Pub Date : 2017-10-16DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007627
S. Irshad
The economic impact of disaster is directly associated with the loss of capital and also the amount of compensation to be distributed among the survivors. However, this is still a problematic issue in developing/backward economies. The current method of compensation considers the material value of the assets and does not offer a comprehensive package to assess the use value and dependency value of the lost asset. This paper has selected the Odisha Super Cyclone 1999 and Uttarakhand Flood 2013 as the cases to elaborate the issue of economic recovery of disaster survivors. It attempts to have a comparative analysis of these disasters and also the time taken for recovery. The long-term economic recovery of such communities directly depends on the post-disaster economic support system, which could be either a new livelihood program or a program enabling the community to find effective alternatives.
{"title":"Economic recovery of disaster survivors: a critical analysis","authors":"S. Irshad","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007627","url":null,"abstract":"The economic impact of disaster is directly associated with the loss of capital and also the amount of compensation to be distributed among the survivors. However, this is still a problematic issue in developing/backward economies. The current method of compensation considers the material value of the assets and does not offer a comprehensive package to assess the use value and dependency value of the lost asset. This paper has selected the Odisha Super Cyclone 1999 and Uttarakhand Flood 2013 as the cases to elaborate the issue of economic recovery of disaster survivors. It attempts to have a comparative analysis of these disasters and also the time taken for recovery. The long-term economic recovery of such communities directly depends on the post-disaster economic support system, which could be either a new livelihood program or a program enabling the community to find effective alternatives.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44274138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-16DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007633
Georg Schmidt
This study explores which challenges in humanitarian fieldwork trigger stress and what factors and conditions enable humanitarian aid workers (HAW) to withstand adversity without developing negative physical or mental health outcome. A qualitative approach was selected to interview aid workers, using an in-depth semi-structured question guide. Selected participants completed at least three missions while employed with an organisation and the type of fieldwork was restricted to emergency response, complex emergencies and early recovery. Results show that general workload, teamwork and the connection to headquarters are perceived as the biggest challenges. Important resilience resources can be identified in team-members, professional experience and possessing a satisfying life back home. Intercultural understanding was researched as one of the most important personality traits within humanitarian fieldwork. This study suggests better preparation for HAW prior fieldwork and better education programs within the field to compliment professional experience.
{"title":"Managing work-related stress in humanitarian fieldwork: aid workers and resilience resources","authors":"Georg Schmidt","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10007633","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores which challenges in humanitarian fieldwork trigger stress and what factors and conditions enable humanitarian aid workers (HAW) to withstand adversity without developing negative physical or mental health outcome. A qualitative approach was selected to interview aid workers, using an in-depth semi-structured question guide. Selected participants completed at least three missions while employed with an organisation and the type of fieldwork was restricted to emergency response, complex emergencies and early recovery. Results show that general workload, teamwork and the connection to headquarters are perceived as the biggest challenges. Important resilience resources can be identified in team-members, professional experience and possessing a satisfying life back home. Intercultural understanding was researched as one of the most important personality traits within humanitarian fieldwork. This study suggests better preparation for HAW prior fieldwork and better education programs within the field to compliment professional experience.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41646488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-12DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005413
Kyoo‐Man Ha
Owing to the superficial disaster response, so many passengers of the ferry Sewol drowned to death around the Jindo area in South Korea. The aim of this paper was to raise the significance of establishing a national disaster response framework by analysing the actions of the five major stakeholders in the recent tragedy: 1) the national and local governments; 2) the ferry captain and crew; 3) the mass media; 4) the rescuers; 5) the victims and their families. As a key tenet, the author maintains that Korea has to set up an in-depth response framework, just as advanced nations have, so as not to repeat such tragic circumstances should another disaster occur.
{"title":"A lesson learned from the ferry Sewol sinking in South Korea in 2014","authors":"Kyoo‐Man Ha","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005413","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the superficial disaster response, so many passengers of the ferry Sewol drowned to death around the Jindo area in South Korea. The aim of this paper was to raise the significance of establishing a national disaster response framework by analysing the actions of the five major stakeholders in the recent tragedy: 1) the national and local governments; 2) the ferry captain and crew; 3) the mass media; 4) the rescuers; 5) the victims and their families. As a key tenet, the author maintains that Korea has to set up an in-depth response framework, just as advanced nations have, so as not to repeat such tragic circumstances should another disaster occur.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42762632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-12DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005420
E. Tambo, A. Fouad, E. Khater
Background: Increasing natural and man-made threats to communities and disaster vulnerabilities have been linked to globalisation, increasing urbanisation and climate changes. This review paper analyses the changing trend and pattern in natural and man-made evolving emergencies threats and disasters vulnerability, towards robust and effective emergency community-based preparedness, emergency response policy and programs in Saudi Arabia. Method: A systematic review was performed to assess community emergency readiness in man-made or natural threats and epidemics disasters in the Kingdom. Findings: Our results showed that man-made disasters were the most reported cause of fatality with over 3979 deaths from 1975 to April, 2016. Substantially, Saudi Arabia government commitment and investment efforts have been devoted to ensure adequate emergency management. However, the level of community emergency preparedness culture for all types of risk assessment and management still requires urgent attention in the context of emerging global health threats and epidemics. This paper provides a set of lessons learnt that are useful to foster and scale-up further policy-makers and emergency planners proactive emergency preparedness capacity, and communities resilience initiatives. Leveraging on aggregate annual Hajj and Umrah pilgrimage or mass gathering lessons learnt, global emergency response experiences and best practices are assets in scaling-up proactive and practical community/public and regional emergency security resilience. Conclusion: Strengthening evidence-based comprehensive sustained Saudi innovative community-based emergency partnerships, community surveillance and preparedness, resilient measures and best practices against threats and disasters is advocated.
{"title":"Strengthening community emergency preparedness and response in threats and epidemics disasters prevention and management in Saudi Arabia","authors":"E. Tambo, A. Fouad, E. Khater","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005420","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Increasing natural and man-made threats to communities and disaster vulnerabilities have been linked to globalisation, increasing urbanisation and climate changes. This review paper analyses the changing trend and pattern in natural and man-made evolving emergencies threats and disasters vulnerability, towards robust and effective emergency community-based preparedness, emergency response policy and programs in Saudi Arabia. Method: A systematic review was performed to assess community emergency readiness in man-made or natural threats and epidemics disasters in the Kingdom. Findings: Our results showed that man-made disasters were the most reported cause of fatality with over 3979 deaths from 1975 to April, 2016. Substantially, Saudi Arabia government commitment and investment efforts have been devoted to ensure adequate emergency management. However, the level of community emergency preparedness culture for all types of risk assessment and management still requires urgent attention in the context of emerging global health threats and epidemics. This paper provides a set of lessons learnt that are useful to foster and scale-up further policy-makers and emergency planners proactive emergency preparedness capacity, and communities resilience initiatives. Leveraging on aggregate annual Hajj and Umrah pilgrimage or mass gathering lessons learnt, global emergency response experiences and best practices are assets in scaling-up proactive and practical community/public and regional emergency security resilience. Conclusion: Strengthening evidence-based comprehensive sustained Saudi innovative community-based emergency partnerships, community surveillance and preparedness, resilient measures and best practices against threats and disasters is advocated.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44419314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-12DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.085007
A. C. Calderon, P. Johnson
With increasing demands for autonomous agents to work alongside humans in emergency management response (EMR), considerations of translations of human to machine language (and the converse) are timely. We present a prototype where the translation is dealt with by restricting communications to occur through a form of controlled natural language (CNL) (Fuchs and Schwitter, 1995). The prototype is new in that it allows for communications between both physical and virtual autonomous agents, agents are assigned different levels of autonomy, and it includes a level of information hiding that allows for information to be passed to relevant agents, whilst keeping those (humans) involved anonymous. A real-life mission is then used to exemplify how information is retrieved and communicated in the prototype. Finally, some usability experimental results are presented.
{"title":"Information extraction in emergency management missions: an adaptive multi-agent approach","authors":"A. C. Calderon, P. Johnson","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.085007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.085007","url":null,"abstract":"With increasing demands for autonomous agents to work alongside humans in emergency management response (EMR), considerations of translations of human to machine language (and the converse) are timely. We present a prototype where the translation is dealt with by restricting communications to occur through a form of controlled natural language (CNL) (Fuchs and Schwitter, 1995). The prototype is new in that it allows for communications between both physical and virtual autonomous agents, agents are assigned different levels of autonomy, and it includes a level of information hiding that allows for information to be passed to relevant agents, whilst keeping those (humans) involved anonymous. A real-life mission is then used to exemplify how information is retrieved and communicated in the prototype. Finally, some usability experimental results are presented.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJEM.2017.085007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42446598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-12DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005417
Takoua Mastouri, Monia Rekik, Mustapha Nour El Fath
This paper deals with the response phase of humanitarian relief. We model the first operations of distribution of humanitarian aid in a disaster area that correspond to a rich vehicle routing problem (VRP) where we aim at minimising maximum delivery time. Regarding the model attributes' complexity, we develop a column generation approach to solve the optimisation model. This approach relies on a specific pricing problem that generates routes with negative reduced costs to add to the master problem. These routes define the sequence of demand points to visit and the quantities to be carried to each one.
{"title":"A mathematical approach to model humanitarian aid distribution in disaster area","authors":"Takoua Mastouri, Monia Rekik, Mustapha Nour El Fath","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005417","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the response phase of humanitarian relief. We model the first operations of distribution of humanitarian aid in a disaster area that correspond to a rich vehicle routing problem (VRP) where we aim at minimising maximum delivery time. Regarding the model attributes' complexity, we develop a column generation approach to solve the optimisation model. This approach relies on a specific pricing problem that generates routes with negative reduced costs to add to the master problem. These routes define the sequence of demand points to visit and the quantities to be carried to each one.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46791438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-12DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.085003
T. Rosqvist, D. Havlik, M. Meriste
This paper introduces a generic decision model that connects three basic components in the response decision process: the stochastic information flow consisting of help requests and resource availabilities; situation awareness based on a spatiotemporal risk picture and response decisions allocating resources for response actions. The formalism utilised is the stochastic marked point process. The paper is written to support 'black-box' modelling of situation awareness in virtual training simulation, where a trainee's performance is compared with, e.g., the performance of experienced commanders with respect to key performance indicators (KPIs) obtained from such simulations. The paper also briefly discusses the use of the introduced decision model in developing agent-based models and simulations. It is also noted that the decision model encompasses the recognition-primed decision (RPD) model of naturalistic decision-making.
{"title":"A reference decision model of first responders' decision-making","authors":"T. Rosqvist, D. Havlik, M. Meriste","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.085003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.085003","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a generic decision model that connects three basic components in the response decision process: the stochastic information flow consisting of help requests and resource availabilities; situation awareness based on a spatiotemporal risk picture and response decisions allocating resources for response actions. The formalism utilised is the stochastic marked point process. The paper is written to support 'black-box' modelling of situation awareness in virtual training simulation, where a trainee's performance is compared with, e.g., the performance of experienced commanders with respect to key performance indicators (KPIs) obtained from such simulations. The paper also briefly discusses the use of the introduced decision model in developing agent-based models and simulations. It is also noted that the decision model encompasses the recognition-primed decision (RPD) model of naturalistic decision-making.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45223608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-12DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005418
Hassan Simbawa
KAUH has remarkably uplifted its crisis management plan of action after the floods that hit Jeddah 2009. Several changes were brought about to the entire system, some of which were the activation of disaster plans and the incident command system. KAUH accommodated the numerous drowned victims brought about by the civil defence. Although the mechanical room in the basement was affected, functions of the critical care units were maintained. Although recovery took about two weeks, stable patients were discharged. The forecast has been included in university's mitigation plan, while the mechanical room's protection was strengthened and the renovation process included building of flood preventive structures. The second flood, which hit Jeddah in 2011, did not affect the university including the hospital. KAUH became a shelter for staff and victims. In addition to the disaster plan being revised and updated, the maintenance and renovation processes are still continuing.
{"title":"King Abdulaziz University Hospital management of flood disaster","authors":"Hassan Simbawa","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005418","url":null,"abstract":"KAUH has remarkably uplifted its crisis management plan of action after the floods that hit Jeddah 2009. Several changes were brought about to the entire system, some of which were the activation of disaster plans and the incident command system. KAUH accommodated the numerous drowned victims brought about by the civil defence. Although the mechanical room in the basement was affected, functions of the critical care units were maintained. Although recovery took about two weeks, stable patients were discharged. The forecast has been included in university's mitigation plan, while the mechanical room's protection was strengthened and the renovation process included building of flood preventive structures. The second flood, which hit Jeddah in 2011, did not affect the university including the hospital. KAUH became a shelter for staff and victims. In addition to the disaster plan being revised and updated, the maintenance and renovation processes are still continuing.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42696210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-12DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005419
M. Boehm
This paper investigates micro-sociological events which affect the construction and negotiation of sense in the handling of emergency situations. Through participatory observation and action-cameras attached to fire brigade incident commanders, critical events are identified and condensed. The effects of these critical events upon the incident commanders are analysed in dialogical sessions. The dialogical sessions reveal vulnerability when critical events affect them cognitively, but especially when affected emotionally and physically. Acknowledging and understanding the effect of these striking moments is the baseline from which incident commanders and researchers can gain insight into the realities of practice. This paper argues that in order to gain insight into the actual practice conducted in the midst of everyday action we need to shift our view of incident commanders from privileged sense-makers to privileged sense-facilitators.
{"title":"'Struck' in the midst of action: incident commanders from Denmark handling everyday emergencies","authors":"M. Boehm","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10005419","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates micro-sociological events which affect the construction and negotiation of sense in the handling of emergency situations. Through participatory observation and action-cameras attached to fire brigade incident commanders, critical events are identified and condensed. The effects of these critical events upon the incident commanders are analysed in dialogical sessions. The dialogical sessions reveal vulnerability when critical events affect them cognitively, but especially when affected emotionally and physically. Acknowledging and understanding the effect of these striking moments is the baseline from which incident commanders and researchers can gain insight into the realities of practice. This paper argues that in order to gain insight into the actual practice conducted in the midst of everyday action we need to shift our view of incident commanders from privileged sense-makers to privileged sense-facilitators.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41343290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-24DOI: 10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003682
M. Alzaghal, Naill M. Momani
Volunteerism in emergency situations has proved its importance for responding stakeholders and victims. First responders community (FRC) may use the resources and expertise offered by volunteers in all domains of services provided for the people affected by the disaster, which will lessen the human and monetary losses. In this paper, volunteering in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) current and future trends are discussed in the context of the economic and in social development especially focusing on the pilgrimage season 'Hajj' as the core of volunteering efforts in KSA. A volunteer system for disaster management in KSA is proposed to enhance mitigation and response capabilities for future disasters in KSA.
{"title":"Emergency volunteering in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: current and future trends","authors":"M. Alzaghal, Naill M. Momani","doi":"10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2017.10003682","url":null,"abstract":"Volunteerism in emergency situations has proved its importance for responding stakeholders and victims. First responders community (FRC) may use the resources and expertise offered by volunteers in all domains of services provided for the people affected by the disaster, which will lessen the human and monetary losses. In this paper, volunteering in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) current and future trends are discussed in the context of the economic and in social development especially focusing on the pilgrimage season 'Hajj' as the core of volunteering efforts in KSA. A volunteer system for disaster management in KSA is proposed to enhance mitigation and response capabilities for future disasters in KSA.","PeriodicalId":44960,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Management","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48886835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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