Pub Date : 2017-03-24DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003682
M. Alzaghal, Naill M. Momani
Volunteerism in emergency situations has proved its importance for responding stakeholders and victims. First responders community (FRC) may use the resources and expertise offered by volunteers in all domains of services provided for the people affected by the disaster, which will lessen the human and monetary losses. In this paper, volunteering in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) current and future trends are discussed in the context of the economic and in social development especially focusing on the pilgrimage season 'Hajj' as the core of volunteering efforts in KSA. A volunteer system for disaster management in KSA is proposed to enhance mitigation and response capabilities for future disasters in KSA.
{"title":"Emergency volunteering in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: current and future trends","authors":"M. Alzaghal, Naill M. Momani","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003682","url":null,"abstract":"Volunteerism in emergency situations has proved its importance for responding stakeholders and victims. First responders community (FRC) may use the resources and expertise offered by volunteers in all domains of services provided for the people affected by the disaster, which will lessen the human and monetary losses. In this paper, volunteering in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) current and future trends are discussed in the context of the economic and in social development especially focusing on the pilgrimage season 'Hajj' as the core of volunteering efforts in KSA. A volunteer system for disaster management in KSA is proposed to enhance mitigation and response capabilities for future disasters in KSA.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"160-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48886835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-24DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003687
R. Abdalla, S. Al-Harbi
Road networks and healthcare facilities are among the key critical infrastructure sectors in the City of Jeddah. A considerable portion of these sectors requires verification of the possibility of being at risk or being influenced by various catastrophes, for example flash floods, earthquakes or because of terrorism or operational failures. This paper presents a proposition of how the concept resiliency of these critical infrastructure sectors can be modelled and visualised using geospatial information systems (GIS). The paper will lay a foundation cornerstone in emergency management operations for the City of Jeddah. It will add to the advancement of this research domain in light of a pilot exploration venture of the state-of-the-art innovation. It will also add to providing an answer to the fundamental question of how GIS technology can be best used to provide an answer of how best to protect life and property in extreme situations.
{"title":"The role of GIS technology in assessing critical infrastructure resiliency during emergencies in the City of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","authors":"R. Abdalla, S. Al-Harbi","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003687","url":null,"abstract":"Road networks and healthcare facilities are among the key critical infrastructure sectors in the City of Jeddah. A considerable portion of these sectors requires verification of the possibility of being at risk or being influenced by various catastrophes, for example flash floods, earthquakes or because of terrorism or operational failures. This paper presents a proposition of how the concept resiliency of these critical infrastructure sectors can be modelled and visualised using geospatial information systems (GIS). The paper will lay a foundation cornerstone in emergency management operations for the City of Jeddah. It will add to the advancement of this research domain in light of a pilot exploration venture of the state-of-the-art innovation. It will also add to providing an answer to the fundamental question of how GIS technology can be best used to provide an answer of how best to protect life and property in extreme situations.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"183-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46717305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-24DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003686
Xiaoxin Zhu, Baiqing Sun
This paper aims at predicting the dynamic death tolls in earthquakes using a combination of case-based reasoning and a times series model from realistic perspective. The proposed methodology consists of three steps: 1) fuzzy clustering to classify Chinese earthquakes; 2) mortality rates calculating to predict the final death tolls; 3) time series modelling to predict dynamic number of deaths. The strength of this paper is that it provides scientific methods with overall forecast errors lower than 20%, and opens the door for conducting final and dynamic death forecasts with a qualitative and quantitative approach.
{"title":"Final and dynamic mortality prediction from earthquakes in China","authors":"Xiaoxin Zhu, Baiqing Sun","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003686","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at predicting the dynamic death tolls in earthquakes using a combination of case-based reasoning and a times series model from realistic perspective. The proposed methodology consists of three steps: 1) fuzzy clustering to classify Chinese earthquakes; 2) mortality rates calculating to predict the final death tolls; 3) time series modelling to predict dynamic number of deaths. The strength of this paper is that it provides scientific methods with overall forecast errors lower than 20%, and opens the door for conducting final and dynamic death forecasts with a qualitative and quantitative approach.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"131-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45346453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-24DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003684
Anqi Wang, Enyan Wang, Xiangyang Li
Effectively sharing information and coordinating among multiple organisations has long posed a significant challenge, especially in the complexities of a disaster rescue situation. This paper focuses on the study of fulfilling emergency response information-sharing among multiple organisations participating in emergency rescue activities, with the aim of formulating and coordinating rescue plans in the task-planning phase. A functional framework of emergency response support system (ERSS) is proposed, on the basis of related studies in this area. Rapid information-sharing relies on the standard data model and flexible communication mechanism, and the mechanism's effectiveness and flexibility mainly depend on the fusion of multiple emergency response methods and rescue plans. This paper details the process of fusion between response methods and implementation steps. A comprehensive plan is unified in view of extensive optimisation. Finally, the formulation of a rescue plan is validated through a prototype system evaluation.
{"title":"Emergency response information sharing and fusing in multi-subject coalitions","authors":"Anqi Wang, Enyan Wang, Xiangyang Li","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003684","url":null,"abstract":"Effectively sharing information and coordinating among multiple organisations has long posed a significant challenge, especially in the complexities of a disaster rescue situation. This paper focuses on the study of fulfilling emergency response information-sharing among multiple organisations participating in emergency rescue activities, with the aim of formulating and coordinating rescue plans in the task-planning phase. A functional framework of emergency response support system (ERSS) is proposed, on the basis of related studies in this area. Rapid information-sharing relies on the standard data model and flexible communication mechanism, and the mechanism's effectiveness and flexibility mainly depend on the fusion of multiple emergency response methods and rescue plans. This paper details the process of fusion between response methods and implementation steps. A comprehensive plan is unified in view of extensive optimisation. Finally, the formulation of a rescue plan is validated through a prototype system evaluation.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"117-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42982926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-24DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003681
Naill M. Momani
There is growing global interest in offering the science of disasters and crises management as an option through the academic universities and research centres, especially after the increase in human and material losses owing to natural and man-made disasters. In this paper, we studied the academic role to be played by universities and research centres in Arab States to reduce future losses. We found that there is a limited interest to introduce crises and disasters management as an academic option within Arab States universities and research centres. The main objective of this research is to raise awareness in academia of the importance of scientific research in the field of crisis management to prevent or reduce future losses of organisations and assist them to return to normal life after a crisis. It is hoped this topic will be included in future seminars and conferences.
{"title":"Academic role in disasters and crises management: opportunities and challenges","authors":"Naill M. Momani","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003681","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing global interest in offering the science of disasters and crises management as an option through the academic universities and research centres, especially after the increase in human and material losses owing to natural and man-made disasters. In this paper, we studied the academic role to be played by universities and research centres in Arab States to reduce future losses. We found that there is a limited interest to introduce crises and disasters management as an academic option within Arab States universities and research centres. The main objective of this research is to raise awareness in academia of the importance of scientific research in the field of crisis management to prevent or reduce future losses of organisations and assist them to return to normal life after a crisis. It is hoped this topic will be included in future seminars and conferences.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"150-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49427046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-24DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003683
Clayton Wukich, Ashish Kumar Khemka
This paper examines how and to what extent national-level Red Cross and Red Crescent organisations (i.e. national societies) use the social media platform Twitter. Specifically, we assess (a) adoption rates and influential factors; (b) message types and frequency; and (c) the ability to reach large audiences. Findings demonstrate that while the digital divide (i.e. the disparity between country-level internet access rates) limits adoption, key exceptions signal the potential for further diffusion. This paper also illustrates disparate message types, points out the limits of organisational reach, and presents evidence-based suggestions to improve message amplification.
{"title":"Social media adoption, message content, and reach: an examination of Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies","authors":"Clayton Wukich, Ashish Kumar Khemka","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003683","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how and to what extent national-level Red Cross and Red Crescent organisations (i.e. national societies) use the social media platform Twitter. Specifically, we assess (a) adoption rates and influential factors; (b) message types and frequency; and (c) the ability to reach large audiences. Findings demonstrate that while the digital divide (i.e. the disparity between country-level internet access rates) limits adoption, key exceptions signal the potential for further diffusion. This paper also illustrates disparate message types, points out the limits of organisational reach, and presents evidence-based suggestions to improve message amplification.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41518142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10002063
Jared A. Grunwald, C. Bearman
Effective coordination is an essential part of managing large-scale emergencies. It is important for key personnel in emergency management agencies to be able to identify and resolve breakdowns in coordination quickly and effectively. This paper focuses on how this is done by Australian regional coordinators. Eleven regional coordinators from three emergency management agencies in Australia participated in individual simulated table-top emergency management exercises involving a concurrent semi-structured interview. Results indicated that two breakdown identification strategies were used: internal (information and intuition-based) and external (network). Two breakdown resolution strategies were identified: response and preparedness. Five 'response' resolution strategies were employed: delegating representatives, providing additional resources, asserting authority, mentoring staff and replacing disruptive staff. Two 'preparedness' breakdown resolution strategies were employed: preplanning and building a cooperative culture. These results contribute to our understanding of how people identify and resolve breakdowns in coordination from the position of operational oversight.
{"title":"Identifying and resolving coordinated decision making breakdowns in emergency management","authors":"Jared A. Grunwald, C. Bearman","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10002063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10002063","url":null,"abstract":"Effective coordination is an essential part of managing large-scale emergencies. It is important for key personnel in emergency management agencies to be able to identify and resolve breakdowns in coordination quickly and effectively. This paper focuses on how this is done by Australian regional coordinators. Eleven regional coordinators from three emergency management agencies in Australia participated in individual simulated table-top emergency management exercises involving a concurrent semi-structured interview. Results indicated that two breakdown identification strategies were used: internal (information and intuition-based) and external (network). Two breakdown resolution strategies were identified: response and preparedness. Five 'response' resolution strategies were employed: delegating representatives, providing additional resources, asserting authority, mentoring staff and replacing disruptive staff. Two 'preparedness' breakdown resolution strategies were employed: preplanning and building a cooperative culture. These results contribute to our understanding of how people identify and resolve breakdowns in coordination from the position of operational oversight.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"68-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42481853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.081188
Yaping Qu
During the initial disaster response phase, an important issue in humanitarian relief logistics is to tackle the complexity of decision-making that covers the appropriate relief allocation and the associated transportation plan. We propose a two-level modelling methodology to alleviate that challenge, where the upper-level model focuses on the strategic relief distribution policy among the recipients whereas the lower-level model deals with the transportation routes, vehicle deployment and loading problems at the operational level based on the upper-level solution. Furthermore, in view of the demand uncertainty in impacted areas, a robust model is developed to guarantee the feasibility of relief distribution solutions. Also, a case study is conducted to illustrate the benefit of the presented robust framework, which is not only favourable in terms of the reliability and equity level relative to the deterministic one but also capable of offering advice on the vehicle arrangement.
{"title":"A robust approach to the two-level humanitarian relief operation","authors":"Yaping Qu","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.081188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.081188","url":null,"abstract":"During the initial disaster response phase, an important issue in humanitarian relief logistics is to tackle the complexity of decision-making that covers the appropriate relief allocation and the associated transportation plan. We propose a two-level modelling methodology to alleviate that challenge, where the upper-level model focuses on the strategic relief distribution policy among the recipients whereas the lower-level model deals with the transportation routes, vehicle deployment and loading problems at the operational level based on the upper-level solution. Furthermore, in view of the demand uncertainty in impacted areas, a robust model is developed to guarantee the feasibility of relief distribution solutions. Also, a case study is conducted to illustrate the benefit of the presented robust framework, which is not only favourable in terms of the reliability and equity level relative to the deterministic one but also capable of offering advice on the vehicle arrangement.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJEM.2017.081188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41394743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10002060
Hsien-Ho Chang
Since the establishment of the incident command system (ICS), the debates of the effectiveness of using this system have never stopped. The majority of ICS debates can be related to the discussions of using a mechanistic system or an organic system in organisational theories. Consequently, I utilise the lens of organisational theory to review the ICS research and discussions over the past decades. After conducting an extensive literature review, I find three factors contributing to different evaluations of the ICS, they are: 1) disagreement on the nature of the ICS; 2) scale of disaster; 3) the implementation of the ICS. At the end of this research, I provide three future ICS research directions: 1) focusing on the nature of this system; 2) controlling the scale of disasters that are discussed; 3) further exploring how people really implement this system on the ground.
{"title":"A literature review and analysis of the incident command system","authors":"Hsien-Ho Chang","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10002060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10002060","url":null,"abstract":"Since the establishment of the incident command system (ICS), the debates of the effectiveness of using this system have never stopped. The majority of ICS debates can be related to the discussions of using a mechanistic system or an organic system in organisational theories. Consequently, I utilise the lens of organisational theory to review the ICS research and discussions over the past decades. After conducting an extensive literature review, I find three factors contributing to different evaluations of the ICS, they are: 1) disagreement on the nature of the ICS; 2) scale of disaster; 3) the implementation of the ICS. At the end of this research, I provide three future ICS research directions: 1) focusing on the nature of this system; 2) controlling the scale of disasters that are discussed; 3) further exploring how people really implement this system on the ground.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"50-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44027241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This qualitative research study explores the leadership challenges in emergency management systems in Canada. Complex adaptive systems theory forms the theoretical paradigmatic perspective of emergency events, such as mass emergencies, disasters and catastrophes. Thematic analysis of a key informant study of emergency leaders identified 12 key leadership capabilities. From the grounded theory methodological approach, a theory of transformational emergency systems leadership emerged and is posited. The findings and implications are discussed in light of theoretical implications for humanistic and technologically driven leadership; inter-sectorial collaborative networks; adaptive learning and training of future emergency leaders; and future international emergency management research.
{"title":"Towards Transformational Leadership: The Nexus of Emergency Management Systems in Canada","authors":"D. Caro","doi":"10.20381/RUOR-870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20381/RUOR-870","url":null,"abstract":"This qualitative research study explores the leadership challenges in emergency management systems in Canada. Complex adaptive systems theory forms the theoretical paradigmatic perspective of emergency events, such as mass emergencies, disasters and catastrophes. Thematic analysis of a key informant study of emergency leaders identified 12 key leadership capabilities. From the grounded theory methodological approach, a theory of transformational emergency systems leadership emerged and is posited. The findings and implications are discussed in light of theoretical implications for humanistic and technologically driven leadership; inter-sectorial collaborative networks; adaptive learning and training of future emergency leaders; and future international emergency management research.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"12 1","pages":"113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68303650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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