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Soil cover patterns in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the East European Plain 东欧平原森林草原和草原带的土壤覆盖格局
IF 1.5 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0018
N. Khitrov, M. Smirnova, N. Lozbenev, E. Levchenko, V. Gribov, D. Kozlov, D. Rukhovich, N. Kalinina, P. Koroleva
Abstract The soil cover of the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the East European Plain is characterized by diverse soil combinations revealed during large-scale and detailed soil mapping against the background of a traditional zonal sequence of dominant automorphic soils alternating from the north to the south and clearly displayed on small-scale soil maps. The composition, configuration and functioning of particular soil cover patterns are determined by the soil forming factors acting within a given area. The elementary soil areas (detailed scale) and elementary soil cover patterns maps (large scale) of the Central Russian, Kalach, and Volga Uplands are created by both traditional and digital soil mapping methods. Low-contrasting soil combinations with the background Haplic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) alternating with zooturbated Haplic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) on convex elements of the microtopography and Luvic Chernozems (Loamic or Clayic, Pachic) on concave elements of the microtopography prevails under conditions of thick clay loamy parent materials and free drainage. Under conditions of shallow embedding by low-permeable clayey sediments, the soil cover includes Chernozems or Chernic Phaeozems with stagnic features in some part of the soil profile or even Mollic Stagnosols. The presence of shrink-swell clays of different ages leads to the formation of Bathyvertic Chernozems, Vertic Chernozems, Vertic Chernic Phaeozems and/or Pellic Vertisols. The presence of soluble salts in the parent material leads to the development of solonetzic soil complexes consisting of Protosodic or Sodic Chernozems and different types of Solonetzes.
东欧平原森林草原和草原带的土壤覆盖特征是在传统的自同构土壤地带性序列从北向南交替的背景下,通过大尺度和详细的土壤制图显示出不同的土壤组合,并在小尺度土壤图上清晰地显示出来。特定土壤覆盖形态的组成、形态和功能是由特定区域内的土壤形成因素决定的。通过传统和数字土壤制图方法,绘制了俄罗斯中部、卡拉什和伏尔加高地的基本土壤面积(详细比例尺)和基本土壤覆盖格局图(大比例尺)。在厚粘土质母质和自由排水条件下,以低对比土壤组合为主,背景为单粒黑钙土(壤质或粘土质,泛绿质),微地形凸元素为单粒黑钙土(壤质或粘土质,泛绿质),微地形凹元素为双粒黑钙土(壤质或粘土质,泛绿质)。在低渗透粘土沉积物浅埋条件下,土壤覆盖层包括黑钙土或部分剖面具有静止特征的Chernic Phaeozems,甚至包括Mollic Stagnosols。不同年龄的收缩膨胀粘土的存在导致了深埋黑钙土、垂直黑钙土、垂直黑钙土和(或)盆状黑钙土的形成。母质中可溶性盐的存在导致了由原生黑钙土或钠黑钙土和不同类型的黑钙土组成的土壤复合体的发育。
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引用次数: 11
Forest habitats and forest types on chernozems in south-eastern Poland 波兰东南部黑钙土上的森林生境和森林类型
IF 1.5 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0021
J. Lasota, E. Błońska, Stanisław Łyszczarz, Adrian Sadowy
Abstract The objective of the study is the presentation of the chemical properties of forest chernozems and the features of forest habitats developed on chernozems in south-eastern Poland. The assessment of the trophic status of chernozems was presented based on the Trophic Soil Index (SIG). Moreover, the paper presents the diversity of forest vegetation on chernozems. The research covered 15 plots from the habitat inventory performed for the Mircze and Strzelce Forest Districts (SE Poland). Habitat conditions were characterised on the research plots, with particular consideration of the soil and vegetation. The analysed soils were featured by the presence of thick humus horizons and the occurrence of calcium carbonate. High SIG values confirm the eutrophic status of the analysed soils. In general, fresh and wet habitats of broadleaved forests (Lśw and Lw), as well as fresh habitats of broadleaved upland forest (Lwyżśw) develop on chernozems in Poland. They are associated with multi-species broadleaved tree stands. The conducted research indicates that, in current environmental conditions, the potential plant community is oak-hornbeam forest with predominance of oak, hornbeam, and abundant admixtures of other broadleaved species. High trophic status of the analysed chernozems is confirmed by high bonitation of tree stands and richness of forest floor vegetation.
摘要本研究旨在介绍波兰东南部森林黑钙土的化学性质及其在黑钙土上发育的森林生境特征。采用营养土壤指数(SIG)对黑钙土的营养状况进行了评价。此外,还介绍了黑钙土上森林植被的多样性。该研究涵盖了在波兰东南部米尔茨和斯特泽尔采林区进行的生境调查中的15个样地。生境条件在研究地块上进行了表征,特别考虑了土壤和植被。所分析的土壤的特点是存在厚厚的腐殖质层和碳酸钙的存在。高SIG值证实了分析土壤的富营养化状态。一般来说,波兰黑钙土上生长着阔叶林的新鲜和潮湿生境(Lśw和Lw)以及阔叶林的新鲜生境(Lwyżśw)。它们与多物种阔叶林分有关。研究表明,在目前的环境条件下,潜在的植物群落是橡树和角梁林为优势,其他阔叶树种混合分布丰富的栎-角梁林。分析的黑钙土的高营养状态由林分的高bonitation和森林地面植被的丰富度证实。
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引用次数: 3
Chernozem (czarnoziem) – soil of the year 2019 in Poland. Origin, classification and use of chernozems in Poland 黑钙土(czarnoziem) -波兰2019年度土壤。黑钙土在波兰的起源、分类和使用
IF 1.5 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0016
C. Kabała
Abstract The Soil Science Society of Poland has elected chernozem to be the Soil of the Year 2019. Although chernozems cover less than 2% of Poland, they have high importance for agriculture due to their productivity and play a specific scientific role for understanding of soil development and functioning in an environment. Chernozems are also crucial for the reconstruction of Neolithic agriculture development and human impacts on soil and landscape. This introductory paper presents (a) a specific definition of chernozem in Poland, connected with a separate distinction of black earths and colluvial chernozemic soils; (b) a review of the present and former classification schemes for chernozems in Poland and their correlation with international soil classification systems (WRB and Soil Taxonomy); (c) the spatial distribution of chernozems in Poland, their agricultural evaluation and threats for chernozems’ quality and future existence related to intense land use.
波兰土壤科学学会将黑钙土选为2019年度土壤。虽然黑钙土覆盖波兰不到2%的土地,但由于其生产力,黑钙土对农业具有很高的重要性,并且在了解土壤发育和环境功能方面发挥着特定的科学作用。黑钙土对于重建新石器时代农业发展和人类对土壤和景观的影响也至关重要。这篇介绍性的论文提出了(a)波兰黑钙土的具体定义,并与黑土和崩落黑钙土的单独区分联系在一起;(b)审查波兰黑钙土目前和以前的分类办法及其与国际土壤分类系统(土壤分类系统和土壤分类学)的关系;(c)波兰黑钙土的空间分布、农业评价以及与土地集约利用有关的黑钙土质量和未来存在的威胁。
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引用次数: 11
Suitability of World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) to describe and classify chernozemic soils in Central Europe 世界土壤资源参考基地(WRB)描述和分类中欧黑钙土的适宜性
IF 1.5 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0022
C. Kabała, P. Charzyński, S. Czigány, T. Novák, Martin Saksa, M. Świtoniak
Abstract Chernozemic soils are distinguished based on the presence of thick, black or very dark, rich in humus, well-structural and base-saturated topsoil horizon, and the accumulation of secondary carbonates within soil profile. In Central Europe these soils occur in variable forms, respectively to climate gradients, position in the landscape, moisture regime, land use, and erosion/accumulation intensity. “Typical” chernozems, correlated with Calcic or Haplic Chernozems, are similarly positioned at basic classification level in the national soil classifications in Poland, Slovakia and Hungary, and in WRB. Chernozemic soils at various stages of their transformation are placed in Chernozems, Phaeozems or Kastanozems, supplied with respective qualifiers, e.g. Cambic, Luvic, Salic/Protosalic, Sodic/Protosodic etc. Some primeval Chernozems thinned by erosion may still fulfil criteria of Chernozems, but commonly are shifted to Calcisols. Soils upbuilt (aggraded) with colluvial additions may also retain their original placement in Chernozems, getting supplementary qualifier Colluvic. “Hydromorphic” chernozemic soils, in many CE systems are placed as separate soil type (“czarne ziemie” or “čiernice”) at the same level with “typical” chernozems. Classification of these soils in WRB depends on the presence of chernic horizon, depth of secondary carbonate accumulation and depth of gleyic/stagnic properties, and may vary from Gleyic/Stagnic Chernozems/Phaeozems to Mollic Gleysols/Stagnosols. Although WRB classification differs from national classifications in the concepts and priorities of classification, it provides large opportunity to reflect the spatial variability and various stages of transformation/degradation of chernozemic soils in Central Europe.
黑钙土的主要特征是土层厚、黑色或深黑色、富含腐殖质、表土层结构良好、基底饱和、土壤剖面中次生碳酸盐的富集。在中欧,这些土壤以不同的形式出现,分别取决于气候梯度、景观位置、水分状况、土地利用和侵蚀/积累强度。在波兰、斯洛伐克和匈牙利的国家土壤分类和WRB中,“典型”黑钙土与钙质黑钙土或Haplic黑钙土相关,同样处于基本分类水平。黑钙质土壤在其不同的转变阶段被放置在黑钙质,Phaeozems或Kastanozems中,并提供相应的限定符,如Cambic, Luvic, Salic/Protosalic, Sodic/Protosodic等。一些原始黑钙土经侵蚀变薄后仍可满足黑钙土的标准,但通常转变为钙质。添加了崩落物的土壤也可以保留其在Chernozems中的原始位置,从而获得补充的Colluvic限定符。“水成型”黑钙土,在许多CE系统中被列为单独的土壤类型(“czarne ziemie”或“ iernice”),与“典型”黑钙土处于同一水平。WRB中这些土壤的分类取决于层位的存在、次生碳酸盐堆积的深度和缓蚀/滞生性质的深度,并且可能从缓蚀/滞生黑钙土/辉生土到Mollic Gleysols/Stagnosols不等。虽然WRB分类在概念和分类重点上与国家分类有所不同,但它为反映中欧黑钙化土壤的空间变异性和不同阶段的转化/退化提供了很大的机会。
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引用次数: 4
Morphological diversity of chernozemic soils in south-western Poland 波兰西南部黑钙土的形态多样性
IF 1.5 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0019
B. Łabaz, C. Kabała, M. Dudek, Jarosław Waroszewski
Abstract Diverse chernozemic soils featured by thick mollic horizon, rich in humus, dark-coloured, structural, and saturated with base cations are relatively common in the loess-belt of SW Poland. It is postulated, that most of these soils may have similar initial (chernozemic) history of thick humus horizon, related to climate conditions and vegetation in the Late Pleistocene and the Neolithic periods. However, these soils exist on various bedrocks and under different moisture conditions that led to the development accompanying features and variable classification of soils, both in Polish and international soil classifications. The aim of the paper is to presents the most important variants of loess-derived chernozemic soils of SW Poland, in relation to local conditions, which influenced soil transformation and present spatial diversification. ‘Typical’ chernozems (WRB: Calcic Chernozems), which have a mollic horizon and secondary carbonates, but are free of strong redoximorphic features, are rather uncommon in the region. Whereas, the black earths (WRB: Gleyic/Stagnic Chernozems/Phaeozems), featured by the presence of mollic horizon and strong gleyic or stagnic properties in the middle and bottom parts of the profiles, are predominant loess-derived chernozemic soils in SW Poland. Their most specific forms, developed on the clayey bedrock, are black earths with a vertic horizon (WRB: Vertic Stagnic Phaeozems). The strongly leached chernozemic soils developed over permeable subsoils, lacking carbonates and free of (strongly developed) stagnic/gleyic properties are called grey soils, often featured by the presence of subsurface diagnostic horizons cambic or luvic (WRB: Cambic/Luvic Phaeozems).
在波兰西南部的黄土带中,黑钙土具有较厚的mollic层、丰富的腐殖质、深色、结构性和饱和碱性阳离子等特征。假定这些土壤大多具有相似的厚腐殖层初始(黑钙化)历史,这与晚更新世和新石器时代的气候条件和植被有关。然而,这些土壤存在于不同的基岩和不同的湿度条件下,这导致了波兰和国际土壤分类中土壤的伴随特征和不同分类的发展。本文的目的是介绍波兰西南部黄土黑钙化土壤最重要的变异,与当地条件有关,这些变异影响了土壤的转化和呈现空间多样化。“典型”黑钙质黑钙岩(WRB:钙黑钙质黑钙岩)在该地区相当罕见,具有molic层和次生碳酸盐,但没有强烈的氧化变质特征。黑土(WRB: Gleyic/ stagic Chernozems/Phaeozems)是波兰西南部主要的黄土黑土,其特征是存在molic层,剖面中部和底部具有强烈的Gleyic或stagic性质。它们最特殊的形式,在粘土基岩上发育,是具有垂直地平线的黑土(WRB:垂直Stagnic Phaeozems)。在透水性底土上发育的强淋溶黑钙土,缺乏碳酸盐,没有(强烈发育的)滞生/闪生性质,称为灰色土壤,通常以地下诊断层形成层或陆相层(WRB:形成层/陆相层)的存在为特征。
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引用次数: 10
Properties and classification of heavily eroded post-chernozem soils in Proszowice Plateau (southern Poland) 波兰南部普罗佐维采高原重度侵蚀黑钙土的性质与分类
IF 1.5 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0020
Marek Drewnik, Marcin Żyła
Abstract The morphology and properties of heavily eroded soils found in chernozems in the upland landscape of the Proszowice Plateau (southern part of Poland) was presented. The issue of classification of these soils was also discussed. Taking into account the terrain context, it should have been assumed that these soils were formed as a result of strong erosion (truncation) of chernozems. These (post-chernozem) soils were relatively young, in which only the development of humus horizon can be documented. However, the accumulation of humus was hampered by constantly intense erosion processes. Evidence of the occurrence of the illuviation process as well as formation of cambic horizon is not visible macroscopically and microscopically. These soils are often classified as weakly developed soils though despite the poor development of the soil profile, they are characterized by potentially high productivity, which results both from the properties of their parent material (texture, porosity) and from their youthfulness (carbonate content both in fine earths and in nodules, high pH in whole profile). Therefore, the name proposed in Polish Soil Classification, 6th edition (‘pararędzina’) seems to be justified. These soils would be classified as Entisols according to USDA Soil Taxonomy and as Regosols according to WRB.
摘要介绍了波兰南部普罗佐维采高原高地景观黑钙土中严重侵蚀土壤的形态和性质。并对这些土壤的分类问题进行了讨论。考虑到地形环境,应该假定这些土壤是由黑钙土的强烈侵蚀(截断)形成的。这些(后黑钙土)土壤相对年轻,其中只有腐殖质层的发育可以记录。然而,不断强烈的侵蚀过程阻碍了腐殖质的积累。在宏观上和微观上都没有发现照明过程发生和形成层位形成的证据。这些土壤通常被归类为弱发育土壤,尽管土壤剖面发育不良,但它们具有潜在的高生产力,这是由于它们的母质特性(质地,孔隙度)和它们的年轻性(细土和结核中的碳酸盐含量,整个剖面的高pH值)。因此,在《波兰土壤分类》第6版中提出的名称(' pararędzina ')似乎是合理的。根据美国农业部土壤分类将这些土壤分类为Entisols,根据WRB将其分类为regosol。
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引用次数: 12
Chernozems of Lubelszczyzna (eastern Poland) 卢贝尔什日纳的Chernozems(波兰东部)
IF 1.5 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0023
J. Chodorowski, P. Bartmiński, A. Plak, R. Dębicki
Abstract The purpose of the work was to characterize the variously used humus in the south-eastern part of the Lublin region. The basic research material were data taken from the literature on the subject. Standard soil science methods were used in the study. The humus level of humus varieties ranged from 30 to 80 cm. The researched molds were formed from loess deposits, which most often showed graining of clay dust. Organic carbon content in humus levels did not exceed 2.9%. The surface levels of the analyzed molds showed clear decalcification. The CaCO3 content in the loess mother rock was a maximum of 15.5%. These are soils with high saturation of the sorption complex with basic cations. The content of available phosphorus and potassium in humus levels was low and medium. According to Systematics of Poland’s soils (2019), the analyzed molds mainly represented leached molds and typical molds, while according to the international soil classification WRB (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015) they are primarily Phaeozems. All the analyzed humus plants belong to soils with the highest utility value. Phenomena lowering the quality of molds in the Lublin region related to human activity are the use of improper agrotechnics, and above all water surface erosion. The unfavorable processes are favored by the undulating terrain and the grain size of the soils studied, characteristic for this area.
摘要:本工作的目的是表征卢布林地区东南部各种使用的腐殖质。基本的研究资料是从有关该主题的文献中提取的数据。本研究采用标准土壤科学方法。腐殖质品种的腐殖质水平在30 ~ 80 cm之间。所研究的霉菌形成于黄土沉积物中,其中最常见的是粘土粉尘颗粒。腐殖质有机碳含量不超过2.9%。分析的模具表面显示出明显的脱钙现象。黄土母岩CaCO3含量最高达15.5%。这些土壤与碱性阳离子的吸附络合物具有高饱和度。腐殖质中速效磷和速效钾含量低、中。根据《波兰土壤分类学》(2019年),分析的霉菌主要代表浸出霉菌和典型霉菌,而根据国际土壤分类WRB (IUSS工作组WRB 2015年),它们主要是Phaeozems。所分析的腐殖质植物均属于利用价值最高的土壤。在卢布林地区,与人类活动有关的降低霉菌质量的现象是使用不当的农业技术,最重要的是水面侵蚀。不利的过程是由起伏的地形和所研究的土壤的粒度,这是该地区的特点。
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引用次数: 3
Agricultural suitability and land use of chernozems in Poland 波兰黑钙土的农业适宜性和土地利用
IF 1.5 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0024
B. Smreczak, J. Jadczyszyn, P. Sklodowski
Abstract The purpose of the paper was the description of classification of chernozems applied in agriculture, the agricultural suitability of these soils, as well as processes contributing to their degradation. The study showed that the principles of chernozems classification into subtypes and varieties have not changed significantly since the introduction of the bonitation classification and legend of the soil-agricultural map. Lower-order units in chernozems type include typical and degraded chernozems considering deluvial varieties for both units. Chernozems are one of the most fertile soils in Poland, mostly classified from I to III bonitation classes and 1, 2 and 8 of the soil suitability complex. They constitute only 0.8% of the total area of the country, and their largest areas are located in : Opolskie, Świętokrzyskie and Lubelskie Voivodeships. Intensive agricultural use causes that chernozems are subject to progressive degradation mainly due to plaugh and water erosion as well as acidification of the crop layer.
摘要介绍黑钙土在农业上的分类、黑钙土在农业上的适宜性以及黑钙土的退化过程。研究表明,黑钙土的亚类型和品种划分原则自土壤-农业图的bonitation分类和图例引入以来没有明显变化。黑钙土类型的低阶单元包括典型黑钙土和退化黑钙土,考虑到这两个单元的洪积变化。黑钙土是波兰最肥沃的土壤之一,土壤适宜性复合体分为1 ~ 3级和1、2、8级。他们只占全国总面积的0.8%,他们最大的地区位于:奥波尔斯基,Świętokrzyskie和卢贝尔斯基省。集约化农业利用导致黑钙土逐渐退化,主要是由于耕地和水土流失以及作物层的酸化。
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引用次数: 2
Chernozems of Ukraine: past, present and future perspectives 乌克兰的Chernozems:过去,现在和未来的观点
IF 1.5 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0017
S. Pozniak
Abstract The aim of the paper was to show the significance of chernozems for the Ukrainian economy, science and culture. The spatial distribution as well as variation of features of chernozems in Ukraine (including the uniqueness of these soils) was described. Also a brief history of investigation of Ukrainian chernozems was outlined. Particular emphasis was placed on the problems of degradation and protection of chernozems.
摘要本文旨在说明黑钙土对乌克兰经济、科学和文化的重要意义。描述了乌克兰黑钙土的空间分布和特征变化(包括土壤的独特性)。此外,还简要介绍了乌克兰黑钙土的调查历史。特别强调了黑钙土的退化和保护问题。
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引用次数: 6
Classification of mountain soils in a subalpine zone – a case study from the Bieszczady Mountains (SE Poland) 亚高山地区山地土壤的分类——以波兰东南部比耶什恰迪山脉为例
IF 1.5 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0015
Łukasz Musielok, Marek Drewnik, W. Szymański, Mateusz Stolarczyk
Abstract The aim of the study was to test the suitability of the 6th edition of Polish Soil Classification (SGP6) in reflecting the typical features of subalpine Bieszczady Mts. soils in comparison with the 5th edition of Polish Soil Classification (SGP5) and the newest version of World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). Five soil profiles located in differentiated in terms of the parent material, topography and vegetation conditions of the natural environment were investigated. On the basis of described morphology and determined properties soils were classified according to different soil classifications. All soils under study were featured by presence of thick A horizons and high content of soil organic carbon accumulated even very deep in the profiles. Some of the mineral topsoil layers were classified as umbric/umbrik horizons. Moreover cambic/kambik horizons were present and in some cases also weak redoximorphic features occurred. The SGP6 enabled to distinguish soils with a thick, organic carbon-rich A horizons as umbrisols, a newly created subtype of grey soils. Furthermore, the soil taxonomic position according to SGP6 was more detailed in relation to the soil trophic status (in case of brown soils) and occurrence of weak redoximorphic features. That was reflected in number of subtypes to which analyzed soils were classified – 4 in SGP6 vs 2 in SGP5.
摘要本研究旨在比较第6版波兰土壤分类(SGP6)与第5版波兰土壤分类(SGP5)和最新版世界土壤资源参考库(WRB)在反映别什恰迪亚高山土壤典型特征方面的适用性。研究了自然环境中不同母质、地形和植被条件的5种土壤剖面。在描述土壤形态和确定土壤性质的基础上,对不同类型的土壤进行分类。所有土壤均具有A层较厚的特点,且剖面深层土壤有机碳含量较高。部分矿物表土层被划分为砂质层/砂质层。此外,还存在cambic/kambik层,在某些情况下还出现了弱的氧化变质特征。SGP6能够将具有厚的、有机碳丰富的a层的土壤区分为覆盖层,这是一种新创建的灰色土壤亚型。此外,根据SGP6划分的土壤分类位置与土壤营养状况(棕壤)和弱氧化同质特征的关系更为详细。这反映在分析土壤分类的亚型数量上——SGP6为4,SGP5为2。
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引用次数: 2
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Soil Science Annual
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