Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/07268602.2020.1834348
Qiaoyun Chen
ABSTRACT This article models the semantic structure and lectal variation of shi ‘cause’ and rang ‘let’ in the context of an analytic causative construction in Mandarin Chinese. The investigation is framed within a 3D model (the formal, conceptual and social dimensions) and integrates semasiological and onomasiological perspectives of semantic variation. Adopting a corpus-based method and regarding constructional exemplars of the verbs as a prototypical category, it explores semantic salience and variability of the verbs on the one hand and their semantic division of labour on the other. Important dimensions that are relevant for the semantic structure of shi and rang are illuminated, along with their lectal variation. Reasons for the semantic differences are explained from a diachronic perspective, as shi and rang are shown to be at different points along the same grammaticalization pathway.
{"title":"Creating a 3D semantic profile of causative shi and rang: A constructional approach","authors":"Qiaoyun Chen","doi":"10.1080/07268602.2020.1834348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1834348","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article models the semantic structure and lectal variation of shi ‘cause’ and rang ‘let’ in the context of an analytic causative construction in Mandarin Chinese. The investigation is framed within a 3D model (the formal, conceptual and social dimensions) and integrates semasiological and onomasiological perspectives of semantic variation. Adopting a corpus-based method and regarding constructional exemplars of the verbs as a prototypical category, it explores semantic salience and variability of the verbs on the one hand and their semantic division of labour on the other. Important dimensions that are relevant for the semantic structure of shi and rang are illuminated, along with their lectal variation. Reasons for the semantic differences are explained from a diachronic perspective, as shi and rang are shown to be at different points along the same grammaticalization pathway.","PeriodicalId":44988,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"405 - 427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07268602.2020.1834348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41742767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/07268602.2020.1823817
Qian Wang
ABSTRACT Most previous studies on discourse markers (DMs) have yielded a common finding, that is, native speakers of English (NSs) and non-native speakers of English (NNSs) use discourse markers in different ways, especially as regards frequency of occurrence, position and function. Although discourse markers, such as I think, I mean and you know, are sometimes syntactically peripheral and poor in semantic meaning, they are pragmatically indispensable in spoken discourse and serve a variety of pragmatic functions. This study focuses on one of the most frequently overused discourse markers by NNSs, I think, and presents a comparative analysis of I think as used by Hong Kong English (HKE) speakers and British English (BrE) speakers in terms of its frequency of occurrence, position, collocation patterns and pragmatic functions, based on two parallel corpora: the Hong Kong component (ICE–HK) and the British component (ICE–GB) of the International Corpus of English (ICE). By highlighting similarities and differences in the use of I think by HKE and BrE speakers, this study also examines possible reasons that may lead to these.
{"title":"A corpus-based contrastive analysis of I think in spoken Hong Kong English: Research from the International Corpus of English (ICE)","authors":"Qian Wang","doi":"10.1080/07268602.2020.1823817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1823817","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Most previous studies on discourse markers (DMs) have yielded a common finding, that is, native speakers of English (NSs) and non-native speakers of English (NNSs) use discourse markers in different ways, especially as regards frequency of occurrence, position and function. Although discourse markers, such as I think, I mean and you know, are sometimes syntactically peripheral and poor in semantic meaning, they are pragmatically indispensable in spoken discourse and serve a variety of pragmatic functions. This study focuses on one of the most frequently overused discourse markers by NNSs, I think, and presents a comparative analysis of I think as used by Hong Kong English (HKE) speakers and British English (BrE) speakers in terms of its frequency of occurrence, position, collocation patterns and pragmatic functions, based on two parallel corpora: the Hong Kong component (ICE–HK) and the British component (ICE–GB) of the International Corpus of English (ICE). By highlighting similarities and differences in the use of I think by HKE and BrE speakers, this study also examines possible reasons that may lead to these.","PeriodicalId":44988,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"319 - 345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07268602.2020.1823817","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41345137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/07268602.2020.1804830
F. Meakins, Rob Pensalfini, Caitlin Zipf, Amanda Hamilton-Hollaway
ABSTRACT We discuss two unrelated languages, Jingulu (Mirndi, non-Pama-Nyungan) and Mudburra (Ngumpin-Yapa, Pama-Nyungan), which have been in contact for 200–500 years. The language contact situation is unusual cross-linguistically due to the high number of shared nouns, tending to an almost shared noun lexicon. Even more unusually, this lexicon was formed by borrowing in both directions at a relatively equal rate. The aim of this paper is to extend the bidirectional noun borrowing results to the verbal systems of Jingulu and Mudburra to determine whether a similarly high rate of borrowing occurred, and if so, whether it was similarly bidirectional. The high degree of shared Jingulu–Mudburra verb forms was first observed by Pensalfini who claimed that Jingulu and Mudburra lexical verbs are almost entirely cognate across these two languages. This paper aims to quantify the degree of shared verb forms and determine the direction of borrowing between Mudburra and Jingulu. We first establish shared forms and then determine the origins of the forms based on a comparative database of verbs from geographic and phylogenetic neighbours (Wambaya, Gurindji and Jaminjung).
{"title":"Lend me your verbs: Verb borrowing between Jingulu and Mudburra","authors":"F. Meakins, Rob Pensalfini, Caitlin Zipf, Amanda Hamilton-Hollaway","doi":"10.1080/07268602.2020.1804830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1804830","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We discuss two unrelated languages, Jingulu (Mirndi, non-Pama-Nyungan) and Mudburra (Ngumpin-Yapa, Pama-Nyungan), which have been in contact for 200–500 years. The language contact situation is unusual cross-linguistically due to the high number of shared nouns, tending to an almost shared noun lexicon. Even more unusually, this lexicon was formed by borrowing in both directions at a relatively equal rate. The aim of this paper is to extend the bidirectional noun borrowing results to the verbal systems of Jingulu and Mudburra to determine whether a similarly high rate of borrowing occurred, and if so, whether it was similarly bidirectional. The high degree of shared Jingulu–Mudburra verb forms was first observed by Pensalfini who claimed that Jingulu and Mudburra lexical verbs are almost entirely cognate across these two languages. This paper aims to quantify the degree of shared verb forms and determine the direction of borrowing between Mudburra and Jingulu. We first establish shared forms and then determine the origins of the forms based on a comparative database of verbs from geographic and phylogenetic neighbours (Wambaya, Gurindji and Jaminjung).","PeriodicalId":44988,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"296 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07268602.2020.1804830","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44805266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/07268602.2020.1803209
M. Harvey, B. Baker
ABSTRACT Languages adopt a number of strategies to avoid dispreferred phonotactic structures. The general pattern is that such strategies involve minimum departure from the input form. One of these strategies is epenthesis. With epenthesis, the minimum departure from the input form is usually the addition of a singleton consonant or a singleton vowel. We show that Alawa and Marra have epenthetic CV syllables in prefix complexes, and that this epenthesis of a syllable is not motivated in phonological theory. We provide evidence that these prefixal structures did not originate in epenthesis, but rather were by-products of reduction processes targeting prefixed article paradigms. We propose that the synchronically epenthetic prefixes are remnants of old article roots.
{"title":"Epenthetic prefixation in Alawa and Marra","authors":"M. Harvey, B. Baker","doi":"10.1080/07268602.2020.1803209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1803209","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Languages adopt a number of strategies to avoid dispreferred phonotactic structures. The general pattern is that such strategies involve minimum departure from the input form. One of these strategies is epenthesis. With epenthesis, the minimum departure from the input form is usually the addition of a singleton consonant or a singleton vowel. We show that Alawa and Marra have epenthetic CV syllables in prefix complexes, and that this epenthesis of a syllable is not motivated in phonological theory. We provide evidence that these prefixal structures did not originate in epenthesis, but rather were by-products of reduction processes targeting prefixed article paradigms. We propose that the synchronically epenthetic prefixes are remnants of old article roots.","PeriodicalId":44988,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"273 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07268602.2020.1803209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43992477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/07268602.2020.1787089
A. Libert
{"title":"Words That Go Ping: The Ridiculously Wonderful World of Onomatopoeia","authors":"A. Libert","doi":"10.1080/07268602.2020.1787089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1787089","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44988,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"400 - 401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07268602.2020.1787089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45068853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/07268602.2020.1823818
James Grama, Catherine E. Travis, S. Gonzalez
ABSTRACT Increased global migration to international urban centres has motivated a growing interest in ethnolects and the role migrant communities play in language variation and change. Here, we consider ethnolectal variation in real and apparent time, by examining the realization of word-final (er) (e.g. teacher, remember) in Australian English. We capitalize on sociolinguistic interview data collected by Barbara Horvath in Sydney in the 1970s as a benchmark against which to compare newly collected recordings with Sydneysiders in the 2010s. Approximately 15,000 tokens of word-final (er) were extracted from the speech of nearly 200 people, including Anglo-Australians, and second-generation migrants of Italian, Greek and Chinese background. Acoustic analyses of vowel duration and position in the vowel space reveal incremental lengthening with concomitant lowering and backing over time for (er), though only in prosodically final position. This change was led by Greek and Italian teenagers in the 1970s, then taken up by working class women, and today, has been adopted across the community. Tracking this change in real and apparent time provides evidence that ethnolectal features may be adopted by the wider community, with ethnic minorities playing a leading role in language change.
{"title":"Ethnolectal and community change ov(er) time: Word-final (er) in Australian English","authors":"James Grama, Catherine E. Travis, S. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1080/07268602.2020.1823818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1823818","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Increased global migration to international urban centres has motivated a growing interest in ethnolects and the role migrant communities play in language variation and change. Here, we consider ethnolectal variation in real and apparent time, by examining the realization of word-final (er) (e.g. teacher, remember) in Australian English. We capitalize on sociolinguistic interview data collected by Barbara Horvath in Sydney in the 1970s as a benchmark against which to compare newly collected recordings with Sydneysiders in the 2010s. Approximately 15,000 tokens of word-final (er) were extracted from the speech of nearly 200 people, including Anglo-Australians, and second-generation migrants of Italian, Greek and Chinese background. Acoustic analyses of vowel duration and position in the vowel space reveal incremental lengthening with concomitant lowering and backing over time for (er), though only in prosodically final position. This change was led by Greek and Italian teenagers in the 1970s, then taken up by working class women, and today, has been adopted across the community. Tracking this change in real and apparent time provides evidence that ethnolectal features may be adopted by the wider community, with ethnic minorities playing a leading role in language change.","PeriodicalId":44988,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"346 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07268602.2020.1823818","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59399019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/07268602.2020.1786881
Catherine E. Travis
{"title":"Borrowing: Loanwords in the Speech Community and in the Grammar","authors":"Catherine E. Travis","doi":"10.1080/07268602.2020.1786881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1786881","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44988,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"396 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07268602.2020.1786881","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43214238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/07268602.2020.1786880
Pablo M. Tagarro, Nerea Suárez-González
{"title":"Subordination in English: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives","authors":"Pablo M. Tagarro, Nerea Suárez-González","doi":"10.1080/07268602.2020.1786880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1786880","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44988,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"391 - 396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07268602.2020.1786880","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42824081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/07268602.2020.1832441
Haiping Long, B. Heine, F. Ursini
ABSTRACT The Modern Chinese parenthetical clause-taking mental predicate (CTMP) ni xiang (as in Ni xiang yinian huafei duoshao qian a? ‘You think (about it), how much money will it cost each year?’) is used to urge the hearer to give attention to the content of the clause with which it combines. It is argued that its formation does not follow a commonly accepted matrix clause pathway, in which a parenthetical CTMP develops from a corresponding matrix clause structure, because examples of parenthetical CTMP ni xiang appear more than 150 years earlier than examples of matrix clause ni xiang in Early Modern Chinese. It is hypothesized instead that a conjoining pathway leading from a prosodically separated CTMP ni xiang to a prosodically unseparated CTMP ni xiang may be adopted to account for the formation of parenthetical CTMP ni xiang and its various contextual properties.
现代汉语插入式带子句心理谓语(CTMP)倪翔(如倪翔一念花飞多少钱a?)“你想想，每年要花多少钱?”)用来敦促听者注意与它连用的从句的内容。本文认为，它的形成并没有遵循一般认为的由相应的矩阵子句结构发展而来的矩阵子句路径，因为在早期现代汉语中，插入式CTMP的例子比矩阵子句“ni xiang”的例子早出现150多年。相反，我们假设，从一个韵律分离的CTMP - ni xiang到一个韵律未分离的CTMP - ni xiang的连接途径可能被采用来解释括号CTMP - ni xiang的形成及其各种上下文特性。
{"title":"Prosody and formation of Modern Chinese parenthetical CTMP ni xiang ‘you think’: A conjoining pathway account","authors":"Haiping Long, B. Heine, F. Ursini","doi":"10.1080/07268602.2020.1832441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1832441","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Modern Chinese parenthetical clause-taking mental predicate (CTMP) ni xiang (as in Ni xiang yinian huafei duoshao qian a? ‘You think (about it), how much money will it cost each year?’) is used to urge the hearer to give attention to the content of the clause with which it combines. It is argued that its formation does not follow a commonly accepted matrix clause pathway, in which a parenthetical CTMP develops from a corresponding matrix clause structure, because examples of parenthetical CTMP ni xiang appear more than 150 years earlier than examples of matrix clause ni xiang in Early Modern Chinese. It is hypothesized instead that a conjoining pathway leading from a prosodically separated CTMP ni xiang to a prosodically unseparated CTMP ni xiang may be adopted to account for the formation of parenthetical CTMP ni xiang and its various contextual properties.","PeriodicalId":44988,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Linguistics","volume":"40 1","pages":"369 - 386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07268602.2020.1832441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45299247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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