Benjamin Molineaux, Alpo Honkapohja, J. Kopaczyk, Vasilios Karaiskos, Rhona Alcorn, Bettelou Los, Warren Maguire
This paper presents key aspects of the data, methods and uses of the From Inglis to Scots Corpus (fits; Alcorn et al. [eds], 2021 –), complementing Kopaczyk et al. (2018) and focussing on the diachronic dimension of the resource. The corpus reconstructs sound values for individual Older Scots morphological root elements of Germanic origin as attested in the documentary record in the Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots (laos). This is done by triangulating the attested spelling, the sound values proposed in the literature for their etymological sources (dialects of Old English, Old Norse and Middle Dutch), and a series of plausible sound changes leading from the latter to the former (the Corpus of Changes). The challenges and possibilities of this approach are highlighted throughout, focussing on the diachronic mapping of Older Scots sounds to their origins and the intervening changes. An overview of the corpus's capabilities is provided in tandem with its limitations.
{"title":"A grapho-phonologically parsed corpus of medieval Scots: variation across time","authors":"Benjamin Molineaux, Alpo Honkapohja, J. Kopaczyk, Vasilios Karaiskos, Rhona Alcorn, Bettelou Los, Warren Maguire","doi":"10.3366/cor.2023.0272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2023.0272","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents key aspects of the data, methods and uses of the From Inglis to Scots Corpus (fits; Alcorn et al. [eds], 2021 –), complementing Kopaczyk et al. (2018) and focussing on the diachronic dimension of the resource. The corpus reconstructs sound values for individual Older Scots morphological root elements of Germanic origin as attested in the documentary record in the Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots (laos). This is done by triangulating the attested spelling, the sound values proposed in the literature for their etymological sources (dialects of Old English, Old Norse and Middle Dutch), and a series of plausible sound changes leading from the latter to the former (the Corpus of Changes). The challenges and possibilities of this approach are highlighted throughout, focussing on the diachronic mapping of Older Scots sounds to their origins and the intervening changes. An overview of the corpus's capabilities is provided in tandem with its limitations.","PeriodicalId":44933,"journal":{"name":"Corpora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48231189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A usage-based account argues that the actual experience of language use greatly affects the course of language acquisition. On the basis of this premise, this study investigates how language textbooks, as a main input source for L2 learners, reflect the properties of a target language. We focus on a Korean locative postposition–verb construction, consisting of one of the three locative postpositions (– ey, – eyse and –( u) lo) and particular sets of verbs. For this purpose, we adopt representative L1 written/spoken corpora in Korean and two L2-Korean textbook corpora, and analysed three aspects of them: frequency of these postpositions and verbs, their association strength, and change in use of the construction’s components across the corpora. We find that ( i) verb types co-occurring with each postposition follow the Zipfian distribution in both datasets, ( ii) L1 corpora and L2 textbooks are inconsistent with their manifestation of postposition–verb associations within the construction, and ( iii) the two textbook types differ in verb use co-occurring with the postpositions. The implications of this study’s findings are discussed in terms of the acquisitional benefits of constructional frames and using corpora for L2 learning and teaching
{"title":"Use of locative postposition-verb construction in Korean: analysis of L1-Korean corpora and L2-Korean textbooks","authors":"Boo Kyung Jung, Gyu-Ho Shin","doi":"10.3366/cor.2023.0271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2023.0271","url":null,"abstract":"A usage-based account argues that the actual experience of language use greatly affects the course of language acquisition. On the basis of this premise, this study investigates how language textbooks, as a main input source for L2 learners, reflect the properties of a target language. We focus on a Korean locative postposition–verb construction, consisting of one of the three locative postpositions (– ey, – eyse and –( u) lo) and particular sets of verbs. For this purpose, we adopt representative L1 written/spoken corpora in Korean and two L2-Korean textbook corpora, and analysed three aspects of them: frequency of these postpositions and verbs, their association strength, and change in use of the construction’s components across the corpora. We find that ( i) verb types co-occurring with each postposition follow the Zipfian distribution in both datasets, ( ii) L1 corpora and L2 textbooks are inconsistent with their manifestation of postposition–verb associations within the construction, and ( iii) the two textbook types differ in verb use co-occurring with the postpositions. The implications of this study’s findings are discussed in terms of the acquisitional benefits of constructional frames and using corpora for L2 learning and teaching","PeriodicalId":44933,"journal":{"name":"Corpora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41896979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review: Busse. 2020. Speech, Writing and Thought Presentation in 19th-Century Narrative Fiction: A Corpus-Assisted Approach","authors":"M. Ajmal","doi":"10.3366/cor.2023.0276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2023.0276","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44933,"journal":{"name":"Corpora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46741319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review: Hu and Kim. 2020. Corpus-based Translation and Interpreting Studies in Chinese Contexts: Present and Future","authors":"Xujun Tian","doi":"10.3366/cor.2022.0267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2022.0267","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44933,"journal":{"name":"Corpora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41316282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This corpus-assisted discourse study investigates diachronic change in a specialised corpus of seventeen American presidential debates from 2000 to 2020. The texts were tagged using the ucrel Semantic Annotation System (usas) ( Rayson, 2008 ) to facilitate the investigation of emergent and decreasing semantic trends over the period; the strength of trends was empirically evaluated through application of Kendall's Tau correlation coefficient. The analysis revealed that domains reflecting truth evaluations and matters of credibility increased alongside a more people-orientated discourse, as evidenced by increases in personal pronouns. Furthermore, instances invoking warfare and defence decreased, paralleled by a decrease in the representations of toughness. These results may reflect a shift in US political discourse generally, and American presidential discourse specifically, while also reflecting evolving contemporary social and political interests over the twenty-year span of the corpus. This study concludes with interpretations of these discursive shifts in the context of the current era of so-called ‘fake news’, intense partisanship, and social and political divisiveness. Findings indicate that the current US political climate cannot simply be attributed to an anomalous Trump administration but, rather, the discursive features contributing to and reflecting the current political environment have been present and increasing since at least the year 2000 election cycle.
{"title":"A diachronic corpus-assisted semantic domain analysis of US presidential debates","authors":"Nicholas Hayes, Robert Poole","doi":"10.3366/cor.2022.0266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2022.0266","url":null,"abstract":"This corpus-assisted discourse study investigates diachronic change in a specialised corpus of seventeen American presidential debates from 2000 to 2020. The texts were tagged using the ucrel Semantic Annotation System (usas) ( Rayson, 2008 ) to facilitate the investigation of emergent and decreasing semantic trends over the period; the strength of trends was empirically evaluated through application of Kendall's Tau correlation coefficient. The analysis revealed that domains reflecting truth evaluations and matters of credibility increased alongside a more people-orientated discourse, as evidenced by increases in personal pronouns. Furthermore, instances invoking warfare and defence decreased, paralleled by a decrease in the representations of toughness. These results may reflect a shift in US political discourse generally, and American presidential discourse specifically, while also reflecting evolving contemporary social and political interests over the twenty-year span of the corpus. This study concludes with interpretations of these discursive shifts in the context of the current era of so-called ‘fake news’, intense partisanship, and social and political divisiveness. Findings indicate that the current US political climate cannot simply be attributed to an anomalous Trump administration but, rather, the discursive features contributing to and reflecting the current political environment have been present and increasing since at least the year 2000 election cycle.","PeriodicalId":44933,"journal":{"name":"Corpora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41652670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a corpus approach to empirical translation study, I compare three re-translations of Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse into Italian by Nadia Fusini in the 1990s and 2012 with the first translation by Giulia Celenza, published in 1934. The focus is on how and to what degree those translations render the modernist characteristics of the source text. The adopted method is implemented using suitable annotations of the digital texts. All the occurrences of linguistic and extra-linguistic features, including the stream of consciousness, indirect interior monologue and free indirect discourse, are identified and manually tagged in xml/tei code throughout the texts examined. A bespoke computer program is used to extract, align and compare the literary features. The results show the translators’ target-culture orientation in both ‘distant’ and ‘close reading’, with interesting instances of source text-orientation in the later re-translations.
{"title":"The translator’s presence in (re)translations of To the Lighthouse into Italian: a corpus-driven study","authors":"A. M. Cipriani","doi":"10.3366/cor.2022.0265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2022.0265","url":null,"abstract":"In a corpus approach to empirical translation study, I compare three re-translations of Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse into Italian by Nadia Fusini in the 1990s and 2012 with the first translation by Giulia Celenza, published in 1934. The focus is on how and to what degree those translations render the modernist characteristics of the source text. The adopted method is implemented using suitable annotations of the digital texts. All the occurrences of linguistic and extra-linguistic features, including the stream of consciousness, indirect interior monologue and free indirect discourse, are identified and manually tagged in xml/tei code throughout the texts examined. A bespoke computer program is used to extract, align and compare the literary features. The results show the translators’ target-culture orientation in both ‘distant’ and ‘close reading’, with interesting instances of source text-orientation in the later re-translations.","PeriodicalId":44933,"journal":{"name":"Corpora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42412771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given their socially and personally beneficial teachings and practices, religious groups are generally seen as positive. However, some religious groups, specifically cults, can have destructive effects. The most notable destructive cult was Peoples Temple, led by Jim Jones, who convinced his followers to commit mass suicide in 1978 at Jonestown, Guyana. Previous research into Peoples Temple has mainly focussed on its social–psychological characteristics with limited applicability to other cults. This study investigates the transitions of Peoples Temple from sect to cult to destructive cult by examining the aboutness and communication styles through the patterns of key linguistic features in Jim Jones’ sermons from the 1960s to 1978 using keyness analyses. The findings show that sect sermons promote religious concepts through a personal involvement style which characterise the group as beneficial, while destructive cult sermons emphasise concepts not traditionally associated with religious discourse, together with the use of othering, intensifying, swearing and controlling styles, and thereby characterising Peoples Temple as dangerous. The cult sermons display dual characteristics which show the transition of Peoples Temple from being beneficial to detrimental. This study provides linguistic indicators for identifying the transitions of a religious group to a cult.
{"title":"From the temple of life to the temple of death: keyness analyses of the transitions of a cult","authors":"Raymund Palayon, R. Todd, Sompatu Vungthong","doi":"10.3366/cor.2022.0262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2022.0262","url":null,"abstract":"Given their socially and personally beneficial teachings and practices, religious groups are generally seen as positive. However, some religious groups, specifically cults, can have destructive effects. The most notable destructive cult was Peoples Temple, led by Jim Jones, who convinced his followers to commit mass suicide in 1978 at Jonestown, Guyana. Previous research into Peoples Temple has mainly focussed on its social–psychological characteristics with limited applicability to other cults. This study investigates the transitions of Peoples Temple from sect to cult to destructive cult by examining the aboutness and communication styles through the patterns of key linguistic features in Jim Jones’ sermons from the 1960s to 1978 using keyness analyses. The findings show that sect sermons promote religious concepts through a personal involvement style which characterise the group as beneficial, while destructive cult sermons emphasise concepts not traditionally associated with religious discourse, together with the use of othering, intensifying, swearing and controlling styles, and thereby characterising Peoples Temple as dangerous. The cult sermons display dual characteristics which show the transition of Peoples Temple from being beneficial to detrimental. This study provides linguistic indicators for identifying the transitions of a religious group to a cult.","PeriodicalId":44933,"journal":{"name":"Corpora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47262287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a diachronic corpus-based investigation into onomasiological variation, this study has two main objectives. First, the paper analyses the evolution of the concept of sweet-smelling as a whole – that is, as instantiated by the three near-synonymous adjectives, fragrant, perfumed and scented, with a focus on language-external pressures for distributional changes. There seems to exist variation over time in the nouns that the concept typically collocates with, going from nouns referring to entities with a natural, pleasant smell to entities with an artificial agreeable aroma. It is here argued that this change is motivated by the social and technological transformations experienced by American society after the First and Second Industrial Revolutions, a claim that finds preliminary empirical support in the distribution from 1820 to 2009 of a series of lexical indicators from the semantic domains of cleaning, cosmetics and textile & clothing. Second, the distribution over time of the three adjectives is examined. The data point to a reorganisation concerning the internal semantic structure of the synonym set, with scented gaining ground at the expense of fragrant and perfumed in several contexts of use. Furthermore, the adjectives exhibit highly idiosyncratic collocational preferences, which go a long way towards explaining the alternation between them.
{"title":"Ongoing semantic change in a modernising society: a look at some adjectives from the olfactory domain in the Corpus of Historical American English","authors":"Daniela Pettersson-Traba","doi":"10.3366/cor.2022.0264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2022.0264","url":null,"abstract":"As a diachronic corpus-based investigation into onomasiological variation, this study has two main objectives. First, the paper analyses the evolution of the concept of sweet-smelling as a whole – that is, as instantiated by the three near-synonymous adjectives, fragrant, perfumed and scented, with a focus on language-external pressures for distributional changes. There seems to exist variation over time in the nouns that the concept typically collocates with, going from nouns referring to entities with a natural, pleasant smell to entities with an artificial agreeable aroma. It is here argued that this change is motivated by the social and technological transformations experienced by American society after the First and Second Industrial Revolutions, a claim that finds preliminary empirical support in the distribution from 1820 to 2009 of a series of lexical indicators from the semantic domains of cleaning, cosmetics and textile & clothing. Second, the distribution over time of the three adjectives is examined. The data point to a reorganisation concerning the internal semantic structure of the synonym set, with scented gaining ground at the expense of fragrant and perfumed in several contexts of use. Furthermore, the adjectives exhibit highly idiosyncratic collocational preferences, which go a long way towards explaining the alternation between them.","PeriodicalId":44933,"journal":{"name":"Corpora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46883067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Discourse markers, as the elements which serve to establish writer-reader/speaker-audience interaction, can be multi-functional. Considering the multi-functionality of discourse markers, this study will analyse the discourse marker you know in terms of its translation and function in an English–Persian context. For this purpose, the Mizan parallel corpus of English–Persian languages (13,596,676 tokens) was used. Alongside the parallel corpus, a second Persian corpus, the Bijankhan Corpus (68,560,954 words), was used as the reference corpus against which translations and functions were compared. From amongst the 5,349 tokens of you know in the English corpus, 991 were thetical. The analysis of the corpora indicated that the thetical you know had fourteen functions in English, while its counterpart miduni (‘you know’) in Persian had sixteen. From among the functions, claiming acceptance, introducing explanations and giving shared knowledge were the most prevalent in the parallel corpus, whereas in the reference corpus, claiming acceptance, giving shared knowledge and softening the force of an utterance were the most common functions. Close reading of the corpus demonstrated that the functions of the discourse marker you know remained unchanged in translation due to its context-dependency. In addition, there appeared to be six different translation strategies in transferring discourse markers. We hope that the results of this study have useful implications for researchers in such areas as comparative linguistics, translation studies and corpus linguistics.
{"title":"Function and translation of the thetical you know: a parallel corpus-based investigation of English and Persian","authors":"Z. Ghane, Mehrdad Vasheghani Farahani","doi":"10.3366/cor.2022.0263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2022.0263","url":null,"abstract":"Discourse markers, as the elements which serve to establish writer-reader/speaker-audience interaction, can be multi-functional. Considering the multi-functionality of discourse markers, this study will analyse the discourse marker you know in terms of its translation and function in an English–Persian context. For this purpose, the Mizan parallel corpus of English–Persian languages (13,596,676 tokens) was used. Alongside the parallel corpus, a second Persian corpus, the Bijankhan Corpus (68,560,954 words), was used as the reference corpus against which translations and functions were compared. From amongst the 5,349 tokens of you know in the English corpus, 991 were thetical. The analysis of the corpora indicated that the thetical you know had fourteen functions in English, while its counterpart miduni (‘you know’) in Persian had sixteen. From among the functions, claiming acceptance, introducing explanations and giving shared knowledge were the most prevalent in the parallel corpus, whereas in the reference corpus, claiming acceptance, giving shared knowledge and softening the force of an utterance were the most common functions. Close reading of the corpus demonstrated that the functions of the discourse marker you know remained unchanged in translation due to its context-dependency. In addition, there appeared to be six different translation strategies in transferring discourse markers. We hope that the results of this study have useful implications for researchers in such areas as comparative linguistics, translation studies and corpus linguistics.","PeriodicalId":44933,"journal":{"name":"Corpora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43357000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the use of recurrent multi-word sequences (lexical bundles) found in a learner corpus of English argumentative essays written by L1 Korean college students at three different proficiency levels: low, mid and high. After compiling a list of the most frequently occurring four-word bundles in the three sub-corpora of the learner corpus, the study categorises them by structure and identifies which bundles appear in more than one sub-corpus. It then identifies frequent bi-grams embedded in the bundles in each sub-corpus to ascertain how the learners at each proficiency level construct multi-word sequences in context. The findings indicate that more proficient learners favour phrasal bundles, often producing them along with post-modifiers and in longer sentences, and thus approximating norms for academic prose. Lower proficiency learners, however, tend to use more clausal bundles, often including first-person pronouns and employing only a few specific verbs such as want and be, all of which are characteristic of spoken and informal registers. Taken together, these findings reflect L2 development in the use of formulaic language as they describe the uses of lexical bundles that are specific to each proficiency level.
{"title":"English lexical bundles in a learner corpus of argumentative essays written by Korean university students","authors":"I. Yoo, Y. Shin","doi":"10.3366/cor.2022.0245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2022.0245","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the use of recurrent multi-word sequences (lexical bundles) found in a learner corpus of English argumentative essays written by L1 Korean college students at three different proficiency levels: low, mid and high. After compiling a list of the most frequently occurring four-word bundles in the three sub-corpora of the learner corpus, the study categorises them by structure and identifies which bundles appear in more than one sub-corpus. It then identifies frequent bi-grams embedded in the bundles in each sub-corpus to ascertain how the learners at each proficiency level construct multi-word sequences in context. The findings indicate that more proficient learners favour phrasal bundles, often producing them along with post-modifiers and in longer sentences, and thus approximating norms for academic prose. Lower proficiency learners, however, tend to use more clausal bundles, often including first-person pronouns and employing only a few specific verbs such as want and be, all of which are characteristic of spoken and informal registers. Taken together, these findings reflect L2 development in the use of formulaic language as they describe the uses of lexical bundles that are specific to each proficiency level.","PeriodicalId":44933,"journal":{"name":"Corpora","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48600527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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