Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1504/ijem.2020.112302
Lise D Martel, Michael Phipps, Amadou Traore, Claire J Standley, Mohamed L Soumah, Appollinaire Lamah, Abdoulaye Wone, Michael Asima, Alpha M Barry, Mahawa Berete, Aurelia Attal-Juncqua, Rebecca Katz, Alexandre Robert, Idrissa Sompare, Erin M Sorrell, Yakaria Toure, Antoine Morel-Vulliez, Sakoba Keita
Before the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak of 2014-2016, Guinea did not have an emergency management system in place. During the outbreak, Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) 2014-2019 funds made it possible to rapidly improve the country's capacity to manage epidemics through the development of public health emergency operation centres (PHEOCs) at the national and district levels. Since the end of the response, the infrastructure, staff, and systems of these PHEOCs have been further reinforced and well-integrated in the daily activities of Guinea's National Agency for Health Security, the entity responsible for the management of epidemics. The development of PHEOCs as emergency management tools for epidemics in Guinea would not have been possible without a strong endorsement within the Ministry of Health. Guinea's PHEOC network is well-positioned to serve as a model of excellence for other Ministries in Guinea and Ministries of Health of other countries of West Africa.
{"title":"Public health emergency management capacity building in Guinea: 2014-2019.","authors":"Lise D Martel, Michael Phipps, Amadou Traore, Claire J Standley, Mohamed L Soumah, Appollinaire Lamah, Abdoulaye Wone, Michael Asima, Alpha M Barry, Mahawa Berete, Aurelia Attal-Juncqua, Rebecca Katz, Alexandre Robert, Idrissa Sompare, Erin M Sorrell, Yakaria Toure, Antoine Morel-Vulliez, Sakoba Keita","doi":"10.1504/ijem.2020.112302","DOIUrl":"10.1504/ijem.2020.112302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Before the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak of 2014-2016, Guinea did not have an emergency management system in place. During the outbreak, Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) 2014-2019 funds made it possible to rapidly improve the country's capacity to manage epidemics through the development of public health emergency operation centres (PHEOCs) at the national and district levels. Since the end of the response, the infrastructure, staff, and systems of these PHEOCs have been further reinforced and well-integrated in the daily activities of Guinea's National Agency for Health Security, the entity responsible for the management of epidemics. The development of PHEOCs as emergency management tools for epidemics in Guinea would not have been possible without a strong endorsement within the Ministry of Health. Guinea's PHEOC network is well-positioned to serve as a model of excellence for other Ministries in Guinea and Ministries of Health of other countries of West Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"16 2","pages":"179-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11328550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-25DOI: 10.1504/ijem.2020.10032416
S. Guillot, P. Jarvis, T. Powell, J. Kenkre
During 1997-2007 the entire state of Tennessee experienced in total 300 tornados, causing 87 deaths and $617.1 million in damaged property. Therefore the ability to alert/warn all segments of a community regarding the potential of severe weather is essential for the safety and well-being of those potentially affected. To ascertain the best way that this could be achieved, questionnaire surveys were conducted on the current practice and limitations to inform future need for change from the public, disaster management and the broadcast media. Prior experience gave the public a greater understanding of the threats associated with severe weather and actions to be taken. This study identifies a clear need for new and innovative ways to educate both the general public as well as the broadcast media and emergency management in disaster awareness and preparedness.
{"title":"Knowledge, experience and preparedness: factors influencing citizen decision-making in severe weather situations","authors":"S. Guillot, P. Jarvis, T. Powell, J. Kenkre","doi":"10.1504/ijem.2020.10032416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijem.2020.10032416","url":null,"abstract":"During 1997-2007 the entire state of Tennessee experienced in total 300 tornados, causing 87 deaths and $617.1 million in damaged property. Therefore the ability to alert/warn all segments of a community regarding the potential of severe weather is essential for the safety and well-being of those potentially affected. To ascertain the best way that this could be achieved, questionnaire surveys were conducted on the current practice and limitations to inform future need for change from the public, disaster management and the broadcast media. Prior experience gave the public a greater understanding of the threats associated with severe weather and actions to be taken. This study identifies a clear need for new and innovative ways to educate both the general public as well as the broadcast media and emergency management in disaster awareness and preparedness.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47134205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-25DOI: 10.1504/ijem.2020.10032412
Julius A. Nukpezah
The study uses data from the 2008 General Social Survey to construct a goal-specific individual social capital for emergency preparedness (ISCEP) scale. It draws on social vulnerability theory to propose determinants of ISCEP and ordinary least squares (OLS) to estimate the coefficients of the regressions. The study findings contribute to extant scholarship about the role of investing in human capital on social capital outcomes. It also supports the idea that communication among groups nourishes individual social capital and that policymakers should invest in policy narratives that shape perceptions of residents for emergency-related social capital that they would like to promote. Overall, the study makes three novel contributions to the scholarship. First, social capital should be goal-specific and measured at the individual level as ISCEP to understand its formation. Second, ISCEP should be studied as an outcome variable and not only as a causal variable, and lastly, social vulnerability provides a theoretical framework for investigating determinants of ISCEP.
{"title":"Social vulnerability determinants of individual social capital for emergency preparedness","authors":"Julius A. Nukpezah","doi":"10.1504/ijem.2020.10032412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijem.2020.10032412","url":null,"abstract":"The study uses data from the 2008 General Social Survey to construct a goal-specific individual social capital for emergency preparedness (ISCEP) scale. It draws on social vulnerability theory to propose determinants of ISCEP and ordinary least squares (OLS) to estimate the coefficients of the regressions. The study findings contribute to extant scholarship about the role of investing in human capital on social capital outcomes. It also supports the idea that communication among groups nourishes individual social capital and that policymakers should invest in policy narratives that shape perceptions of residents for emergency-related social capital that they would like to promote. Overall, the study makes three novel contributions to the scholarship. First, social capital should be goal-specific and measured at the individual level as ISCEP to understand its formation. Second, ISCEP should be studied as an outcome variable and not only as a causal variable, and lastly, social vulnerability provides a theoretical framework for investigating determinants of ISCEP.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49586683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-25DOI: 10.1504/ijem.2020.10032410
A. Barve, R. Prasad, D. Yadav
This study focuses on the identification of disaster risk reduction (DRR) activities which are carried out during pre and post-disasters to save the lives of the population under risk of disasters. Odisha, one of the disaster-prone states in India has been taken as a case study to identify the relevant DRR activities for cyclone and later the efforts were made to explore the strength of identified DRR activities and causal relationship between them by using decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method. The activities used in these processes were finalised after the detailed discussion with policymakers and academicians working at the various levels and capacities of disaster management and allied domain of DRR. The results of this study show that cause group activities influence effect group activities, and emergency planning at various levels was found to be the most influencing DRR activity among other activities.
{"title":"Investigating causal relationship of disaster risk reduction activities in the Indian context","authors":"A. Barve, R. Prasad, D. Yadav","doi":"10.1504/ijem.2020.10032410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijem.2020.10032410","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the identification of disaster risk reduction (DRR) activities which are carried out during pre and post-disasters to save the lives of the population under risk of disasters. Odisha, one of the disaster-prone states in India has been taken as a case study to identify the relevant DRR activities for cyclone and later the efforts were made to explore the strength of identified DRR activities and causal relationship between them by using decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method. The activities used in these processes were finalised after the detailed discussion with policymakers and academicians working at the various levels and capacities of disaster management and allied domain of DRR. The results of this study show that cause group activities influence effect group activities, and emergency planning at various levels was found to be the most influencing DRR activity among other activities.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44656114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.1504/ijem.2019.10025981
W. Treurniet, F. K. Boersma, P. Groenewegen
In the fog and chaos of an emergency it seems difficult to determine which organisations to involve in the response in order to ensure that the organisational network is fit for purpose. In this paper we study three emergencies in the Netherlands in order to find out what patterns are detectable in the network of the responding organisations. Based on qualitative analysis we develop insights about how the composition of the response networks relates to the nature of the emergencies, and the impact they have on the community. We find the community to be an intertwined constellation of networks. A failure in this constellation may result in an emergency situation. The failure itself and any collateral effects from responsive actions ripple through the constellation of networks. We found that the emergency situation and the emergency response network mutually shape each other and are a reflection of each other.
{"title":"Configuring emergency response networks","authors":"W. Treurniet, F. K. Boersma, P. Groenewegen","doi":"10.1504/ijem.2019.10025981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijem.2019.10025981","url":null,"abstract":"In the fog and chaos of an emergency it seems difficult to determine which organisations to involve in the response in order to ensure that the organisational network is fit for purpose. In this paper we study three emergencies in the Netherlands in order to find out what patterns are detectable in the network of the responding organisations. Based on qualitative analysis we develop insights about how the composition of the response networks relates to the nature of the emergencies, and the impact they have on the community. We find the community to be an intertwined constellation of networks. A failure in this constellation may result in an emergency situation. The failure itself and any collateral effects from responsive actions ripple through the constellation of networks. We found that the emergency situation and the emergency response network mutually shape each other and are a reflection of each other.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43292824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.1504/ijem.2019.10025982
Jennifer Bealt, D. Shaw, Christopher Smith, Manuel López-Ibáñez
Peer reviews are a unique governance tool that use expertise from one city or country to assess and strengthen the capabilities of another. Peer review tools are gaining momentum in disaster management and remain an important but understudied topic in risk governance. Methodologies to conduct a peer review are still in their infancy. To enhance these, a systematic literature review (SLR) of academic and non-academic literature was conducted on city resilience peer reviews. Thirty-three attributes of resilience are identified, which provides useful insights into how research and practice can inform risk governance, and utilise peer reviews, to drive meaningful change. Moreover, it situates the challenges associated with resilience building tools within risk governance to support the development of interdisciplinary perspectives for integrated city resilience frameworks. Results of this research have been used to develop a peer review methodology and an international standard on conducting peer reviews for disaster risk reduction.
{"title":"Peer reviews for making cities resilient","authors":"Jennifer Bealt, D. Shaw, Christopher Smith, Manuel López-Ibáñez","doi":"10.1504/ijem.2019.10025982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijem.2019.10025982","url":null,"abstract":"Peer reviews are a unique governance tool that use expertise from one city or country to assess and strengthen the capabilities of another. Peer review tools are gaining momentum in disaster management and remain an important but understudied topic in risk governance. Methodologies to conduct a peer review are still in their infancy. To enhance these, a systematic literature review (SLR) of academic and non-academic literature was conducted on city resilience peer reviews. Thirty-three attributes of resilience are identified, which provides useful insights into how research and practice can inform risk governance, and utilise peer reviews, to drive meaningful change. Moreover, it situates the challenges associated with resilience building tools within risk governance to support the development of interdisciplinary perspectives for integrated city resilience frameworks. Results of this research have been used to develop a peer review methodology and an international standard on conducting peer reviews for disaster risk reduction.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48720858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.1504/ijem.2019.10025949
Olasunkanmi Habeeb Okunola
The frequency and occurrence of natural, technological and man-induced disasters are increasing in Nigeria. The trends and patterns of these occurrences are scarcely accessed in literature. This paper focuses on types, occurrences and causes of disasters in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Kaduna, Nigeria. Data were collected by administering questionnaires and conducting in-depth interviews (IDIs) with disaster stakeholders (residents, National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) personnel and victims of disaster) in disaster-prone areas of the selected cities. Results indicated that fire outbreak, flood, building collapse and windstorm have been major threats to lives and properties in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Kaduna, Nigeria. Also, factors such as overpopulation, poor governance, erections of weak structure, unplanned urban spread and unenforced physical planning policy worsen the issue. These results among others contributed to our understanding of causes and trend of disasters in a typical developing country.
{"title":"Spatial analysis of disaster statistics in selected cities of Nigeria","authors":"Olasunkanmi Habeeb Okunola","doi":"10.1504/ijem.2019.10025949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijem.2019.10025949","url":null,"abstract":"The frequency and occurrence of natural, technological and man-induced disasters are increasing in Nigeria. The trends and patterns of these occurrences are scarcely accessed in literature. This paper focuses on types, occurrences and causes of disasters in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Kaduna, Nigeria. Data were collected by administering questionnaires and conducting in-depth interviews (IDIs) with disaster stakeholders (residents, National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) personnel and victims of disaster) in disaster-prone areas of the selected cities. Results indicated that fire outbreak, flood, building collapse and windstorm have been major threats to lives and properties in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Kaduna, Nigeria. Also, factors such as overpopulation, poor governance, erections of weak structure, unplanned urban spread and unenforced physical planning policy worsen the issue. These results among others contributed to our understanding of causes and trend of disasters in a typical developing country.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48256252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-18DOI: 10.1504/ijem.2019.104205
Isabelle Doohan, B. Saveman, Lina Gyllencreutz
Mass casualty incidents (MCI) in tunnels can result in devastating consequences. Despite this, there is a knowledge gap in the perspectives and experiences of strategic stakeholders in relation to ...
隧道内的大规模伤亡事件（MCI）可能会造成毁灭性后果。尽管如此，战略利益相关者在与。。。
{"title":"Limited medical perspective at a strategic level in relation to mass casualty incidents in Swedish tunnels","authors":"Isabelle Doohan, B. Saveman, Lina Gyllencreutz","doi":"10.1504/ijem.2019.104205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijem.2019.104205","url":null,"abstract":"Mass casualty incidents (MCI) in tunnels can result in devastating consequences. Despite this, there is a knowledge gap in the perspectives and experiences of strategic stakeholders in relation to ...","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/ijem.2019.104205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42178930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-09DOI: 10.1504/ijem.2019.10023857
Mohammad Tafiqur Rahman, Tim A. Majchrzak, T. Comes
Humanitarian logistics operations perform challenging tasks while responding to large-scale natural disasters. Decision makers at different stages of humanitarian operations exploit numerous problem-specific decision-making models or tools. When synchronising the outputs (decisions) from models into a unified solution, the situation becomes critical because of the lack of consensus on objectives and the availability of model alternatives with uncertainty in the models' key parameters and evaluation of the models' alternative outcomes. Thus, the operational environment becomes complex to respond urgently to humanitarian needs and makes the situation deeply uncertain. In this paper, we inspect humanitarian logistics problems and available deep uncertainty approaches to identify the adapting needs in the latter to be applicable to the former. Our research findings indicate that deep uncertainty approaches should incorporate the concept of short-term planning by considering time constraints, bounded process iteration, data transformation technique, handling process failure, and ways of identifying model assumptions.
{"title":"Deep uncertainty in humanitarian logistics operations: decision-making challenges in responding to large-scale natural disasters","authors":"Mohammad Tafiqur Rahman, Tim A. Majchrzak, T. Comes","doi":"10.1504/ijem.2019.10023857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijem.2019.10023857","url":null,"abstract":"Humanitarian logistics operations perform challenging tasks while responding to large-scale natural disasters. Decision makers at different stages of humanitarian operations exploit numerous problem-specific decision-making models or tools. When synchronising the outputs (decisions) from models into a unified solution, the situation becomes critical because of the lack of consensus on objectives and the availability of model alternatives with uncertainty in the models' key parameters and evaluation of the models' alternative outcomes. Thus, the operational environment becomes complex to respond urgently to humanitarian needs and makes the situation deeply uncertain. In this paper, we inspect humanitarian logistics problems and available deep uncertainty approaches to identify the adapting needs in the latter to be applicable to the former. Our research findings indicate that deep uncertainty approaches should incorporate the concept of short-term planning by considering time constraints, bounded process iteration, data transformation technique, handling process failure, and ways of identifying model assumptions.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45940535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-09DOI: 10.1504/ijem.2019.10023856
Weidong Wang, Ji-Liang Zou
Since the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May, 2008, social organisations involved in emergency management in China have been displaying an increasingly important role. The aim of this paper was to analyse the evolution of the participation of social rescue organisations in China in the past ten years. The research determines some related laws and associated problems. According to a grounded analysis of the characteristics, advantages, and evolution of the participation mechanism of blue sky rescue (BSR) and the rescue team of ramunion (RTR) in social rescues, suggestions are proposed to improve the participation mechanism of social rescue organisations from four aspects: system guarantee, organisational governance, communication and coordination, and social support.1 Moreover, the network management mechanism of social rescue organisations was also studied to improve disaster prevention and relief networks.
{"title":"A grounded analysis of participation mechanisms of social rescue organisations in China following the Wenchuan earthquake","authors":"Weidong Wang, Ji-Liang Zou","doi":"10.1504/ijem.2019.10023856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijem.2019.10023856","url":null,"abstract":"Since the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May, 2008, social organisations involved in emergency management in China have been displaying an increasingly important role. The aim of this paper was to analyse the evolution of the participation of social rescue organisations in China in the past ten years. The research determines some related laws and associated problems. According to a grounded analysis of the characteristics, advantages, and evolution of the participation mechanism of blue sky rescue (BSR) and the rescue team of ramunion (RTR) in social rescues, suggestions are proposed to improve the participation mechanism of social rescue organisations from four aspects: system guarantee, organisational governance, communication and coordination, and social support.1 Moreover, the network management mechanism of social rescue organisations was also studied to improve disaster prevention and relief networks.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42250927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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