as the key infl uential factors controlling soil biological functions. A signifi cantly high correlation was observed for Cd and Pb (r = 0.89, p < 0.001), it suggests the same source of contamination input. Contamination of Cd and Pb is attributed to heavy input of aerial deposits of metal-enriched fumes from brick kiln operation. A signifi cant negative impact of Cd and Pb on soil microbial activities and enzyme activities was also profound from correlation studies and PCA analysis. However, regular application of fertilizer in agricultural soils may have supported adaptation to long-term Cd stress mainly through the maintenance of microbial activity. The study is important in eco-toxicological and biomonitoring aspects as the data on heavy metal toxicity to the soil environment can act as guidelines for the continuation of brick kiln operation and the sustainable utilization of natural resources. Keywords","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75388230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abandoned vineyard soils show quick recharge of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks after cancellation of cultivation. In the study abandoned vineyards with six different age classes concerning the duration of postagricultural development, organized along two lines in different exposures on slope (one S and one SW exposed chronosequence) were selected. Involving an additional recently cultivated vineyard location, totally 13 sites were sampled for topsoil characteristics. In each bulk soil sample density fractions, hot water extraction, and microbial samples were separated. Accordingly the C and N content and C/N ratio of free particulate organic matter (FPOM), occluded particulate organic matter (OPOM), clay-, silt- and sand sized microaggregates, hot water soluble organic matter, and microbial biomass of were measured and discussed in the study. We found that labile, active carbon pool (FPOM) have relatively low share of the TOC (in average 11.6% in S and 4.6% in SW sequence) and showed no increase with the time since the cancellation of cultivation. Also this pool has generally higher C/N ratio (20.6±3.7), as more stable pools (OPOM: 19.2±9.6; clay fraction: 9.2±1.2,). Highest part of TOC is stored in clay-sized microaggregates fraction (in average 37.2% in S and 41.5% SW sequence) and its amount correlates significantly with the time since the cancellation of cultivation. By comparison, in recently cultivated soil lower share of C in clay sized microaggregates and (24.0% of TOC) and higher share of labile, FPOM (26.6% of TOC) was found. C-pools in mMicrobial and hot water extractable C forms showed significant changes with the time. Based on, and exposure, and cultivation also proved differentce compared the cultivated site, anyway, their contribution to TOC are low. Abstract Abandoned vineyard soils show quick recharge of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks after 20 cancellation of cultivation. In the study abandoned vineyards with six different age classes 21 concerning the duration of postagricultural development, organized along two lines in different 22 exposures on slope (one S and one SW exposed chronosequence) were selected. Involving an 23 additional recently cultivated vineyard location, totally 13 sites were sampled for topsoil 24 characteristics. In each bulk soil sample density fractions, hot water extraction, and microbial 25 samples were separated. Accordingly the C and N content and C/N ratio of free particulate 26 organic matter (FPOM), occluded particulate organic matter (OPOM), clay-, silt- and sand sized 27 microaggregates, hot water soluble organic matter, and microbial biomass were measured and 28 discussed in the study. We found that labile, active carbon pool (FPOM) have relatively low 29 share of the TOC (in average 11.6% in S and 4.6% in SW sequence) and showed no increase 30 with the time since comparison, in recently cultivated soil lower share of C in clay sized microaggregates and 35 (24.0% of TOC) and higher share of
{"title":"Development of soil organic carbon pools after vineyard abandonment","authors":"T. Novák, J. Incze, A. McLeod, L. Giani","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/127759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/127759","url":null,"abstract":"Abandoned vineyard soils show quick recharge of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks after cancellation of cultivation. In the study abandoned vineyards with six different age classes concerning the duration of postagricultural development, organized along two lines in different exposures on slope (one S and one SW exposed chronosequence) were selected. Involving an additional recently cultivated vineyard location, totally 13 sites were sampled for topsoil characteristics. In each bulk soil sample density fractions, hot water extraction, and microbial samples were separated. Accordingly the C and N content and C/N ratio of free particulate organic matter (FPOM), occluded particulate organic matter (OPOM), clay-, silt- and sand sized microaggregates, hot water soluble organic matter, and microbial biomass of were measured and discussed in the study. We found that labile, active carbon pool (FPOM) have relatively low share of the TOC (in average 11.6% in S and 4.6% in SW sequence) and showed no increase with the time since the cancellation of cultivation. Also this pool has generally higher C/N ratio (20.6±3.7), as more stable pools (OPOM: 19.2±9.6; clay fraction: 9.2±1.2,). Highest part of TOC is stored in clay-sized microaggregates fraction (in average 37.2% in S and 41.5% SW sequence) and its amount correlates significantly with the time since the cancellation of cultivation. By comparison, in recently cultivated soil lower share of C in clay sized microaggregates and (24.0% of TOC) and higher share of labile, FPOM (26.6% of TOC) was found. C-pools in mMicrobial and hot water extractable C forms showed significant changes with the time. Based on, and exposure, and cultivation also proved differentce compared the cultivated site, anyway, their contribution to TOC are low. Abstract Abandoned vineyard soils show quick recharge of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks after 20 cancellation of cultivation. In the study abandoned vineyards with six different age classes 21 concerning the duration of postagricultural development, organized along two lines in different 22 exposures on slope (one S and one SW exposed chronosequence) were selected. Involving an 23 additional recently cultivated vineyard location, totally 13 sites were sampled for topsoil 24 characteristics. In each bulk soil sample density fractions, hot water extraction, and microbial 25 samples were separated. Accordingly the C and N content and C/N ratio of free particulate 26 organic matter (FPOM), occluded particulate organic matter (OPOM), clay-, silt- and sand sized 27 microaggregates, hot water soluble organic matter, and microbial biomass were measured and 28 discussed in the study. We found that labile, active carbon pool (FPOM) have relatively low 29 share of the TOC (in average 11.6% in S and 4.6% in SW sequence) and showed no increase 30 with the time since comparison, in recently cultivated soil lower share of C in clay sized microaggregates and 35 (24.0% of TOC) and higher share of ","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89468075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract One of the basic methods for soil analysis time and cost reduction is using soil sample spectral response in laboratory conditions. The problem with this method lies in determining the relationship between the shape of the soil spectral response and soil physical or chemical properties. The LUCAS soil database collected by the EU’s ESDAC research centre is good material to analyse the relationship between the soil properties and the near infrared (NIR) spectral response. The modelling described in the paper is based on these data. The analysis of the impact of soil properties configuration on absorbance levels in various NIR spectrum ranges was conducted using the stepwise regression models with the properties, properties squared and products of properties being explanatory variables. The analysis of partial correlation of soil properties values with absorbance values and absorbance derivative in the entire spectral range was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of the absorbance transformation (the first derivative of absorbance vector) on the change of significance of relationship with properties values. The Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) models were used to estimate the absorbance relationship with single soil features. Soil property modelling based on the selection and transformation algorithm of raw values and first and second absorbance derivatives was also conducted along with the suitability evaluation of such models in building digital soil maps. The absorbance is affected by a limited number of tested soil features like pH, texture, content of carbonates, SOC, N, and CEC; P and K contents have, in case of this research, a negligible impact. The NIR methodology can be suitable in conditions of limited soil variation and particularly in development of thematic soil maps.
{"title":"Prediction of soil properties with machine learning models based on the spectral response of soil samples in the near infrared range","authors":"S. Gruszczyński","doi":"10.2478/ssa-2019-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2019-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the basic methods for soil analysis time and cost reduction is using soil sample spectral response in laboratory conditions. The problem with this method lies in determining the relationship between the shape of the soil spectral response and soil physical or chemical properties. The LUCAS soil database collected by the EU’s ESDAC research centre is good material to analyse the relationship between the soil properties and the near infrared (NIR) spectral response. The modelling described in the paper is based on these data. The analysis of the impact of soil properties configuration on absorbance levels in various NIR spectrum ranges was conducted using the stepwise regression models with the properties, properties squared and products of properties being explanatory variables. The analysis of partial correlation of soil properties values with absorbance values and absorbance derivative in the entire spectral range was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of the absorbance transformation (the first derivative of absorbance vector) on the change of significance of relationship with properties values. The Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) models were used to estimate the absorbance relationship with single soil features. Soil property modelling based on the selection and transformation algorithm of raw values and first and second absorbance derivatives was also conducted along with the suitability evaluation of such models in building digital soil maps. The absorbance is affected by a limited number of tested soil features like pH, texture, content of carbonates, SOC, N, and CEC; P and K contents have, in case of this research, a negligible impact. The NIR methodology can be suitable in conditions of limited soil variation and particularly in development of thematic soil maps.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80124511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Korzeniowska, E. Stanisławska-Glubiak, W. Lipiński
Abstract To implement the Mehlich 3 method in Polish agro-chemical laboratories, limit values for deficiency of B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in soil for wheat were developed. The values were developed on the basis of 1921 fields with wheat, evenly distributed throughout Poland. Soil samples were collected from these fields in 2016, together with the plants growing on them, at the stage of stem elongation (BBCH 30/31). The concentration of micronutrients was determined in all soil and plant samples. In addition, pH, texture, and the content of organic carbon and available phosphorus were determined in soil samples. Moreover, grain yield after wheat harvest was estimated for all fields. Limit values were developed by two independent methods: 1) the regression equation method and 2) the so-called high yield method. In the first case, the limit microelement concentration in soil was calculated from the equation describing the relationship between the bioaccumulation factor (R/G) and a specific soil feature (n=1921). The bioaccumulation factor is the quotient of the concentration of a micronutrient in a plant (R) and its concentration in the soil (G) determined by the Mehlich 3 method. The equations were constructed using the Stagraphics program. For each micronutrient, 8 models were tested in search for the equation with the highest determination coefficient r2. Limit values were calculated after substituting the critical value of microelements in the plant (R) to the selected model and transforming the equation accordingly. The basis of the second method was to separate the “high yield group” ≥7.0 t ha−1 (n=578) from the entire data set. In this group, lower quintiles for the Mehlich 3-concentration of individual microelements in soil were calculated. The lower quintiles (QU1) were taken as limit values. It was assumed that QU1 is a good indicator of the lowest micronutrient concentration in the soil at which a yield of 7.0 t ha−1 or higher can be obtained. The comparison of the values calculated with the regression equations method and the high yield method showed their similarity, which confirmed the reliability of these values. The proposed values define the limit for low microelements concentration in soil determined with the Mehlich 3 method, below which wheat fertilization with these nutrients is recommended.
摘要为在波兰农化实验室实施Mehlich 3法，制定了小麦土壤中B、Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn缺乏症限量值。这些价值是根据1921年均匀分布在波兰各地的麦田开发的。2016年，在茎伸长阶段(BBCH 30/31)，从这些田中采集土壤样品和生长在其上的植物。测定了所有土壤和植物样品中微量元素的浓度。此外，还测定了土壤样品的pH、质地、有机碳和速效磷含量。此外，还估算了各田小麦收获后的粮食产量。极限值是通过两种独立的方法确定的:1)回归方程法和2)所谓的高产法。在第一种情况下，根据描述生物积累因子(R/G)与特定土壤特征(n=1921)之间关系的方程计算土壤中微量元素的极限浓度。生物积累因子是植物中微量营养素的浓度(R)与土壤中微量营养素的浓度(G)之商，由Mehlich 3法测定。这些方程是用Stagraphics程序构造的。对每种微量营养素分别试验8个模型，寻找决定系数r2最高的方程。将植物中微量元素的临界值(R)代入所选模型，并对方程进行变换，计算出极限值。第二种方法的基础是从整个数据集中分离出≥7.0 t ha - 1 (n=578)的“高产组”。在该组中，计算了土壤中个别微量元素的Mehlich 3浓度的下五分位数。取下五分位数(QU1)作为极限值。假设QU1是土壤中最低微量元素浓度的良好指标，在该浓度下可获得7.0 tha - 1或更高的产量。将回归方程法与高产法计算的结果进行比较，发现两者具有相似性，证实了计算结果的可靠性。建议的数值确定了用Mehlich 3法测定土壤中微量元素低浓度的限度，低于该限度时，建议使用这些营养素对小麦进行施肥。
{"title":"Development of the limit values of micronutrient deficiency in soil determined using Mehlich 3 extractant for Polish soil conditions. Part I. Wheat","authors":"J. Korzeniowska, E. Stanisławska-Glubiak, W. Lipiński","doi":"10.2478/ssa-2019-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2019-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To implement the Mehlich 3 method in Polish agro-chemical laboratories, limit values for deficiency of B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in soil for wheat were developed. The values were developed on the basis of 1921 fields with wheat, evenly distributed throughout Poland. Soil samples were collected from these fields in 2016, together with the plants growing on them, at the stage of stem elongation (BBCH 30/31). The concentration of micronutrients was determined in all soil and plant samples. In addition, pH, texture, and the content of organic carbon and available phosphorus were determined in soil samples. Moreover, grain yield after wheat harvest was estimated for all fields. Limit values were developed by two independent methods: 1) the regression equation method and 2) the so-called high yield method. In the first case, the limit microelement concentration in soil was calculated from the equation describing the relationship between the bioaccumulation factor (R/G) and a specific soil feature (n=1921). The bioaccumulation factor is the quotient of the concentration of a micronutrient in a plant (R) and its concentration in the soil (G) determined by the Mehlich 3 method. The equations were constructed using the Stagraphics program. For each micronutrient, 8 models were tested in search for the equation with the highest determination coefficient r2. Limit values were calculated after substituting the critical value of microelements in the plant (R) to the selected model and transforming the equation accordingly. The basis of the second method was to separate the “high yield group” ≥7.0 t ha−1 (n=578) from the entire data set. In this group, lower quintiles for the Mehlich 3-concentration of individual microelements in soil were calculated. The lower quintiles (QU1) were taken as limit values. It was assumed that QU1 is a good indicator of the lowest micronutrient concentration in the soil at which a yield of 7.0 t ha−1 or higher can be obtained. The comparison of the values calculated with the regression equations method and the high yield method showed their similarity, which confirmed the reliability of these values. The proposed values define the limit for low microelements concentration in soil determined with the Mehlich 3 method, below which wheat fertilization with these nutrients is recommended.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73805851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bogacz, M. Andrzejczak, K. Tomaszewska, M. Podlaska
Abstract Drainage and peat extraction may have a negative impact on existing hydrological conditions and, consequently, on the conditions of wetland ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess human impact on the studied Trzcińskie Mokradła Peatland by comparing the concentrations and trace element (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni) pools in the study area (extracted vs. non-extracted areas of peatland). The concentration of trace elements in organic soils and their pools were analysed in relation to their depth in the soil profiles, content of organic matter, soil pH values and the degree of decomposition of organic materials (peat, mursh). Fifteen soil profiles (90 samples) were examined. The total soil elements content was determined after digestion in a mixture of HCl+HNO3. The element pools were calculated and expressed in g m−2 of soil in 0–30 cm and 30–50 cm layers. Soils showed acidic or slightly acidic reactions. The high concentrations of Pb and Zn were mainly observed in the upper horizons. The deeper layers enriched with mineral fractions were also enriched in metals like Cr and Ni.
{"title":"Anthropogenic impact on concentration of selected trace elements pools in transformed organic soils in Trzcińskie Mokradła Peatland, SW Poland","authors":"A. Bogacz, M. Andrzejczak, K. Tomaszewska, M. Podlaska","doi":"10.2478/ssa-2019-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2019-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Drainage and peat extraction may have a negative impact on existing hydrological conditions and, consequently, on the conditions of wetland ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess human impact on the studied Trzcińskie Mokradła Peatland by comparing the concentrations and trace element (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni) pools in the study area (extracted vs. non-extracted areas of peatland). The concentration of trace elements in organic soils and their pools were analysed in relation to their depth in the soil profiles, content of organic matter, soil pH values and the degree of decomposition of organic materials (peat, mursh). Fifteen soil profiles (90 samples) were examined. The total soil elements content was determined after digestion in a mixture of HCl+HNO3. The element pools were calculated and expressed in g m−2 of soil in 0–30 cm and 30–50 cm layers. Soils showed acidic or slightly acidic reactions. The high concentrations of Pb and Zn were mainly observed in the upper horizons. The deeper layers enriched with mineral fractions were also enriched in metals like Cr and Ni.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85783514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Stanisławska-Glubiak, J. Korzeniowska, W. Lipiński
Abstract The aim of the study was to develop limit values for low microelement concentration in the soil, determined with the use of Mehlich 3 extractant for assessing their deficits in rapeseed crops. The values were prepared on the basis of 1944 fields with rapeseed, covering the whole Poland. In 2017, the samplers of Polish agro-chemical laboratories took soil samples and corresponding plant samples at the BBCH 30/31 stage. In the plant samples, the concentration of microelements was determined, and in the soil samples, apart from microelements, also pH, texture and the concentration of organic carbon and available phosphorus, were determined. Moreover, for each field, data on rapeseed yield were collected. Limit values were determined by two independent methods: 1) the method of regression equations and 2) the so-called high yield method. In the first case, the limit microelement concentration in the soil was calculated from the equation describing the relationship between the R/G bioaccumulation coefficient and a specific soil feature (n=1944). The bioaccumulation coefficient is a quotient of the concentration of a microelement in a plant (R) and its concentration in the soil determined by the Mehlich 3 (G) method. Limit values were calculated after substituting the critical concentration of microelements in the plant (R) to the equation, and subsequently, an appropriate conversion of the equation. The second method was based on the separation of a group of high yields ≥4.0 t ha−1 (n=755) from the whole data set. Then in this group, the lower quintiles (QU1) were calculated for the concentration of individual microelements in the soil determined in Mehlich 3 extract and adopted as limit values. It was found that QU1 is a good indicator of the lowest microelement concentration in the soil at which a yield of at least 4.0 t ha−1 can be obtained. The final limit values were worked out by averaging the values calculated by the equations and high yield method and their appropriate correction. In the combined soil sample collections for wheat and rapeseed (n=3865), the values were checked by evaluating the percentage of soils with microelement shortage separately for rape and wheat. The results of this evaluation were compared with the evaluation using the old system based on the 1 M HCl, which did not take into account the plant species.
摘要本研究的目的是建立土壤中微量元素低浓度的极限值，利用Mehlich 3萃取剂测定土壤中微量元素的浓度，以评估油菜作物中微量元素的缺陷。这些数值是根据1944年覆盖整个波兰的油菜籽田编制的。2017年，波兰农化实验室的采样人员在BBCH 30/31阶段采集了土壤样品和相应的植物样品。测定了植物样品中微量元素的浓度，测定了土壤样品中除微量元素外的pH值、质地、有机碳和速效磷的浓度。此外，还收集了每块地的油菜籽产量数据。极限值由两种独立的方法确定:1)回归方程法和2)所谓的高产法。在第一种情况下，根据描述R/G生物积累系数与特定土壤特征之间关系的方程计算土壤中微量元素的极限浓度(n=1944)。生物积累系数是植物中微量元素的浓度(R)与土壤中微量元素的浓度(Mehlich 3 (G)法)之商。将植物中微量元素的临界浓度(R)代入方程，然后对方程进行适当的转换，计算出极限值。第二种方法是从整个数据集中分离出一组产量≥4.0 t ha - 1的高产作物(n=755)。然后计算该组Mehlich 3提取液中土壤中各微量元素浓度的下五分位数(QU1)，作为极限值。研究发现，QU1是土壤中微量元素最低浓度的一个很好的指标，在该浓度下可以获得至少4.0 tha - 1的产量。将方程和高产法计算的极限值求平均值，并进行适当的修正，得出最终极限值。在小麦和油菜籽联合采集的土壤样品(n=3865)中，分别通过评估油菜和小麦土壤微量元素短缺的百分比来检验这些值。将该评价结果与未考虑植物种类的1 M HCl评价方法进行了比较。
{"title":"Development of the limit values of micronutrient deficiency in soil determined using Mehlich 3 extractant for Polish soil conditions. Part II. Rapeseed","authors":"E. Stanisławska-Glubiak, J. Korzeniowska, W. Lipiński","doi":"10.2478/ssa-2019-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2019-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study was to develop limit values for low microelement concentration in the soil, determined with the use of Mehlich 3 extractant for assessing their deficits in rapeseed crops. The values were prepared on the basis of 1944 fields with rapeseed, covering the whole Poland. In 2017, the samplers of Polish agro-chemical laboratories took soil samples and corresponding plant samples at the BBCH 30/31 stage. In the plant samples, the concentration of microelements was determined, and in the soil samples, apart from microelements, also pH, texture and the concentration of organic carbon and available phosphorus, were determined. Moreover, for each field, data on rapeseed yield were collected. Limit values were determined by two independent methods: 1) the method of regression equations and 2) the so-called high yield method. In the first case, the limit microelement concentration in the soil was calculated from the equation describing the relationship between the R/G bioaccumulation coefficient and a specific soil feature (n=1944). The bioaccumulation coefficient is a quotient of the concentration of a microelement in a plant (R) and its concentration in the soil determined by the Mehlich 3 (G) method. Limit values were calculated after substituting the critical concentration of microelements in the plant (R) to the equation, and subsequently, an appropriate conversion of the equation. The second method was based on the separation of a group of high yields ≥4.0 t ha−1 (n=755) from the whole data set. Then in this group, the lower quintiles (QU1) were calculated for the concentration of individual microelements in the soil determined in Mehlich 3 extract and adopted as limit values. It was found that QU1 is a good indicator of the lowest microelement concentration in the soil at which a yield of at least 4.0 t ha−1 can be obtained. The final limit values were worked out by averaging the values calculated by the equations and high yield method and their appropriate correction. In the combined soil sample collections for wheat and rapeseed (n=3865), the values were checked by evaluating the percentage of soils with microelement shortage separately for rape and wheat. The results of this evaluation were compared with the evaluation using the old system based on the 1 M HCl, which did not take into account the plant species.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80379048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the transformation of humic substances during composting of biomass of energetic plants and municipal solid waste. The type of the organic material to be composted and the type of technology used affect the course of the humic substances transformation and formation of compost maturity parameters. Compost produced from the mixture of energetic willow and hay biomass contained humic substances with higher share of low-molecular fractions and lower share of humic acids in total organic carbon than those produced from municipal solid wastes. Obtained results also showed that insoluble alkali fraction plays an important role in humification process by its convertion to a new humic substances. Share of humic and fulvic fractions in relation to the total organic carbon appears to be reliable indicator of composting as a process of enhancing organic matter humification.
{"title":"Humic substances of differently matured composts produced from municipal solid wastes and biomass of energetic plants","authors":"Andrea Kałuża-Haładyn, E. Jamroz, J. Bekier","doi":"10.2478/ssa-2019-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2019-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the transformation of humic substances during composting of biomass of energetic plants and municipal solid waste. The type of the organic material to be composted and the type of technology used affect the course of the humic substances transformation and formation of compost maturity parameters. Compost produced from the mixture of energetic willow and hay biomass contained humic substances with higher share of low-molecular fractions and lower share of humic acids in total organic carbon than those produced from municipal solid wastes. Obtained results also showed that insoluble alkali fraction plays an important role in humification process by its convertion to a new humic substances. Share of humic and fulvic fractions in relation to the total organic carbon appears to be reliable indicator of composting as a process of enhancing organic matter humification.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89165058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Khitrov, M. Smirnova, N. Lozbenev, E. Levchenko, V. Gribov, D. Kozlov, D. Rukhovich, N. Kalinina, P. Koroleva
Abstract The soil cover of the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the East European Plain is characterized by diverse soil combinations revealed during large-scale and detailed soil mapping against the background of a traditional zonal sequence of dominant automorphic soils alternating from the north to the south and clearly displayed on small-scale soil maps. The composition, configuration and functioning of particular soil cover patterns are determined by the soil forming factors acting within a given area. The elementary soil areas (detailed scale) and elementary soil cover patterns maps (large scale) of the Central Russian, Kalach, and Volga Uplands are created by both traditional and digital soil mapping methods. Low-contrasting soil combinations with the background Haplic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) alternating with zooturbated Haplic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) on convex elements of the microtopography and Luvic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) on concave elements of the microtopography prevails under conditions of thick clay loamy parent materials and free drainage. Under conditions of shallow embedding by low-permeable clayey sediments, the soil cover includes Chernozems or Chernic Phaeozems with stagnic features in some part of the soil profile or even Mollic Stagnosols. The presence of shrink-swell clays of different ages leads to the formation of Bathyvertic Chernozems, Vertic Chernozems, Vertic Chernic Phaeozems and/or Pellic Vertisols. The presence of soluble salts in the parent material leads to the development of solonetzic soil complexes consisting of Protosodic or Sodic Chernozems and different types of Solonetzes.
{"title":"Soil cover patterns in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the East European Plain","authors":"N. Khitrov, M. Smirnova, N. Lozbenev, E. Levchenko, V. Gribov, D. Kozlov, D. Rukhovich, N. Kalinina, P. Koroleva","doi":"10.2478/ssa-2019-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2019-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The soil cover of the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the East European Plain is characterized by diverse soil combinations revealed during large-scale and detailed soil mapping against the background of a traditional zonal sequence of dominant automorphic soils alternating from the north to the south and clearly displayed on small-scale soil maps. The composition, configuration and functioning of particular soil cover patterns are determined by the soil forming factors acting within a given area. The elementary soil areas (detailed scale) and elementary soil cover patterns maps (large scale) of the Central Russian, Kalach, and Volga Uplands are created by both traditional and digital soil mapping methods. Low-contrasting soil combinations with the background Haplic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) alternating with zooturbated Haplic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) on convex elements of the microtopography and Luvic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) on concave elements of the microtopography prevails under conditions of thick clay loamy parent materials and free drainage. Under conditions of shallow embedding by low-permeable clayey sediments, the soil cover includes Chernozems or Chernic Phaeozems with stagnic features in some part of the soil profile or even Mollic Stagnosols. The presence of shrink-swell clays of different ages leads to the formation of Bathyvertic Chernozems, Vertic Chernozems, Vertic Chernic Phaeozems and/or Pellic Vertisols. The presence of soluble salts in the parent material leads to the development of solonetzic soil complexes consisting of Protosodic or Sodic Chernozems and different types of Solonetzes.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84700253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Soil Science Society of Poland has elected chernozem to be the Soil of the Year 2019. Although chernozems cover less than 2% of Poland, they have high importance for agriculture due to their productivity and play a specific scientific role for understanding of soil development and functioning in an environment. Chernozems are also crucial for the reconstruction of Neolithic agriculture development and human impacts on soil and landscape. This introductory paper presents (a) a specific definition of chernozem in Poland, connected with a separate distinction of black earths and colluvial chernozemic soils; (b) a review of the present and former classification schemes for chernozems in Poland and their correlation with international soil classification systems (WRB and Soil Taxonomy); (c) the spatial distribution of chernozems in Poland, their agricultural evaluation and threats for chernozems’ quality and future existence related to intense land use.
{"title":"Chernozem (czarnoziem) – soil of the year 2019 in Poland. Origin, classification and use of chernozems in Poland","authors":"C. Kabała","doi":"10.2478/ssa-2019-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2019-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Soil Science Society of Poland has elected chernozem to be the Soil of the Year 2019. Although chernozems cover less than 2% of Poland, they have high importance for agriculture due to their productivity and play a specific scientific role for understanding of soil development and functioning in an environment. Chernozems are also crucial for the reconstruction of Neolithic agriculture development and human impacts on soil and landscape. This introductory paper presents (a) a specific definition of chernozem in Poland, connected with a separate distinction of black earths and colluvial chernozemic soils; (b) a review of the present and former classification schemes for chernozems in Poland and their correlation with international soil classification systems (WRB and Soil Taxonomy); (c) the spatial distribution of chernozems in Poland, their agricultural evaluation and threats for chernozems’ quality and future existence related to intense land use.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85292868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Lasota, E. Błońska, Stanisław Łyszczarz, Adrian Sadowy
Abstract The objective of the study is the presentation of the chemical properties of forest chernozems and the features of forest habitats developed on chernozems in south-eastern Poland. The assessment of the trophic status of chernozems was presented based on the Trophic Soil Index (SIG). Moreover, the paper presents the diversity of forest vegetation on chernozems. The research covered 15 plots from the habitat inventory performed for the Mircze and Strzelce Forest Districts (SE Poland). Habitat conditions were characterised on the research plots, with particular consideration of the soil and vegetation. The analysed soils were featured by the presence of thick humus horizons and the occurrence of calcium carbonate. High SIG values confirm the eutrophic status of the analysed soils. In general, fresh and wet habitats of broadleaved forests (Lśw and Lw), as well as fresh habitats of broadleaved upland forest (Lwyżśw) develop on chernozems in Poland. They are associated with multi-species broadleaved tree stands. The conducted research indicates that, in current environmental conditions, the potential plant community is oak-hornbeam forest with predominance of oak, hornbeam, and abundant admixtures of other broadleaved species. High trophic status of the analysed chernozems is confirmed by high bonitation of tree stands and richness of forest floor vegetation.
{"title":"Forest habitats and forest types on chernozems in south-eastern Poland","authors":"J. Lasota, E. Błońska, Stanisław Łyszczarz, Adrian Sadowy","doi":"10.2478/ssa-2019-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2019-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of the study is the presentation of the chemical properties of forest chernozems and the features of forest habitats developed on chernozems in south-eastern Poland. The assessment of the trophic status of chernozems was presented based on the Trophic Soil Index (SIG). Moreover, the paper presents the diversity of forest vegetation on chernozems. The research covered 15 plots from the habitat inventory performed for the Mircze and Strzelce Forest Districts (SE Poland). Habitat conditions were characterised on the research plots, with particular consideration of the soil and vegetation. The analysed soils were featured by the presence of thick humus horizons and the occurrence of calcium carbonate. High SIG values confirm the eutrophic status of the analysed soils. In general, fresh and wet habitats of broadleaved forests (Lśw and Lw), as well as fresh habitats of broadleaved upland forest (Lwyżśw) develop on chernozems in Poland. They are associated with multi-species broadleaved tree stands. The conducted research indicates that, in current environmental conditions, the potential plant community is oak-hornbeam forest with predominance of oak, hornbeam, and abundant admixtures of other broadleaved species. High trophic status of the analysed chernozems is confirmed by high bonitation of tree stands and richness of forest floor vegetation.","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90375914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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