A. Čížková, P. Burg, Patrik Zatloukal, Michaela Vaidová
The research paper deals with an evaluation of the effect of three types of organic mulch materials cereal straw, wood chips and compost on soil moisture maintenance in vineyard in the Czech Republic in years 2017–2019. For comparison, the variant without mulch coverage “black fallow” was also monitored (control variant). The experiment was based on an experimental site in the village of Rakvice in the South Moravia Region. The three year results of the experiment demonstrate that the use of these three organic materials has a positive effect on the increase of soil moisture compared to the control variant. The best results are achieved by the variant with cereal straw, where the highest values of soil moisture were measured. At the same time, the yield of grapes and their qualitative parameters from individual variants were evaluated. Used organic mulching materials showed a signifi cant statistical difference in the quality of the grapes compared to the control variant. These differences were demonstrated in the YAN content and in the variant with cereal straw also in the titratable acidity. The results of the experiment demonstrate that what might otherwise be agricultural waste, can be used to improve soil moisture and it represents an important agrotechnical treatment in vineyards contributing to the protection of soils and the environment in viticulture in Czech Republic and central Europe. Keywords
{"title":"Organic mulch materials improve soil moisture in vineyard","authors":"A. Čížková, P. Burg, Patrik Zatloukal, Michaela Vaidová","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/140644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/140644","url":null,"abstract":"The research paper deals with an evaluation of the effect of three types of organic mulch materials cereal straw, wood chips and compost on soil moisture maintenance in vineyard in the Czech Republic in years 2017–2019. For comparison, the variant without mulch coverage “black fallow” was also monitored (control variant). The experiment was based on an experimental site in the village of Rakvice in the South Moravia Region. The three year results of the experiment demonstrate that the use of these three organic materials has a positive effect on the increase of soil moisture compared to the control variant. The best results are achieved by the variant with cereal straw, where the highest values of soil moisture were measured. At the same time, the yield of grapes and their qualitative parameters from individual variants were evaluated. Used organic mulching materials showed a signifi cant statistical difference in the quality of the grapes compared to the control variant. These differences were demonstrated in the YAN content and in the variant with cereal straw also in the titratable acidity. The results of the experiment demonstrate that what might otherwise be agricultural waste, can be used to improve soil moisture and it represents an important agrotechnical treatment in vineyards contributing to the protection of soils and the environment in viticulture in Czech Republic and central Europe. Keywords","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77722583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tropical ecosystems are under increasing pressure from changes in land use (Ch-LUs). These changes signifi cantly alter the quality/health of the soil, thus minimizing the possibilities for further development and human well-being. This occurs in the buffer zone of the Podocarpus National Park (PNP), where the majority of the population has recently been affected by food insecurity. As a means of subsistence, peasant producers have implemented changes in land use to produce food that will improve their living conditions. In this context, the objectives of the study were: (i) to evaluate the effect of Ch-LUs on the main edaphic physical-chemical properties in a buffer zone of the Podocarpus National Park in Ecuador (PNP) and, (ii) to compare whether there is concordance between scientifi c knowledge and local knowledge with regards to soil fertility management indicators and practices. Soils were analyzed in the laboratory (bulk density (g cm-3), texture, pH, and total carbon (%) and then compared with local knowledge through semi-structured interviews administered to farmers. The results revealed greater similarity between the uses of crops and pastures, compared to the use of forest, due to a greater alteration in the cultivated and pasture areas, presenting as changes within the soil quality indicators. By integrating the knowledge of the farmer with the scientist, it was shown that they do indeed identify with local indicators of soil quality visible in the fi eld. Keywords
{"title":"Soil quality/health indicators in a disturbed ecosystem in southern Ecuador","authors":"Guianella Valarezo Torres, Humberto Carrión Paladines, Edwin Capa Mora, Leticia Jiménez Álvarez","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/135991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/135991","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical ecosystems are under increasing pressure from changes in land use (Ch-LUs). These changes signifi cantly alter the quality/health of the soil, thus minimizing the possibilities for further development and human well-being. This occurs in the buffer zone of the Podocarpus National Park (PNP), where the majority of the population has recently been affected by food insecurity. As a means of subsistence, peasant producers have implemented changes in land use to produce food that will improve their living conditions. In this context, the objectives of the study were: (i) to evaluate the effect of Ch-LUs on the main edaphic physical-chemical properties in a buffer zone of the Podocarpus National Park in Ecuador (PNP) and, (ii) to compare whether there is concordance between scientifi c knowledge and local knowledge with regards to soil fertility management indicators and practices. Soils were analyzed in the laboratory (bulk density (g cm-3), texture, pH, and total carbon (%) and then compared with local knowledge through semi-structured interviews administered to farmers. The results revealed greater similarity between the uses of crops and pastures, compared to the use of forest, due to a greater alteration in the cultivated and pasture areas, presenting as changes within the soil quality indicators. By integrating the knowledge of the farmer with the scientist, it was shown that they do indeed identify with local indicators of soil quality visible in the fi eld. Keywords","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87203760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article highlights the exceptional importance of soils in the modern world and the importance of scientifi c research in soil science, which can be an important means of solving social problems. It is shown that soil resources, as the basis of agricultural development, are the long-term capital through which different nations exist and develop. The current state of soils can serve not only as a characteristic of the development of society, but also as a criterion for assessing the activities of government and social stability of the country. Keywords
{"title":"People, ideas and stories of soils research: a brief overview","authors":"S. Pozniak, N. Havrysh","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/135995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/135995","url":null,"abstract":"The article highlights the exceptional importance of soils in the modern world and the importance of scientifi c research in soil science, which can be an important means of solving social problems. It is shown that soil resources, as the basis of agricultural development, are the long-term capital through which different nations exist and develop. The current state of soils can serve not only as a characteristic of the development of society, but also as a criterion for assessing the activities of government and social stability of the country. Keywords","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"322 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73931698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The QBS-ar (Biological Quality of Soil, based on arthropods) index was applied in Coyhaique National Reserve (Chile). The aims of our research were to assess the abundance and diversity of soil microarthropods in different South American habitats, evaluating to what extent chemical parameters and seasonal changes of weather conditions can affect these organisms. Moreover we wanted to verify if the QBS-ar index was applicable in the Neotropical biogeographic region in order to distinguish between habitats subject to different levels and types of disturbance. Therefore, four habitats were investigated: primary native Nothofagus spp. forest (OG), native forest of secondary growth after fi res (SG), reforestation pine forest (PI) and anthropogenic grassland (PR). During each of seven sampling sessions (nearly one every 10 days) between October and December 2017, fi ve 1 liter soil cores were collected in each habitat. Microarthropods extracted by means of Berlese-Tullgren funnels were counted, identifi ed to the order level and evaluated based on their morphological adaptation to life in soil in order to assess QBS-ar values and related quality classes. Both microarthropod communities and QBS-ar values comparisons showed that OG and SG forests are close to each other, and the same is true for PI and PR. Soils of the former couple of habitats were characterized by a much higher biological quality level with QBS-ar values of 129.1 ± 20.2 and 111.8 ± 6.4, respectively, both corresponding to the quality class 6 (out of a maximum of 7). On the contrary, PI and PR scored QBS-ar values of 83 ± 13.5 and 80.3 ± 10.8, respectively, and quality classes ranged between 3 and 4. Relationships among dominant and subdominant microarthropod taxa and environmental variables were analysed. In particular some chemical properties of soils (pH, CaCO3, Nt , soluble P, exchangeable K, organic matter, C/N ratio) and weather variables (cumulated rainfalls and mean temperatures during the 7 days before each sampling session) were considered. This is the fi rst time the QBS-ar index has been applied in the Southern Hemisphere. Our results seem to indicate this index can be “exported” also to South America, resulting a useful tool for a user friendly assessment of the impact on terrestrial environments by different forms of disturbances and of habitat management. Keywords
采用QBS-ar (Biological Quality of Soil, based on arthropods)指数在智利Coyhaique国家保护区进行了研究。本研究的目的是评估南美不同生境土壤微节肢动物的丰度和多样性，评估化学参数和季节气候条件变化对这些生物的影响程度。此外，我们想验证QBS-ar指数是否适用于新热带生物地理区域，以区分受不同程度和类型干扰的栖息地。因此，研究了4种生境:原生林(OG)、原生林(SG)、再造林松林(PI)和人工草地(PR)。在2017年10月至12月的7次采样期间(几乎每10天一次)，在每个栖息地收集了5个1升的土壤岩心。利用Berlese-Tullgren漏斗提取的微节肢动物，对其进行目级鉴定，并根据其形态对土壤生活的适应性进行评价，以确定QBS-ar值和相关质量等级。microarthropod社区和QBS-ar值比较表明,噩和SG森林接近对方,并为π和公关也是如此。前两个栖息地的土壤具有更高生物质量水平QBS-ar值为129.1±20.2,111.8±6.4,分别对应质量类6(最多7)。相反,π和公关QBS-ar价值观得分为83±13.5和80.3±10.8,分别质量课程在3到4之间。分析了优势和亚优势微节肢动物类群与环境变量的关系。特别是考虑了土壤的一些化学性质(pH、CaCO3、Nt、可溶性P、交换性K、有机质、C/N比)和天气变量(每次采样前7天的累积降雨量和平均温度)。这是QBS-ar指数首次在南半球应用。我们的结果似乎表明，这个指数也可以“输出”到南美洲，从而成为一个有用的工具，便于用户评估不同形式的干扰和生境管理对陆地环境的影响。关键字
{"title":"First application of the QBS-ar Index in South America for the assessment of the biological quality of soils in Chile","authors":"L. Galli, E. Lanza, I. Rellini","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/135990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/135990","url":null,"abstract":"The QBS-ar (Biological Quality of Soil, based on arthropods) index was applied in Coyhaique National Reserve (Chile). The aims of our research were to assess the abundance and diversity of soil microarthropods in different South American habitats, evaluating to what extent chemical parameters and seasonal changes of weather conditions can affect these organisms. Moreover we wanted to verify if the QBS-ar index was applicable in the Neotropical biogeographic region in order to distinguish between habitats subject to different levels and types of disturbance. Therefore, four habitats were investigated: primary native Nothofagus spp. forest (OG), native forest of secondary growth after fi res (SG), reforestation pine forest (PI) and anthropogenic grassland (PR). During each of seven sampling sessions (nearly one every 10 days) between October and December 2017, fi ve 1 liter soil cores were collected in each habitat. Microarthropods extracted by means of Berlese-Tullgren funnels were counted, identifi ed to the order level and evaluated based on their morphological adaptation to life in soil in order to assess QBS-ar values and related quality classes. Both microarthropod communities and QBS-ar values comparisons showed that OG and SG forests are close to each other, and the same is true for PI and PR. Soils of the former couple of habitats were characterized by a much higher biological quality level with QBS-ar values of 129.1 ± 20.2 and 111.8 ± 6.4, respectively, both corresponding to the quality class 6 (out of a maximum of 7). On the contrary, PI and PR scored QBS-ar values of 83 ± 13.5 and 80.3 ± 10.8, respectively, and quality classes ranged between 3 and 4. Relationships among dominant and subdominant microarthropod taxa and environmental variables were analysed. In particular some chemical properties of soils (pH, CaCO3, Nt , soluble P, exchangeable K, organic matter, C/N ratio) and weather variables (cumulated rainfalls and mean temperatures during the 7 days before each sampling session) were considered. This is the fi rst time the QBS-ar index has been applied in the Southern Hemisphere. Our results seem to indicate this index can be “exported” also to South America, resulting a useful tool for a user friendly assessment of the impact on terrestrial environments by different forms of disturbances and of habitat management. Keywords","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83656420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 7 November 2020 Associate Professor Teresa Kozanecka passed away at the age of 74. In 1973 she obtained the title of Master of Science in Agriculture at the Faculty of Agriculture of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW) and in 1979 she started research and teaching at the Department of Soil Science at the WULS-SGGW. Her entire professional life was associated with the WULS-SGGW. She obtained the PhD of agricultural sciences in 1985 on the basis of dissertation “Physicochemical properties of the soil in an apple orchard depending on many years of diversified mineral fertilization” made under the supervision of Professor Marian Kępka and was habilitated in 2004 after submission of the dissertation “Influence of soil and climatic conditions and cultivars on the ionic state of apple leaves”. In 2009 she received the position of associate professor. Professor’s scientific activity was mainly focused on the study of the impact of fertilization, cultivation method on the physicochemical, chemical and biological properties of soils in orchards, the ionic state of apple leaves and other trees depending on soil and climatic conditions. She also studied heavy metal pollution of urban, arable, forest soils and plant, and the possibilities of using algae, lichens and mosses to assess anthropopressure on the environment. As an author or co-author, she published 73 scientific papers, including 44 reviewed papers (some of them are listed below) and participated in the elaboration of 6 different expertise, project work, and soil mapping. She was the manager of one research project financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and a co-contractor in 2 such projects. She conducted lectures, laboratory and field exercises of soil science at full-time and part-time studies in the field of landscape architecture, horticulture, biology, agriculture, and faculties in the subject of soil fertility and productivity, bioindication and environmental monitoring in the field of agriculture. Also pursued diploma seminars for graduate students and engineers in the agriculture field of study. Under her supervision, 1 doctoral dissertation, 14 master’s and 12 engineering theses were carried out. Professor’s Kozanecka was involved in organizational work. She was the tutor of the student, internship students and students of the Chemical Technical School, participated in the work of various committees, organization of seminars and scientific conferences at the Faculty of Agriculture and Biology. She participated in the development and promotion of soil science, performing various functions in the Warsaw Branch of Soil Science Society of Poland. For achievements, she was awarded, among others: the Gold Medal for Long Service, the Golden Badge of the Soil Science Society of Poland and awarded with the award of the Rector of the WULS-SGGW for achievements in the field of scientific research. Professor’s Kozanecka fulfilled her life with dignity, working
{"title":"In memory of Associate Professor Teresa Kozanecka (1946–2020)","authors":"J. Chojnicki","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/141636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/141636","url":null,"abstract":"On 7 November 2020 Associate Professor Teresa Kozanecka passed away at the age of 74. In 1973 she obtained the title of Master of Science in Agriculture at the Faculty of Agriculture of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW) and in 1979 she started research and teaching at the Department of Soil Science at the WULS-SGGW. Her entire professional life was associated with the WULS-SGGW. She obtained the PhD of agricultural sciences in 1985 on the basis of dissertation “Physicochemical properties of the soil in an apple orchard depending on many years of diversified mineral fertilization” made under the supervision of Professor Marian Kępka and was habilitated in 2004 after submission of the dissertation “Influence of soil and climatic conditions and cultivars on the ionic state of apple leaves”. In 2009 she received the position of associate professor. Professor’s scientific activity was mainly focused on the study of the impact of fertilization, cultivation method on the physicochemical, chemical and biological properties of soils in orchards, the ionic state of apple leaves and other trees depending on soil and climatic conditions. She also studied heavy metal pollution of urban, arable, forest soils and plant, and the possibilities of using algae, lichens and mosses to assess anthropopressure on the environment. As an author or co-author, she published 73 scientific papers, including 44 reviewed papers (some of them are listed below) and participated in the elaboration of 6 different expertise, project work, and soil mapping. She was the manager of one research project financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and a co-contractor in 2 such projects. She conducted lectures, laboratory and field exercises of soil science at full-time and part-time studies in the field of landscape architecture, horticulture, biology, agriculture, and faculties in the subject of soil fertility and productivity, bioindication and environmental monitoring in the field of agriculture. Also pursued diploma seminars for graduate students and engineers in the agriculture field of study. Under her supervision, 1 doctoral dissertation, 14 master’s and 12 engineering theses were carried out. Professor’s Kozanecka was involved in organizational work. She was the tutor of the student, internship students and students of the Chemical Technical School, participated in the work of various committees, organization of seminars and scientific conferences at the Faculty of Agriculture and Biology. She participated in the development and promotion of soil science, performing various functions in the Warsaw Branch of Soil Science Society of Poland. For achievements, she was awarded, among others: the Gold Medal for Long Service, the Golden Badge of the Soil Science Society of Poland and awarded with the award of the Rector of the WULS-SGGW for achievements in the field of scientific research. Professor’s Kozanecka fulfilled her life with dignity, working","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84693657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Classification of soils developed from bottom lake deposits in north-eastern Poland","authors":"A. Łachacz, Szymon Nitkiewicz","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/140643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/140643","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88044771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long-term changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) are relevant to the carbon cycle and global warming in coming decades. The possibility of the increasing of carbon sequestration in forest soils is disputable as climate warming can accelerate carbon fl uxes which affects the carbon stocks. Our study aimed at evaluating SOC stocks and its vertical distribution in forest soils over 26 years. Soils were sampled from genetic horizons in mature pine forest in northern Poland. The study was carried out on the same plots in 1992, 2008 and 2018. Organic carbon, total nitrogen and bulk density were determined at genetic soil horizons. SOC stocks were calculated in the 0–40 cm and 0–100 cm soil layers. The SOC stored to the depth of 40 cm was found to decrease by ca. 15% over 26 years. The SOC stocks decreased by 5% in 0–40 cm layer and by 9% in 0–100 cm layer over the last ten years. About 84–88% of the total SOC stocks was found in the 0–40 cm, out of which 40% was accumulated in the organic horizon. The results obtained indicate that no increase in SOC stocks in forest soils developed from sands may be expected over the next years, even though forests and forest soils represent a large reservoir of organic carbon. Keywords
{"title":"Changes in organic carbon stocks in soils under Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in northern Poland over 26 years","authors":"G. Porębska, J. Borzyszkowski, D. Gozdowski","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/140642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/140642","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) are relevant to the carbon cycle and global warming in coming decades. The possibility of the increasing of carbon sequestration in forest soils is disputable as climate warming can accelerate carbon fl uxes which affects the carbon stocks. Our study aimed at evaluating SOC stocks and its vertical distribution in forest soils over 26 years. Soils were sampled from genetic horizons in mature pine forest in northern Poland. The study was carried out on the same plots in 1992, 2008 and 2018. Organic carbon, total nitrogen and bulk density were determined at genetic soil horizons. SOC stocks were calculated in the 0–40 cm and 0–100 cm soil layers. The SOC stored to the depth of 40 cm was found to decrease by ca. 15% over 26 years. The SOC stocks decreased by 5% in 0–40 cm layer and by 9% in 0–100 cm layer over the last ten years. About 84–88% of the total SOC stocks was found in the 0–40 cm, out of which 40% was accumulated in the organic horizon. The results obtained indicate that no increase in SOC stocks in forest soils developed from sands may be expected over the next years, even though forests and forest soils represent a large reservoir of organic carbon. Keywords","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77846353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In memory of Professor Zygmunt Brogowski (1926-2021)","authors":"J. Chojnicki","doi":"10.37501/soilsa/141635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/141635","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44772,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science Annual","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73573268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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