Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2023.2279161
Pavol Minarik
The paper examines the operation of the Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia under the Communist regime, one of the most oppressive communist regimes in Eastern Europe, and the choice of the Church to operate both officially and secretly. Based on the religious economy approach, it defines the conditions favoring diversified operation on both the legal market and the black market. Despite repression, the Church strived to maintain official operation in Czechoslovakia. Simultaneously, it developed an underground structure that allowed for uncompromised religious life. The case study confirms the theoretical predictions that severe repression favors underground operation without eliminating the need for the official presence of the Church. Beyond the religious economy approach, the paper points to the role of agency. The diversification strategy could only emerge and function due to the combination of externally imposed circumstances and individual initiative.
{"title":"Official and underground: the survival strategy of the Catholic Church in Communist Czechoslovakia","authors":"Pavol Minarik","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2023.2279161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2023.2279161","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the operation of the Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia under the Communist regime, one of the most oppressive communist regimes in Eastern Europe, and the choice of the Church to operate both officially and secretly. Based on the religious economy approach, it defines the conditions favoring diversified operation on both the legal market and the black market. Despite repression, the Church strived to maintain official operation in Czechoslovakia. Simultaneously, it developed an underground structure that allowed for uncompromised religious life. The case study confirms the theoretical predictions that severe repression favors underground operation without eliminating the need for the official presence of the Church. Beyond the religious economy approach, the paper points to the role of agency. The diversification strategy could only emerge and function due to the combination of externally imposed circumstances and individual initiative.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"29 39","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134953499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2023.2269716
Nosheen Rana
{"title":"Why Islamists go green: politics, religion and the environment <b>Why Islamists go green: politics, religion and the environment</b> , by Emmanuel Karagiannis, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, Series: Edinburgh Studies of the Globalized Muslim World, 2023, 240pp., £ 85.00 (hardback), ISBN: 9781399506229","authors":"Nosheen Rana","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2023.2269716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2023.2269716","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":" 21","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135244519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2023.2279158
Felix Pal
ABSTRACTTo address the problem of participant access, central in the study of the far-right, scholars of far-right mobilisations navigate between a methodological rock and a hard place. Either scholars produce in-depth qualitative accounts, putting their safety and ethical commitments at risk, or scholars study far-right mobilisations from a distance and produce limited externalist accounts that centre large surveys, quantitative studies and electoral analysis at the expense of granular detail. Inspired by the medical logics of reflexology, I propose one solution to this impasse that understands the impenetrable centres of far-right networks through their peripheries. I argue that far-right network peripheries—often more accessible to scholars—share personnel, information and resources with network centres, revealing much about these often secretive central organizational nodes. I advocate for deep qualitative work on the far-right (thus avoiding externalist pitfalls) but in the peripheries of far-right networks (thus avoiding safety and ethical risks). Refocusing on far-right peripheries opens a number of analytical doors that decentre the study of electoral politics and refocus on far-right embeddedness in civil society networks. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 There is substantial debate over the term far-right, but Mudde’s definition remains standard across much of the literature on far-right movements. See Cas Mudde, Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). I do, however, discard his use of populism as a key marker of far-rightness because it fails to capture mobilisations outside of Europe or North America like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Nippon Kaigi and Front Pembela Islam, who appear clearly far-right in the content of their thought, but are ambivalent in their populism.2 Nonna Mayer, ‘Political Science Approaches to the Far Right’, in Stephen Ashe, Joel Busher, Graham Macklin and Aaron Winter (eds) Researching the Far Right: Theory, Method and Practices (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 17–31.3 Elisabeth Carter, ‘Right-Wing Extremism/Radicalism: Reconstructing the Concept’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 23:2 (2018), pp. 157–182.4 Kathleen Blee, ‘Ethnographies of the Far-Right’, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 36:2 (2007), pp. 119–128; Pietro Castelli Gattinara, ‘The Study of the Far Right and its Three E’s: Why Scholarship Must Go Beyond Eurocentrism, Electoralism and Externalism’, French Politics, 18 (2020), pp. 314–333.5 Mayer, op. cit.6 Joel Busher, ‘Negotiating Ethical Dilemmas During an Ethnographic Study of Anti-Minority Activity’, in Stephen Ashe, Joel Busher, Graham Macklin and Aaron Winter (eds) Researching the Far Right: Theory, Method and Practices (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 270–283.7 Werner Ulrich, ‘Beyond Methodology Choice: Critical Systems Thinking as Critically Systemic Discourse’, Journal of the Operat
{"title":"Far-right reflexology: a periphery-to-centre approach for the study of the far-right","authors":"Felix Pal","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2023.2279158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2023.2279158","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTTo address the problem of participant access, central in the study of the far-right, scholars of far-right mobilisations navigate between a methodological rock and a hard place. Either scholars produce in-depth qualitative accounts, putting their safety and ethical commitments at risk, or scholars study far-right mobilisations from a distance and produce limited externalist accounts that centre large surveys, quantitative studies and electoral analysis at the expense of granular detail. Inspired by the medical logics of reflexology, I propose one solution to this impasse that understands the impenetrable centres of far-right networks through their peripheries. I argue that far-right network peripheries—often more accessible to scholars—share personnel, information and resources with network centres, revealing much about these often secretive central organizational nodes. I advocate for deep qualitative work on the far-right (thus avoiding externalist pitfalls) but in the peripheries of far-right networks (thus avoiding safety and ethical risks). Refocusing on far-right peripheries opens a number of analytical doors that decentre the study of electoral politics and refocus on far-right embeddedness in civil society networks. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 There is substantial debate over the term far-right, but Mudde’s definition remains standard across much of the literature on far-right movements. See Cas Mudde, Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). I do, however, discard his use of populism as a key marker of far-rightness because it fails to capture mobilisations outside of Europe or North America like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Nippon Kaigi and Front Pembela Islam, who appear clearly far-right in the content of their thought, but are ambivalent in their populism.2 Nonna Mayer, ‘Political Science Approaches to the Far Right’, in Stephen Ashe, Joel Busher, Graham Macklin and Aaron Winter (eds) Researching the Far Right: Theory, Method and Practices (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 17–31.3 Elisabeth Carter, ‘Right-Wing Extremism/Radicalism: Reconstructing the Concept’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 23:2 (2018), pp. 157–182.4 Kathleen Blee, ‘Ethnographies of the Far-Right’, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 36:2 (2007), pp. 119–128; Pietro Castelli Gattinara, ‘The Study of the Far Right and its Three E’s: Why Scholarship Must Go Beyond Eurocentrism, Electoralism and Externalism’, French Politics, 18 (2020), pp. 314–333.5 Mayer, op. cit.6 Joel Busher, ‘Negotiating Ethical Dilemmas During an Ethnographic Study of Anti-Minority Activity’, in Stephen Ashe, Joel Busher, Graham Macklin and Aaron Winter (eds) Researching the Far Right: Theory, Method and Practices (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 270–283.7 Werner Ulrich, ‘Beyond Methodology Choice: Critical Systems Thinking as Critically Systemic Discourse’, Journal of the Operat","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135684837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2023.2277466
Metin Koca
ABSTRACT Employing an approach that focuses on three goals of ideology-making (i.e. resolving grievances, seeking status, socialization), this study explores the reflexive boundaries between (1) 68 individual representations of violent ‘Jihadi’ and ‘right-wing’ extremism in Europe, and (2) 130 young adult European citizens who pursue religious purity or cultural essence. Having identified the latter as a pool of ‘critical radicalism’ in the current political context, the study juxtaposes violent and non-violent radicalizations by challenging two interrelated assumptions. The first is the sameness assumption: those who use a similar repertoire are unified by their similarity. The second is the continuum assumption: radicalism will eventually lead to violence, given that ‘radicalization’ discursively implies a shift towards promoting or carrying out violent behaviour. Drawing on comparisons between interview and media narratives, I argue that violent extremism and critical radicalism part ways while developing reflective methods to evaluate grievances, reclaim agency in response to status losses, and align social bonds with the ideology. The conceptual divergence indicates several fault lines between ideological simplicity and completeness and relates to individuals’ self-awareness in (re)making the ideology rather than a given ideology. This concluding remark has implications for the value of reflexive awareness in democracies.
{"title":"Juxtaposing violent extremism and critical radicalism in Europe: the role of reflexive awareness in pursuit of religious purity and cultural essence","authors":"Metin Koca","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2023.2277466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2023.2277466","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Employing an approach that focuses on three goals of ideology-making (i.e. resolving grievances, seeking status, socialization), this study explores the reflexive boundaries between (1) 68 individual representations of violent ‘Jihadi’ and ‘right-wing’ extremism in Europe, and (2) 130 young adult European citizens who pursue religious purity or cultural essence. Having identified the latter as a pool of ‘critical radicalism’ in the current political context, the study juxtaposes violent and non-violent radicalizations by challenging two interrelated assumptions. The first is the sameness assumption: those who use a similar repertoire are unified by their similarity. The second is the continuum assumption: radicalism will eventually lead to violence, given that ‘radicalization’ discursively implies a shift towards promoting or carrying out violent behaviour. Drawing on comparisons between interview and media narratives, I argue that violent extremism and critical radicalism part ways while developing reflective methods to evaluate grievances, reclaim agency in response to status losses, and align social bonds with the ideology. The conceptual divergence indicates several fault lines between ideological simplicity and completeness and relates to individuals’ self-awareness in (re)making the ideology rather than a given ideology. This concluding remark has implications for the value of reflexive awareness in democracies.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"25 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135820234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2023.2269771
Lieke van der Veer
{"title":"Refugee cities: how Afghans changed urban Pakistan <b>Refugee cities: how Afghans changed urban Pakistan</b> , by Sanaa Alimia, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022, 228 pp., 29.95 (ppk), ISBN: 9781512822793","authors":"Lieke van der Veer","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2023.2269771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2023.2269771","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136113584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2023.2269705
William Gourlay
{"title":"Turkey under Erdoğan: how a country turned from democracy and the West <b>Turkey under Erdoğan: how a country turned from democracy and the West</b> , by Dimitar Bechev, Yale, Yale University Press, 2022, 280 pp., $28 (hardcover), ISBN: 9780300247886","authors":"William Gourlay","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2023.2269705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2023.2269705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136113348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2023.2269709
Rachel Harris
{"title":"The sound of salvation: voice, gender, and the sufi mediascape in China, <b>The sound of salvation: voice, gender, and the sufi mediascape in China,</b> by Guangtian Ha, New York, NY, Columbia University Press, 2022, 312 pp., $140.00 (hardback), ISBN 9780231198066; $35.00 (paperback), ISBN: 9780231198073","authors":"Rachel Harris","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2023.2269709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2023.2269709","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136114489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2023.2269718
Gabriel Schwake
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1 Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment (Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press, 2007).2 David Graeber, Bullshit Jobs: A Theory (London: Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books, 2018), p. 269–270.3 Daniel Gutwein, ‘Some Comments on the Class Foundations of the Occupation’, Monthly Review, 2006, https://mronline.org/2006/06/16/some-comments-on-the-class-foundations-of-the-occupation/.
{"title":"The levant express: the arab uprisings, human rights, and the future of the middle east <b>The levant express: the arab uprisings, human rights, and the future of the middle east</b> , by Micheline Ishay, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2019, 352 pp., 21 $ (hb), ISBN: 9780300215694","authors":"Gabriel Schwake","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2023.2269718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2023.2269718","url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1 Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment (Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press, 2007).2 David Graeber, Bullshit Jobs: A Theory (London: Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books, 2018), p. 269–270.3 Daniel Gutwein, ‘Some Comments on the Class Foundations of the Occupation’, Monthly Review, 2006, https://mronline.org/2006/06/16/some-comments-on-the-class-foundations-of-the-occupation/.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2023.2269704
Stefano Bigliardi
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1 Blainey focuses on institutionally committed members, or fardados (from farda, the special uniform they wear). Here I use the terms interchangeably.
{"title":"Christ returns from the jungle. ayahuasca religion as mystical healing <b>Christ returns from the jungle. ayahuasca religion as mystical healing</b> , by Marc G. Blainey, Albany, NY, State University of New York Press, 2021, 673 pp., $34.15 (ebook), ISBN 978-1-43848-315-3","authors":"Stefano Bigliardi","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2023.2269704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2023.2269704","url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1 Blainey focuses on institutionally committed members, or fardados (from farda, the special uniform they wear). Here I use the terms interchangeably.","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-12DOI: 10.1080/21567689.2023.2269770
Samer Abboud
{"title":"Exchange ideologies: commerce, language, and patriarchy in Preconflict Aleppo <b>Exchange ideologies: commerce, language, and patriarchy in Preconflict Aleppo</b> , by Paul Anderson, New York, Cornell University Press, 2023, 216 pp., 29.95 $ (ppk), ISBN: 9781501768309","authors":"Samer Abboud","doi":"10.1080/21567689.2023.2269770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2023.2269770","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44955,"journal":{"name":"Politics Religion & Ideology","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135969089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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