Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2022.2080670
C. K. Hansen
ABSTRACT A conceptual study of Hitler's development of the National Socialist democracy concept between 1919 and 1933 is presented. Despite the voluminous literature on Hitler and Nazism, our knowledge of the NS democracy concept is seriously incomplete. This article makes a substantial historiographical contribution by providing a more profound understanding of Hitler's NS democracy concept and his position in the broader Weimar debate on democracy. I argue that Hitler prioritized democracy as a core concept in NS ideology. Between 1920 and 1925, Hitler employed a Germanic democracy concept centred on a popularly elected Führer modelled in the reversed mirror image of his Jewish democracy concept. The allegedly Jewish interpretation of democracy was, according to Hitler's conspiracy theory, a precursor for the Jews to achieve a global dictatorship. Between 1925 and 1933 Hitler resettled for an anti-plebiscitary Volksherrschaft concept, abandoning his Germanic democracy, the election of the Führer, and elections per se. This new concept rested on a notion of a Volkswille, which purportedly accommodated a genuine will of the people that could not be expressed in plebiscites and was identical with Hitler's worldview. I contend that Hitler's changeover from Germanic democracy to Volksherrschaft contributed to a totalitarian turn in NS ideology.
{"title":"Hitler’s National Socialist Democracy Concept 1919–1933","authors":"C. K. Hansen","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2022.2080670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2022.2080670","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A conceptual study of Hitler's development of the National Socialist democracy concept between 1919 and 1933 is presented. Despite the voluminous literature on Hitler and Nazism, our knowledge of the NS democracy concept is seriously incomplete. This article makes a substantial historiographical contribution by providing a more profound understanding of Hitler's NS democracy concept and his position in the broader Weimar debate on democracy. I argue that Hitler prioritized democracy as a core concept in NS ideology. Between 1920 and 1925, Hitler employed a Germanic democracy concept centred on a popularly elected Führer modelled in the reversed mirror image of his Jewish democracy concept. The allegedly Jewish interpretation of democracy was, according to Hitler's conspiracy theory, a precursor for the Jews to achieve a global dictatorship. Between 1925 and 1933 Hitler resettled for an anti-plebiscitary Volksherrschaft concept, abandoning his Germanic democracy, the election of the Führer, and elections per se. This new concept rested on a notion of a Volkswille, which purportedly accommodated a genuine will of the people that could not be expressed in plebiscites and was identical with Hitler's worldview. I contend that Hitler's changeover from Germanic democracy to Volksherrschaft contributed to a totalitarian turn in NS ideology.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"53 1","pages":"111 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74154729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2022.2091547
O. B. Dınçer
ABSTRACT By focusing on the two Assads’ periods (1971-2011), this study traces the evolution of the nature of the relationship between the state and its citizen(s) in Syria to explain the sources and complex dynamics of the protracted conflict. It aims to promote new approaches to peace and reconstruction in Syria through thinking about the origins of the conflict by analyzing the fragile foundations of citizenship as practice. In doing so, it unveils the relationship among citizenship practice, ethnoreligious identity, political economy, and allegiance to the regime in the country from the 1970s onwards. The study identifies ‘concentric’ citizenship’ in Syria, an approach to citizenship that has been toxic to social cohesion & democracy and calls for attention in the Middle East to focus on citizenship debates to complement, challenge, and advance democratization studies.
{"title":"Citizenship Practices in Syria Before the Arab Uprisings: The Legacy of ‘Concentric’ Citizenship","authors":"O. B. Dınçer","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2022.2091547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2022.2091547","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT By focusing on the two Assads’ periods (1971-2011), this study traces the evolution of the nature of the relationship between the state and its citizen(s) in Syria to explain the sources and complex dynamics of the protracted conflict. It aims to promote new approaches to peace and reconstruction in Syria through thinking about the origins of the conflict by analyzing the fragile foundations of citizenship as practice. In doing so, it unveils the relationship among citizenship practice, ethnoreligious identity, political economy, and allegiance to the regime in the country from the 1970s onwards. The study identifies ‘concentric’ citizenship’ in Syria, an approach to citizenship that has been toxic to social cohesion & democracy and calls for attention in the Middle East to focus on citizenship debates to complement, challenge, and advance democratization studies.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"197 1","pages":"158 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83513352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2022.2057476
A. A. Ahsan Ullah, A. Huque, Arju Afrin Kathy
ABSTRACT There has been little research on the significance of religion in migration studies. The objective of this article is twofold: first, to explain religion as a complexly intertwined concept within migration discourses; second, to examine the implications of various terminologies such as Islamism, political Islam, and the politicization of Islam in the modern world within a broad migration framework. We have chosen 11 respondents from different countries by snow-ball technique to interview. The paper argues that religion becomes crucial to people's migratory experiences, aiming to construct a theoretically informed link between religion and migration. The study emphasizes the significance of international standards in ensuring migrants’ ‘religious rights’ in host countries. The interesting thing is that migrants bring their religious beliefs, practices, and way of life with them, enriching destination countries by exposing them to new cultures and fostering social cohesiveness via peaceful coexistence.
{"title":"Religion in the Age of Migration","authors":"A. A. Ahsan Ullah, A. Huque, Arju Afrin Kathy","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2022.2057476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2022.2057476","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There has been little research on the significance of religion in migration studies. The objective of this article is twofold: first, to explain religion as a complexly intertwined concept within migration discourses; second, to examine the implications of various terminologies such as Islamism, political Islam, and the politicization of Islam in the modern world within a broad migration framework. We have chosen 11 respondents from different countries by snow-ball technique to interview. The paper argues that religion becomes crucial to people's migratory experiences, aiming to construct a theoretically informed link between religion and migration. The study emphasizes the significance of international standards in ensuring migrants’ ‘religious rights’ in host countries. The interesting thing is that migrants bring their religious beliefs, practices, and way of life with them, enriching destination countries by exposing them to new cultures and fostering social cohesiveness via peaceful coexistence.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"69 1","pages":"62 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84018920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2022.2057478
Zhe Gao
ABSTRACT This article focuses on three conceptual lenses through which a better understanding of the politics of religion in contemporary China is expected to obtain. On the basis of a genealogical and discursive analysis of ‘religious freedom’ as a paradoxical concept and institution, and by identifying the ‘post-colonial’ condition of contemporary China, this article argues for a non-dichotomous understanding of the Chinese and Western political approaches to religion and religious freedom and attempts to further locate the real logic of the Chinese politics of religion in the Chinese Communist Party’s agenda for the ‘Chinese state building’. Four interrelated factors, i.e. China’s economic development, the Chinese nationalism, the authority of the Chinese Communist Party, and international relations and global competition, that are especially important for the Party and governments at all levels in their setting and implementing of policies on religion are considered, in order to provide an explication of the dynamic, multiple forms of negotiation between modern secular politics and its ‘heterodoxies’ that define the politics of religion in mainland China.
{"title":"Is China Repressing or Moulding Religion? ‘Religious Freedom’, Post-coloniality, and the Chinese State Building","authors":"Zhe Gao","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2022.2057478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2022.2057478","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article focuses on three conceptual lenses through which a better understanding of the politics of religion in contemporary China is expected to obtain. On the basis of a genealogical and discursive analysis of ‘religious freedom’ as a paradoxical concept and institution, and by identifying the ‘post-colonial’ condition of contemporary China, this article argues for a non-dichotomous understanding of the Chinese and Western political approaches to religion and religious freedom and attempts to further locate the real logic of the Chinese politics of religion in the Chinese Communist Party’s agenda for the ‘Chinese state building’. Four interrelated factors, i.e. China’s economic development, the Chinese nationalism, the authority of the Chinese Communist Party, and international relations and global competition, that are especially important for the Party and governments at all levels in their setting and implementing of policies on religion are considered, in order to provide an explication of the dynamic, multiple forms of negotiation between modern secular politics and its ‘heterodoxies’ that define the politics of religion in mainland China.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"61 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83913429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2022.2061959
S. Kettell, P. Kerr
ABSTRACT The current global wave of populism has fuelled a surge in scholarly interest but the links between populism and religion remain under-researched and most studies have centred on cases where religion remains socially and politically influential. This paper contributes to developing studies in this area by analysing the use of religious tropes and themes in a comparatively non-religious context, examining the populist discourse that was constructed to promote Britain's withdrawal from the European Union (‘Brexit’). Drawing on neo-Durkheimian ideas about the endurance of the ‘sacred’ in social organisation, it identifies three core themes: (1) a framing of the EU as a ‘folk devil’ and an existential threat to the liberty and prosperity of the British nation, (2) a presentation of Brexit as a source of national rebirth and salvation, underpinned by an exceptionalist view of the British people who were said to possess a unique global destiny, and (3) a sacralisation of ‘the People’ into an homogenous mass whose Will was to be enacted at all costs in the aftermath of the referendum. The study shows how populists are able to draw on a religious repertoire to mobilise voters, even in contexts that are largely non-religious.
{"title":"The Ghost in the Machine: Brexit, Populism, and the Sacralisation of Politics","authors":"S. Kettell, P. Kerr","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2022.2061959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2022.2061959","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The current global wave of populism has fuelled a surge in scholarly interest but the links between populism and religion remain under-researched and most studies have centred on cases where religion remains socially and politically influential. This paper contributes to developing studies in this area by analysing the use of religious tropes and themes in a comparatively non-religious context, examining the populist discourse that was constructed to promote Britain's withdrawal from the European Union (‘Brexit’). Drawing on neo-Durkheimian ideas about the endurance of the ‘sacred’ in social organisation, it identifies three core themes: (1) a framing of the EU as a ‘folk devil’ and an existential threat to the liberty and prosperity of the British nation, (2) a presentation of Brexit as a source of national rebirth and salvation, underpinned by an exceptionalist view of the British people who were said to possess a unique global destiny, and (3) a sacralisation of ‘the People’ into an homogenous mass whose Will was to be enacted at all costs in the aftermath of the referendum. The study shows how populists are able to draw on a religious repertoire to mobilise voters, even in contexts that are largely non-religious.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"118 1","pages":"23 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88052103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2022.2045781
Octavio Alfonso Chon Torres
was not unanimously depicted as a defense of Stalin or the Soviet government. It was almost always depicted as a defense of things far more sacred: home, family, and community. Shared religious devotion was a pillar of many Soviet communities, families, and homes, albeit certainly not of all’(155). Jeff Eden’s work deserves to be read with attention, offering aspects not fully investigated in the past. It also opens up a series of research projects that can be consolidated and deepened through a broader dissemination and translation of unpublished documents and unknown sources as well as the joint and interdisciplinary works of historians, sociologists and linguists.
{"title":"Living with Tiny Aliens: The Image of God for the Anthropocene","authors":"Octavio Alfonso Chon Torres","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2022.2045781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2022.2045781","url":null,"abstract":"was not unanimously depicted as a defense of Stalin or the Soviet government. It was almost always depicted as a defense of things far more sacred: home, family, and community. Shared religious devotion was a pillar of many Soviet communities, families, and homes, albeit certainly not of all’(155). Jeff Eden’s work deserves to be read with attention, offering aspects not fully investigated in the past. It also opens up a series of research projects that can be consolidated and deepened through a broader dissemination and translation of unpublished documents and unknown sources as well as the joint and interdisciplinary works of historians, sociologists and linguists.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"4 1","pages":"108 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85580002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2022.2045774
Ilaria Biano
{"title":"Thou Shalt Have No Other Gods before Me. Why Governments Discriminate against Religious Minorities","authors":"Ilaria Biano","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2022.2045774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2022.2045774","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"28 1","pages":"97 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84570292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2022.2045778
Laurence Louër
this purported low cost ‘public housing’ requires outlays well beyond the income of the vast majority, meaning that alternative arrangements are essential. He discusses the dizzying complexities of a housing market in which there is no uniformity and where the financing necessary for entry into these seemingly ‘nice’ serviced unit requires complex arrangements. To acquire a unit typically involves ‘reciprocal borrowing arrangements among families and affiliates, profits from collectively generated economic activities, savings groups, the diversion and laundering of illicitly obtained money, advances on rental agreements for other properties, property swaps, or amenities packages for employees.’ (p. 70) It is this ‘plurality of finance applied to the acquisition of units’ that ‘translates into the heterogeneity of residential compositions’ within this social housing. The financing challenges ring true since one of the initiatives of a municipal finance project that brought me to Jakarta to address housing and planning needs in the mid-1990s involved helping to create a secondary mortgage market so that financial institutions would be able to continuously infuse the housing market with new capital. The financial reform never happened thereby making the financing maze AbdouMaliq describes as the only alternativ. Improvised Lives is a journey through spaces and places that one cannot fully understand without spending a lot of time there and asking the right questions. AbdouMaliq tries to provides you with that ‘in-person’ view through his own experiences. To read this volume in a single stroke, as a unified story with a plot line and a roadmap to follow along the way, I found to be an impossible task. The way I found to digest it and to grasp its meanings, was to take it bit-by-bit, to revisit the passages, and draw upon my own experiences living, working and traversing Jakarta to understand not only those cases, but several of the others he features. I vividly remember wondering, when passing through districts in Jakarta like those he discusses, how these place work, what people living there do and what enables them to survive. If you have not directly experienced places like this, you will find Improvised Lives a challenge to fully digest. But if you are willing to keep going back to the stories lines he provides, it is a challenge that will more than likely you will resolve as you gain admiration for the realities of improvised urban life in Global South. You are also likely, as did I, to shift your perspective from depression and hopelessness to one of hope. In the end, Improvised Lives is stories of hope and success.
{"title":"Contested Modernity. Sectarianism, Nationalism, and Colonialism in Bahrain","authors":"Laurence Louër","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2022.2045778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2022.2045778","url":null,"abstract":"this purported low cost ‘public housing’ requires outlays well beyond the income of the vast majority, meaning that alternative arrangements are essential. He discusses the dizzying complexities of a housing market in which there is no uniformity and where the financing necessary for entry into these seemingly ‘nice’ serviced unit requires complex arrangements. To acquire a unit typically involves ‘reciprocal borrowing arrangements among families and affiliates, profits from collectively generated economic activities, savings groups, the diversion and laundering of illicitly obtained money, advances on rental agreements for other properties, property swaps, or amenities packages for employees.’ (p. 70) It is this ‘plurality of finance applied to the acquisition of units’ that ‘translates into the heterogeneity of residential compositions’ within this social housing. The financing challenges ring true since one of the initiatives of a municipal finance project that brought me to Jakarta to address housing and planning needs in the mid-1990s involved helping to create a secondary mortgage market so that financial institutions would be able to continuously infuse the housing market with new capital. The financial reform never happened thereby making the financing maze AbdouMaliq describes as the only alternativ. Improvised Lives is a journey through spaces and places that one cannot fully understand without spending a lot of time there and asking the right questions. AbdouMaliq tries to provides you with that ‘in-person’ view through his own experiences. To read this volume in a single stroke, as a unified story with a plot line and a roadmap to follow along the way, I found to be an impossible task. The way I found to digest it and to grasp its meanings, was to take it bit-by-bit, to revisit the passages, and draw upon my own experiences living, working and traversing Jakarta to understand not only those cases, but several of the others he features. I vividly remember wondering, when passing through districts in Jakarta like those he discusses, how these place work, what people living there do and what enables them to survive. If you have not directly experienced places like this, you will find Improvised Lives a challenge to fully digest. But if you are willing to keep going back to the stories lines he provides, it is a challenge that will more than likely you will resolve as you gain admiration for the realities of improvised urban life in Global South. You are also likely, as did I, to shift your perspective from depression and hopelessness to one of hope. In the end, Improvised Lives is stories of hope and success.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"20 1","pages":"103 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79537895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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