Pub Date : 2018-04-11DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2018.10011571
Zhi-Mou Chen, Y. Yeh, Ting-Chien Chen
The measurement of rainfall data during disaster periods is an important task. Unfortunately, some rainfall data will be missed owing to unpredictable factors. Therefore, this study first collected the hourly rainfall records from past disaster events. Next, a statistic cluster analysis method was used to analyse the correlation between the rainfall records in each station. Finally, a spatial interpolation computing method was applied within each cluster to predict reliable rainfall estimates for the areas that lacked past rainfall records. The cluster analysis results showed that selecting the nearby three to four rainfall stations for the spatial interpolation analysis simplified the calculation process. In particular, the result of grouped cluster analysis could enhance the accuracy of the rainfall estimation in the mountainous areas. This study established a reliable rainfall estimation method as a basis for future regional disaster analysis.
{"title":"The clustering analysis and spatial interpolation of intense rainfall data","authors":"Zhi-Mou Chen, Y. Yeh, Ting-Chien Chen","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2018.10011571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2018.10011571","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of rainfall data during disaster periods is an important task. Unfortunately, some rainfall data will be missed owing to unpredictable factors. Therefore, this study first collected the hourly rainfall records from past disaster events. Next, a statistic cluster analysis method was used to analyse the correlation between the rainfall records in each station. Finally, a spatial interpolation computing method was applied within each cluster to predict reliable rainfall estimates for the areas that lacked past rainfall records. The cluster analysis results showed that selecting the nearby three to four rainfall stations for the spatial interpolation analysis simplified the calculation process. In particular, the result of grouped cluster analysis could enhance the accuracy of the rainfall estimation in the mountainous areas. This study established a reliable rainfall estimation method as a basis for future regional disaster analysis.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43303151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010184
D. Whitmer, Madeleine LaGoy, V. Sims
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the need for collaboration between two areas of research: classical psychological helping behaviours and emergency warnings. A large-scale disaster (i.e., the Chicago Heat Wave) is used throughout the paper as an example in which knowledge of the helping behaviour literature could have assisted emergency responders. The emergency warning literature is reviewed within the context of people heeding the warnings and deciding to share the information with others. Developments in the helping literature are reviewed, along with a final summary of key lessons from this area of experimental research that can help answer questions for future emergency responders. With a better understanding of experimental findings in the area of prosocial behaviours, emergency managers may be better able to assist their communities. Likewise, a greater collaboration between these two fields may lead to more research with the intent of improving emergency response.
{"title":"Understanding emergency response: lessons learned from the helping literature","authors":"D. Whitmer, Madeleine LaGoy, V. Sims","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010184","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the need for collaboration between two areas of research: classical psychological helping behaviours and emergency warnings. A large-scale disaster (i.e., the Chicago Heat Wave) is used throughout the paper as an example in which knowledge of the helping behaviour literature could have assisted emergency responders. The emergency warning literature is reviewed within the context of people heeding the warnings and deciding to share the information with others. Developments in the helping literature are reviewed, along with a final summary of key lessons from this area of experimental research that can help answer questions for future emergency responders. With a better understanding of experimental findings in the area of prosocial behaviours, emergency managers may be better able to assist their communities. Likewise, a greater collaboration between these two fields may lead to more research with the intent of improving emergency response.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41791055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010174
J. Groenendaal, I. Helsloot
Little scholarly attention has been devoted to understanding command and control practices among incident commanders and the extent to which these practices contribute to response safety and efficiency. This paper examines incident command and control practices of 23 battalion chiefs from a Dutch Fire Service during realistic exercises using largely identical scenarios. A helmet-mounted camera in conjunction with field observation was used to gather data. The results show that although incident command and control practices varied in detail, the strategies used were largely the same. No relationship was discovered between incident command and control practices and response safety and efficiency. A reason for the lack of significance of the command and control function was that battalion chiefs relied essentially on information and advice given by crew commanders, which did not provide a basis for insights other than those already present among crew commanders. Implications for practice are provided.
{"title":"A closer examination of command and control practices by incident commanders during realistic operational exercises in the Netherlands","authors":"J. Groenendaal, I. Helsloot","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010174","url":null,"abstract":"Little scholarly attention has been devoted to understanding command and control practices among incident commanders and the extent to which these practices contribute to response safety and efficiency. This paper examines incident command and control practices of 23 battalion chiefs from a Dutch Fire Service during realistic exercises using largely identical scenarios. A helmet-mounted camera in conjunction with field observation was used to gather data. The results show that although incident command and control practices varied in detail, the strategies used were largely the same. No relationship was discovered between incident command and control practices and response safety and efficiency. A reason for the lack of significance of the command and control function was that battalion chiefs relied essentially on information and advice given by crew commanders, which did not provide a basis for insights other than those already present among crew commanders. Implications for practice are provided.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45015364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010177
Chung-Hung Tsai
The average recurrence interval of major earthquakes is approximately a century. Consequently, the existing data are insufficient for an accurate estimation of average losses. The main objective of this research is to study the disaster-prone characteristics of hotels by using modern concepts of risk management (i.e., loss exceedance probability analysis, seismic hazard analysis and so on) and then combine the relevant basic research data from domestic and foreign sources to develop a seismic risk assessment and management system suitable for the hospitality industry. The proposed seismic risk management and risk evaluation system will also provide governments, hotel asset owners, insurance companies and banks in Taiwan that have similar regional characteristics with the necessary seismic risk information to help the tourism industry effectively evaluate and manage the natural disaster risk.
{"title":"Seismic risk assessment and design of tourism buildings using probability analysis","authors":"Chung-Hung Tsai","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010177","url":null,"abstract":"The average recurrence interval of major earthquakes is approximately a century. Consequently, the existing data are insufficient for an accurate estimation of average losses. The main objective of this research is to study the disaster-prone characteristics of hotels by using modern concepts of risk management (i.e., loss exceedance probability analysis, seismic hazard analysis and so on) and then combine the relevant basic research data from domestic and foreign sources to develop a seismic risk assessment and management system suitable for the hospitality industry. The proposed seismic risk management and risk evaluation system will also provide governments, hotel asset owners, insurance companies and banks in Taiwan that have similar regional characteristics with the necessary seismic risk information to help the tourism industry effectively evaluate and manage the natural disaster risk.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41974308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010068
Meryam Benabdouallah, Chakib Bojji, Othmane El Yaakoubi
Setting priorities of sectors in an emergency intervention is an important unit to improve the healthcare management of a city. The goal of this paper is to prioritise sectors in Rabat region of Morocco when two or more emergency calls are received in call centres of hospitals using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). This prioritisation is based on social, demographic and proximity criteria that lead to rank the 10 sectors of the region. The paper shows that the proposed AHP methodology is consistent and allows a real ranking of Rabat sectors.
{"title":"Sector prioritisation in Rabat region for emergency management","authors":"Meryam Benabdouallah, Chakib Bojji, Othmane El Yaakoubi","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010068","url":null,"abstract":"Setting priorities of sectors in an emergency intervention is an important unit to improve the healthcare management of a city. The goal of this paper is to prioritise sectors in Rabat region of Morocco when two or more emergency calls are received in call centres of hospitals using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). This prioritisation is based on social, demographic and proximity criteria that lead to rank the 10 sectors of the region. The paper shows that the proposed AHP methodology is consistent and allows a real ranking of Rabat sectors.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43578638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2018.089165
Georg Schmidt
Terrorist attacks are on the rise and aim to create vast damage and large numbers of injured people. Explosive weapons became the predominant ordnance for terror-related events and more countries have to deal with the aftermaths of bombing incidents. These attacks can create mass-casualty emergencies and trigger complex pattern of injuries. This paper utilises eligible secondary literature to review these patterns of injuries and discusses the constraints for health systems. It appears that fragments of explosive weapons trigger the highest number of injuries. Subsequently, the predominant injuries can be researched in penetrating trauma and complex bone fractures. Triage can be researched as a key-task after terror-related bombings to minimise mortality amongst survivors. A close collaboration of all involved health staff will be required to adapt to bombing events. Additional training for health staff might be needed to adapt to terror bombings and the civilian health structure might benefit from experi...
{"title":"Terrorist attacks with explosive weapons: pattern of injuries and health constraints","authors":"Georg Schmidt","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2018.089165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2018.089165","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorist attacks are on the rise and aim to create vast damage and large numbers of injured people. Explosive weapons became the predominant ordnance for terror-related events and more countries have to deal with the aftermaths of bombing incidents. These attacks can create mass-casualty emergencies and trigger complex pattern of injuries. This paper utilises eligible secondary literature to review these patterns of injuries and discusses the constraints for health systems. It appears that fragments of explosive weapons trigger the highest number of injuries. Subsequently, the predominant injuries can be researched in penetrating trauma and complex bone fractures. Triage can be researched as a key-task after terror-related bombings to minimise mortality amongst survivors. A close collaboration of all involved health staff will be required to adapt to bombing events. Additional training for health staff might be needed to adapt to terror bombings and the civilian health structure might benefit from experi...","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJEM.2018.089165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42510637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010176
Boyang Zhang, M. Vos, J. Veijalainen
This research explores the relation between a crisis and public discussion on related issues. In organisational crisis communication a single-issue strategy is often proposed. Such a strategy, however, may not be adequate in complex crises where the crisis lifecycle is likely to encompass shorter lifecycles of issues that generate attention. Decomposing the online crisis debate into a pattern of issues supports understanding of public perceptions, and hence of crisis response and communication. This is investigated through an analysis of Facebook posts prompted by the loss of Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 in 2014. The analysis shows that during the crisis a variety of related issues arose that became topics of public debate. Compassion for victims dominated in the early stages of the crisis, while later on reputation-related issues took over. The insights gained help in understanding the results of social media monitoring during complex organisational crises and facilitate organisational decision making.
{"title":"Decomposing issue patterns in crisis communication : the case of the lost airliner","authors":"Boyang Zhang, M. Vos, J. Veijalainen","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2018.10010176","url":null,"abstract":"This research explores the relation between a crisis and public discussion on related issues. In organisational crisis communication a single-issue strategy is often proposed. Such a strategy, however, may not be adequate in complex crises where the crisis lifecycle is likely to encompass shorter lifecycles of issues that generate attention. Decomposing the online crisis debate into a pattern of issues supports understanding of public perceptions, and hence of crisis response and communication. This is investigated through an analysis of Facebook posts prompted by the loss of Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 in 2014. The analysis shows that during the crisis a variety of related issues arose that became topics of public debate. Compassion for victims dominated in the early stages of the crisis, while later on reputation-related issues took over. The insights gained help in understanding the results of social media monitoring during complex organisational crises and facilitate organisational decision making.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41767981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-16DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.087224
Ida Maria Haugstveit, A. W. Eide, Anders E. Liverud, E. L. Rake, Steffen Dalgard, Jon Vedum, Jan Håvard Skjetne
Prehospital emergency triage involves prioritising patients and deciding who are in the most urgent need of treatment and medical intervention. Currently used triage methods do not support simple sharing of patient-related information, making it challenging for emergency personnel to monitor the number, location and medical status of patients involved in an incident. We present the design and evaluation of an electronic system that facilitates patient tracking and monitoring of vital parameters from the incident scene to place of treatment. The system comprises a patient electronic triage bracelet, which communicates with software applications for patient monitoring. We tested the system in two situations: real-life, daily operations involving real patients over 1 month and in a 1-day, large-scale, mass casualty exercise. Results are presented, along with lessons learned and suggestions for future research.
{"title":"Design and evaluation of an electronic triage system for prehospital monitoring of patients","authors":"Ida Maria Haugstveit, A. W. Eide, Anders E. Liverud, E. L. Rake, Steffen Dalgard, Jon Vedum, Jan Håvard Skjetne","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.087224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.087224","url":null,"abstract":"Prehospital emergency triage involves prioritising patients and deciding who are in the most urgent need of treatment and medical intervention. Currently used triage methods do not support simple sharing of patient-related information, making it challenging for emergency personnel to monitor the number, location and medical status of patients involved in an incident. We present the design and evaluation of an electronic system that facilitates patient tracking and monitoring of vital parameters from the incident scene to place of treatment. The system comprises a patient electronic triage bracelet, which communicates with software applications for patient monitoring. We tested the system in two situations: real-life, daily operations involving real patients over 1 month and in a 1-day, large-scale, mass casualty exercise. Results are presented, along with lessons learned and suggestions for future research.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJEM.2017.087224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45303891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-16DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007640
Jian Xi, D. Cliff, Zongzhi Wu
This paper introduces current practices on underground coal mine emergency management in China and Australia. From aspects of prevention, preparedness, response and recovery (PPRR), methods, measures and technology applied in two countries on underground coal mine emergency management are compared. The influences of education, engineering and enforcement (3E) on accident prevention in both countries are analysed. Differences on legislations, emergency plans, organisation, equipment and exercises during emergency preparedness are enumerated as well as the reasons leading to these differences. On the aspect of emergency response, the incident classification, command structure, evacuation and aided rescue are compared. For emergency recovery, differences on incident report rules are emphatically compared. At last, advantages and challenges of China and Australia on underground coal mine emergency management are concluded. Third party emergency services, trigger action response plans (TARPs) and high potential incidents (HPIs) are three major advantages from which China could benefit.
{"title":"A comparison of underground coal mine emergency management in China and Australia","authors":"Jian Xi, D. Cliff, Zongzhi Wu","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007640","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces current practices on underground coal mine emergency management in China and Australia. From aspects of prevention, preparedness, response and recovery (PPRR), methods, measures and technology applied in two countries on underground coal mine emergency management are compared. The influences of education, engineering and enforcement (3E) on accident prevention in both countries are analysed. Differences on legislations, emergency plans, organisation, equipment and exercises during emergency preparedness are enumerated as well as the reasons leading to these differences. On the aspect of emergency response, the incident classification, command structure, evacuation and aided rescue are compared. For emergency recovery, differences on incident report rules are emphatically compared. At last, advantages and challenges of China and Australia on underground coal mine emergency management are concluded. Third party emergency services, trigger action response plans (TARPs) and high potential incidents (HPIs) are three major advantages from which China could benefit.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44112236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-16DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007630
B. Liu, B. Fowler, Holly A. Roberts, E. Sayers, Michael J. Egnoto
Communication failures often contribute to emergency medicine breakdowns during crises like Ebola, Superstorm Sandy, and 9/11. For example, the misidentification of Ebola in Dallas in 2015 was blamed on ineffective communication between hospital departments and ineffective hospital communication systems. Yet, existing research rarely examines how communication breakdowns can contribute to such failures. This paper provides a systematic research review to introduce emergency medicine providers to research-based best practices in risk and crisis communication. This paper also extends these best practices based on the unique healthcare system context. Understanding these best practices can improve how emergency medicine providers prepare for and respond to crises. In addition, awareness of critical research gaps such as message crafting techniques, family communication, and empowering nurses can inform strategic priorities for mitigating common communication failure points.
{"title":"The role of communication in healthcare systems and community resilience","authors":"B. Liu, B. Fowler, Holly A. Roberts, E. Sayers, Michael J. Egnoto","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007630","url":null,"abstract":"Communication failures often contribute to emergency medicine breakdowns during crises like Ebola, Superstorm Sandy, and 9/11. For example, the misidentification of Ebola in Dallas in 2015 was blamed on ineffective communication between hospital departments and ineffective hospital communication systems. Yet, existing research rarely examines how communication breakdowns can contribute to such failures. This paper provides a systematic research review to introduce emergency medicine providers to research-based best practices in risk and crisis communication. This paper also extends these best practices based on the unique healthcare system context. Understanding these best practices can improve how emergency medicine providers prepare for and respond to crises. In addition, awareness of critical research gaps such as message crafting techniques, family communication, and empowering nurses can inform strategic priorities for mitigating common communication failure points.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48803467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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