Abstract For the sustainability of an important renewable resource, such as wood, it is important to significantly increase the efficiency of its processing. A large part of this raw material ends up in the wood processing industry, where it is used for the production of pulp, paper, construction and furniture timber, floors and others. Therefore, it is very important to gain the knowledge needed for optimal valuation of raw wood material, through quality detection and classification into quality classes. There are many defectoscopic methods working on different physical principles. The most familiar of these methods are semi-destructive and non-destructive, as they do not cause damage to the tree or wood during assessment. The aim of this article is to describe, assess and compare known semi-destructive and non-destructive methods for the assessment of wood properties. This article describes basic visual inspection, basic semi-destructive methods (Pilodyn, Resistograph) and advanced semi-destructive methods (SilviScan®, DiscBot®) as well. Non-destructive methods use mostly acoustic wave motion (acoustic, ultrasonic), high-frequency waves (using georadar, microwave) and methods based on visual evaluation (image, laser). At last, there are X–ray methods with the latest technology using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). The implementation of modern non-destructive methods is of great importance for the application of principles of Industry 4.0, where these methods provide collecting of data on the material properties, in its entire production flow of log processing.
{"title":"Innovative methods of non-destructive evaluation of log quality","authors":"Vojtěch Ondrejka, T. Gergeľ, T. Bucha, M. Pástor","doi":"10.2478/forj-2020-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For the sustainability of an important renewable resource, such as wood, it is important to significantly increase the efficiency of its processing. A large part of this raw material ends up in the wood processing industry, where it is used for the production of pulp, paper, construction and furniture timber, floors and others. Therefore, it is very important to gain the knowledge needed for optimal valuation of raw wood material, through quality detection and classification into quality classes. There are many defectoscopic methods working on different physical principles. The most familiar of these methods are semi-destructive and non-destructive, as they do not cause damage to the tree or wood during assessment. The aim of this article is to describe, assess and compare known semi-destructive and non-destructive methods for the assessment of wood properties. This article describes basic visual inspection, basic semi-destructive methods (Pilodyn, Resistograph) and advanced semi-destructive methods (SilviScan®, DiscBot®) as well. Non-destructive methods use mostly acoustic wave motion (acoustic, ultrasonic), high-frequency waves (using georadar, microwave) and methods based on visual evaluation (image, laser). At last, there are X–ray methods with the latest technology using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT). The implementation of modern non-destructive methods is of great importance for the application of principles of Industry 4.0, where these methods provide collecting of data on the material properties, in its entire production flow of log processing.","PeriodicalId":45042,"journal":{"name":"Central European Forestry Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":"3 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42317326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irena Štěrbová, Eliška Oberhofnerová, M. Pánek, Ondřej Dvořák, M. Pavelek
Abstract Wood, as a building material, is nowadays more often used outdoors. From the point of view of environment care, wood constructions and use of renewable materials belongs between modern increasing trends in industry. Wooden facades, more often used without surface treatment, are the important part of this trend. In Central Europe, European larch (Larix decidua) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) are especially popular materials for wooden facade elements. The aim of this study is to characterize the surface degradation of untreated facade models from both European and Siberian larch wood. The wood species, orientation to the sides of the world and construction type of the facade were the evaluation factors, which were regularly examined during 24 months of outdoor exposure via measuring the changes of surface colour, gloss, wettability and visual appearance in the form of cracks and resin leaking. The influence of all evaluated factors on the measured properties was determined. The results of this work can help to proper use of untreated larch wood on facade elements in practice.
{"title":"Influence of different exposition of larch wood facade models on their surface degradation processes","authors":"Irena Štěrbová, Eliška Oberhofnerová, M. Pánek, Ondřej Dvořák, M. Pavelek","doi":"10.2478/forj-2020-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wood, as a building material, is nowadays more often used outdoors. From the point of view of environment care, wood constructions and use of renewable materials belongs between modern increasing trends in industry. Wooden facades, more often used without surface treatment, are the important part of this trend. In Central Europe, European larch (Larix decidua) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) are especially popular materials for wooden facade elements. The aim of this study is to characterize the surface degradation of untreated facade models from both European and Siberian larch wood. The wood species, orientation to the sides of the world and construction type of the facade were the evaluation factors, which were regularly examined during 24 months of outdoor exposure via measuring the changes of surface colour, gloss, wettability and visual appearance in the form of cracks and resin leaking. The influence of all evaluated factors on the measured properties was determined. The results of this work can help to proper use of untreated larch wood on facade elements in practice.","PeriodicalId":45042,"journal":{"name":"Central European Forestry Journal","volume":"67 1","pages":"45 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46526958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The decline of pure spruce forests in the Beskydy Mountains in the Czech Republic and Slovakia is mainly driven by bark beetle attacks and storm events. Salvage-harvest records based on timber volume on the forest-stand level document the extent of stand failure processed by salvage logging. On the basis of these records, the stand failure proportion was expressed as the proportion of timber volume processed by salvage harvest divided by the standing timber volume over a period of 10 years (sf). Two null hypotheses to be tested are that sf is not influenced by (H1) the size of trees expressed by mean stand age (age) or alternatively by mean stand diameter (dbh); and (H2) the volume proportion of spruce within the stand (spp). The dataset was evaluated as a total and separately for the three site types, each for spruce, beech, fir, larch, pine, and other broadleaved species. The dataset was analysed using a binary logistic regression. The sf increased with age, dbh, and the spp. Pure spruce stands with high age and high dbh on mountain sites are associated with the highest sf. However, a slight admixture of 25% tree species other than spruce was shown to stabilise the stands significantly. Species other than spruce in a minor admixture to spruce stands were destabilised by the breakdown of spruce stands. For a realistic financial evaluation of forest-stand management, managers should consider the risk of stand failure, and reduce the risk by increasing species admixture in the spruce forest stands.
{"title":"A high proportion of norway spruce in mixed stands increases probability of stand failure","authors":"Joerg Roessiger, L. Kulla, Maroš Sedliak","doi":"10.2478/forj-2020-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The decline of pure spruce forests in the Beskydy Mountains in the Czech Republic and Slovakia is mainly driven by bark beetle attacks and storm events. Salvage-harvest records based on timber volume on the forest-stand level document the extent of stand failure processed by salvage logging. On the basis of these records, the stand failure proportion was expressed as the proportion of timber volume processed by salvage harvest divided by the standing timber volume over a period of 10 years (sf). Two null hypotheses to be tested are that sf is not influenced by (H1) the size of trees expressed by mean stand age (age) or alternatively by mean stand diameter (dbh); and (H2) the volume proportion of spruce within the stand (spp). The dataset was evaluated as a total and separately for the three site types, each for spruce, beech, fir, larch, pine, and other broadleaved species. The dataset was analysed using a binary logistic regression. The sf increased with age, dbh, and the spp. Pure spruce stands with high age and high dbh on mountain sites are associated with the highest sf. However, a slight admixture of 25% tree species other than spruce was shown to stabilise the stands significantly. Species other than spruce in a minor admixture to spruce stands were destabilised by the breakdown of spruce stands. For a realistic financial evaluation of forest-stand management, managers should consider the risk of stand failure, and reduce the risk by increasing species admixture in the spruce forest stands.","PeriodicalId":45042,"journal":{"name":"Central European Forestry Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"218 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42010958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent decades were characterized by dramatic changes in the environment, which challenged management of natural resources, including forestry. Many of these changes were driven by increasing air temperature, changing precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of climate extremes. These dynamics affected forest ecosystems across Europe, triggering large pulses of tree mortality and species redistribution, and changing long-term disturbance regimes in many regions. Central Europe is a specific region where processes that are characteristic for low and high latitudes of Europe interact and generate unique ecosystem dynamics. Understanding these processes is central for informing forest management under climate change that needs to accommodate new concepts and address the emergent ecosystem dynamics. Central European Forestry Journal is published jointly by National Forest Centre – Forest Research Institute Zvolen and Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague – Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences. We are pleased to bring to your attention the Special Issue entitled Ecological Interactions in Central European forest under climate change aiming at various ecological interplays in forest ecosystems facing the ongoing changes in climate. This issue presents a collection of six papers endeavouring to fill some gaps in our current understanding of the dynamics of Central European forests. The article Carbon sequestration in living biomass of Slovak forests: recent trends and future projection (Barka et al.) informs about the carbon sequestration potential of Slovak forests during the next three decades. The authors used a model-based approach to quantify the amount of sequestered carbon under different management regimes, suggesting that changes in harvest timing and intensity are potent means for increasing the amount of carbon stored in the forest living biomass. A study Changes in diversity of protected scree and herb-rich beech forest ecosystems over 55 years (Hájek et al.) is looking backward and explores changes in structure and herb layer composition of unique forest types, scree and herb-rich beech forests, over last 55 years, some of these changes reflecting on the ongoing changes in climate. Roessiger et al. investigated the risk of stand-replacing disturbances to spruce stands, and options for alleviating this risk by admixing other trees species than spruce. The study A high proportion of Norway spruce in mixed stands increases probability of stand failure provided sound recommendations for forest management that should increasingly focus on comprehensive risk management rather than on the reductionist focus on productivity. A paper Physiological vitality of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) stands along an altitudinal gradient in Tatra National Park (Jamnická et al.) presents ecophysiological research of disturbed spruce stands in the mountain environment of the High Tatra Mts. The authors focused on tree-level processes such as tree g
近几十年来，环境发生了巨大变化，对包括林业在内的自然资源管理提出了挑战。其中许多变化是由气温升高、降水模式变化和极端气候频率增加引起的。这些动态影响了整个欧洲的森林生态系统，引发了树木死亡和物种再分配的大脉冲，并改变了许多地区的长期干扰机制。中欧是欧洲低纬度和高纬度地区特有的过程相互作用并产生独特生态系统动态的特定区域。了解这些过程对于为气候变化下的森林管理提供信息至关重要，因为气候变化需要适应新的概念并解决新兴的生态系统动态问题。《中欧林业杂志》由兹沃伦国家森林中心森林研究所和布拉格捷克生命科学大学林业和木材科学学院联合出版。我们很高兴提请您注意题为“气候变化下中欧森林的生态相互作用”的特刊，旨在探讨面临持续气候变化的森林生态系统中的各种生态相互作用。本期共有六篇论文，旨在填补我们目前对中欧森林动态的理解中的一些空白。斯洛伐克森林生物量的固碳：最近的趋势和未来预测（Barka等人）一文介绍了斯洛伐克森林在未来三十年的固碳潜力。作者使用基于模型的方法来量化不同管理制度下的封存碳量，这表明收获时间和强度的变化是增加森林生物量中储存碳量的有力手段。一项研究55年来受保护的砾石和草本植物丰富的山毛榉林生态系统多样性的变化（Hájek et al.）回顾并探索了过去55年来独特森林类型、砾石和草本树木丰富的山毛榉林的结构和草本层组成的变化，其中一些变化反映了气候的持续变化。Roessiger等人调查了林分替代对云杉林分的干扰的风险，以及通过混合云杉以外的其他树种来减轻这种风险的选择。这项研究表明，混合林分中挪威云杉的比例很高，增加了林分失效的可能性，这为森林管理提供了合理的建议，森林管理应越来越注重全面的风险管理，而不是减少主义者对生产力的关注。一篇论文《挪威云杉（Picea abies L.）在塔特拉国家公园海拔梯度上的生理活力》（Jamnickáet al.）介绍了对高塔特拉山脉山地环境中受干扰云杉林的生态生理研究，告知树木生理性能的潜在驱动因素。欧洲树皮甲虫Ips排版对西伯利亚云杉Picea obovata木材和针叶的生化和生长特性的影响（Konôpkováet al.）研究了树皮甲虫的侵扰如何影响西伯利亚云杉木材和针叶生物化学特性。作者提出了关于光合作用相关色素反应的有趣发现，扩展了我们对树木与害虫相互作用的理解，也许也为通过光谱反射率的变化早期检测受感染树木提供了信息。上一篇论文《欧洲不同气候地区松树物种对臭氧吸收的反应》强调了一个事实，即除了广泛研究的干旱、风或树皮甲虫之外，还有其他因素对中欧的森林状况产生不利影响。Bičárová等人在斯洛伐克和法国的两个山区环境中调查了臭氧对穆戈松和切姆布拉松的伤害。作者指出了这两个物种的敏感性差异，并提出了绘制臭氧对树木影响图的有趣的方法改进建议。我们相信，这本多样化的研究集将吸引读者，并突出中欧森林和林业的一些独特特征。
{"title":"Editorial to the thematic issue: Ecological interactions in Central European forest under climate change","authors":"Zuzana Sitková, T. Hlásny","doi":"10.2478/forj-2020-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Recent decades were characterized by dramatic changes in the environment, which challenged management of natural resources, including forestry. Many of these changes were driven by increasing air temperature, changing precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of climate extremes. These dynamics affected forest ecosystems across Europe, triggering large pulses of tree mortality and species redistribution, and changing long-term disturbance regimes in many regions. Central Europe is a specific region where processes that are characteristic for low and high latitudes of Europe interact and generate unique ecosystem dynamics. Understanding these processes is central for informing forest management under climate change that needs to accommodate new concepts and address the emergent ecosystem dynamics. Central European Forestry Journal is published jointly by National Forest Centre – Forest Research Institute Zvolen and Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague – Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences. We are pleased to bring to your attention the Special Issue entitled Ecological Interactions in Central European forest under climate change aiming at various ecological interplays in forest ecosystems facing the ongoing changes in climate. This issue presents a collection of six papers endeavouring to fill some gaps in our current understanding of the dynamics of Central European forests. The article Carbon sequestration in living biomass of Slovak forests: recent trends and future projection (Barka et al.) informs about the carbon sequestration potential of Slovak forests during the next three decades. The authors used a model-based approach to quantify the amount of sequestered carbon under different management regimes, suggesting that changes in harvest timing and intensity are potent means for increasing the amount of carbon stored in the forest living biomass. A study Changes in diversity of protected scree and herb-rich beech forest ecosystems over 55 years (Hájek et al.) is looking backward and explores changes in structure and herb layer composition of unique forest types, scree and herb-rich beech forests, over last 55 years, some of these changes reflecting on the ongoing changes in climate. Roessiger et al. investigated the risk of stand-replacing disturbances to spruce stands, and options for alleviating this risk by admixing other trees species than spruce. The study A high proportion of Norway spruce in mixed stands increases probability of stand failure provided sound recommendations for forest management that should increasingly focus on comprehensive risk management rather than on the reductionist focus on productivity. A paper Physiological vitality of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) stands along an altitudinal gradient in Tatra National Park (Jamnická et al.) presents ecophysiological research of disturbed spruce stands in the mountain environment of the High Tatra Mts. The authors focused on tree-level processes such as tree g","PeriodicalId":45042,"journal":{"name":"Central European Forestry Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"189 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44312492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vojtěch Hájek, Z. Vacek, S. Vacek, L. Bílek, R. Prausová, R. Linda, Daniel Bulušek, Ivo Králíček
Abstract Species composition along with spatial and age structure are the main attributes of forest ecosystems. The diversity of scree forests and herb-rich beech forests was analyzed in the Broumovsko Protected Landscape Area, the Czech Republic. The paper objective was to evaluate forest structure and dynamics of species diversity of tree layer, natural regeneration and herb layer in the period 1961–2016. Scree forests were structurally, and species very rich forest stands, in herb-rich beech forests the stands were of medium richness. Studied stands managed by small-scale methods, in the past especially by coppicing and later by shelterwood and selection felling, have maintained high species biodiversity during the 55 years of observation. Substantially higher biodiversity was found out in scree forests compared to herb-rich beech forests. Based on the comparison of predominantly coppiced forest stand and stand of generative origin at sites of scree forests, coppice have maintained higher biodiversity than high forests. Species richness increased during the observation period, but species evenness had mostly decreasing tendency. Species heterogeneity in coppiced scree forests increased in tree layer and natural regeneration, but it decreased in herb layer; inverse dynamics was observed in the high forests. Changes in biodiversity dynamics were remarkable for coppice, while high forests showed relatively high level of stability. During study period herb population of light-demanding species and species characteristic for broadleaved forests decreased, while an increase in shade tolerant, moisture-demanding and nutrient-demanding species, especially nitrophilous species was confirmed. Moreover, occurrence of thermophilic plants increased, respectively cold-tolerant plant population decreased in relation to climate change.
{"title":"Changes in diversity of protected scree and herb-rich beech forest ecosystems over 55 years","authors":"Vojtěch Hájek, Z. Vacek, S. Vacek, L. Bílek, R. Prausová, R. Linda, Daniel Bulušek, Ivo Králíček","doi":"10.2478/forj-2020-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Species composition along with spatial and age structure are the main attributes of forest ecosystems. The diversity of scree forests and herb-rich beech forests was analyzed in the Broumovsko Protected Landscape Area, the Czech Republic. The paper objective was to evaluate forest structure and dynamics of species diversity of tree layer, natural regeneration and herb layer in the period 1961–2016. Scree forests were structurally, and species very rich forest stands, in herb-rich beech forests the stands were of medium richness. Studied stands managed by small-scale methods, in the past especially by coppicing and later by shelterwood and selection felling, have maintained high species biodiversity during the 55 years of observation. Substantially higher biodiversity was found out in scree forests compared to herb-rich beech forests. Based on the comparison of predominantly coppiced forest stand and stand of generative origin at sites of scree forests, coppice have maintained higher biodiversity than high forests. Species richness increased during the observation period, but species evenness had mostly decreasing tendency. Species heterogeneity in coppiced scree forests increased in tree layer and natural regeneration, but it decreased in herb layer; inverse dynamics was observed in the high forests. Changes in biodiversity dynamics were remarkable for coppice, while high forests showed relatively high level of stability. During study period herb population of light-demanding species and species characteristic for broadleaved forests decreased, while an increase in shade tolerant, moisture-demanding and nutrient-demanding species, especially nitrophilous species was confirmed. Moreover, occurrence of thermophilic plants increased, respectively cold-tolerant plant population decreased in relation to climate change.","PeriodicalId":45042,"journal":{"name":"Central European Forestry Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"202 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48613531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Jamnická, A. Konôpková, P. Fleischer, D. Kurjak, Peter Petrík, A. Petek, H. Húdoková, P. Fleischer, Zuzana Homolová, M. Ježík, Ľ. Ditmarová
Abstract Nowadays, a large area of Norway spruce forest stands in Europe is disturbed by windstorm and, subsequently, bark beetle outbreaks. We investigated the state of three disturbed spruce stands along an altitudinal gradient in Tatra National Park (Slovakia) through various physiological processes. Tree-growth characteristics, the mineral nutrition in the needles, and photosynthetic efficiency were assessed. Two techniques of chlorophyll a fluorescence and analyses of assimilatory pigments were used to detect the changes in photosynthesis functioning. Also, the heat sensitivity of photosystem II was tested. Our results showed that these stands are located in nutrient-poor environments. We recorded similar contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, zinc, and iron in all stands. Down the vertical transect, the contents of calcium, magnesium, and manganese significantly decreased and the non-essential aluminium increased. Based on stem circumference measurements, water deficit occurred during the vegetation season in all stands, but with the smallest magnitude highest U–stand. We found some photosynthetic constraints: slightly lower chlorophyll contents in all stands were recorded; however, seasonal dynamics with increasing chlorophyll concentration in the highest U–stand were observed. Moreover, the photochemistry of the lowest D–stand was the most negatively influenced by simulated heat, as the photosynthetic performance index, and the density of the active reactions centres significantly decreased and the values of the K–step and basal fluorescence increased. Therefore, we can conclude the different levels of physiological vitality in these naturally damaged spruce stands, with the best physiological performance of the trees in the highest stand.
{"title":"Physiological vitality of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) stands along an altitudinal gradient in Tatra National Park","authors":"G. Jamnická, A. Konôpková, P. Fleischer, D. Kurjak, Peter Petrík, A. Petek, H. Húdoková, P. Fleischer, Zuzana Homolová, M. Ježík, Ľ. Ditmarová","doi":"10.2478/forj-2020-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nowadays, a large area of Norway spruce forest stands in Europe is disturbed by windstorm and, subsequently, bark beetle outbreaks. We investigated the state of three disturbed spruce stands along an altitudinal gradient in Tatra National Park (Slovakia) through various physiological processes. Tree-growth characteristics, the mineral nutrition in the needles, and photosynthetic efficiency were assessed. Two techniques of chlorophyll a fluorescence and analyses of assimilatory pigments were used to detect the changes in photosynthesis functioning. Also, the heat sensitivity of photosystem II was tested. Our results showed that these stands are located in nutrient-poor environments. We recorded similar contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, zinc, and iron in all stands. Down the vertical transect, the contents of calcium, magnesium, and manganese significantly decreased and the non-essential aluminium increased. Based on stem circumference measurements, water deficit occurred during the vegetation season in all stands, but with the smallest magnitude highest U–stand. We found some photosynthetic constraints: slightly lower chlorophyll contents in all stands were recorded; however, seasonal dynamics with increasing chlorophyll concentration in the highest U–stand were observed. Moreover, the photochemistry of the lowest D–stand was the most negatively influenced by simulated heat, as the photosynthetic performance index, and the density of the active reactions centres significantly decreased and the values of the K–step and basal fluorescence increased. Therefore, we can conclude the different levels of physiological vitality in these naturally damaged spruce stands, with the best physiological performance of the trees in the highest stand.","PeriodicalId":45042,"journal":{"name":"Central European Forestry Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"227 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44557972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Konôpková, K. Vedernikov, E. Zagrebin, Nadezhda A. Islamova, R. Grigoriev, H. Húdoková, A. Petek, J. Kmet’, Peter Petrík, A. Pashkova, A. N. Zhuravleva, I. Bukharina
Abstract European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is an important driver of ecological processes in spruce stands, with severe effects on forestry economies. To prevent bark beetle outbreaks, early detection of infestations is a crucial step in forest management. It is expected that bark beetle infestation modifies biochemical composition of wood and needles, alters physiological responses in the early stage of infestation, which results in the reduction of tree growth and ultimately a tree death. Therefore, we studied the differences in biochemical composition of wood, content of photosynthesis-related pigments, shoot morphology, and growth between the healthy Siberian spruce trees (Picea obovata) and trees which were infested by I. typographus. The study was performed in five experimental plots established in the south of the Udmurt Republic in the European part of the Russian Federation. Three infested and three non-infested trees were chosen on each plot. Our results showed no significant effect of bark beetle infestation on the content of main structural components of wood – holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) and lignin. On the other hand, we found differences in the content of extractive substances in the wood. Specifically, we found a higher tannin content in the non-infested trees. The content of photosynthesis-related pigments differed between the non-infested and infested trees as well. Unexpectedly, bark beetle infestation caused the overproduction of both pigment types rather than their degradation. Moreover, we observed that a higher amount of total extractive substances positively affected the incremental growth, whereas tannins supported the growth of shoots and needles.
{"title":"Impact of the European bark beetle Ips typographus on biochemical and growth properties of wood and needles in Siberian spruce Picea obovata","authors":"A. Konôpková, K. Vedernikov, E. Zagrebin, Nadezhda A. Islamova, R. Grigoriev, H. Húdoková, A. Petek, J. Kmet’, Peter Petrík, A. Pashkova, A. N. Zhuravleva, I. Bukharina","doi":"10.2478/forj-2020-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus is an important driver of ecological processes in spruce stands, with severe effects on forestry economies. To prevent bark beetle outbreaks, early detection of infestations is a crucial step in forest management. It is expected that bark beetle infestation modifies biochemical composition of wood and needles, alters physiological responses in the early stage of infestation, which results in the reduction of tree growth and ultimately a tree death. Therefore, we studied the differences in biochemical composition of wood, content of photosynthesis-related pigments, shoot morphology, and growth between the healthy Siberian spruce trees (Picea obovata) and trees which were infested by I. typographus. The study was performed in five experimental plots established in the south of the Udmurt Republic in the European part of the Russian Federation. Three infested and three non-infested trees were chosen on each plot. Our results showed no significant effect of bark beetle infestation on the content of main structural components of wood – holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) and lignin. On the other hand, we found differences in the content of extractive substances in the wood. Specifically, we found a higher tannin content in the non-infested trees. The content of photosynthesis-related pigments differed between the non-infested and infested trees as well. Unexpectedly, bark beetle infestation caused the overproduction of both pigment types rather than their degradation. Moreover, we observed that a higher amount of total extractive substances positively affected the incremental growth, whereas tannins supported the growth of shoots and needles.","PeriodicalId":45042,"journal":{"name":"Central European Forestry Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"243 - 254"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42535575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper predicts development of forests in Slovakia from the perspective of carbon sequestration. Projection is based on actual trends of changes in forest area, age structure and tree species composition of forest stands managed according to forest management plans. Carbon balance in living biomass has been simulated until 2050 under two harvesting scenarios (based on planned and realized harvesting rates in reference period 2014–2019) with four possible combinations of fixed or changing tree species composition and size of forest area. Input data were stratified by tree species and 10-years wide age classes. A model simulating forest growth using yield tables and harvesting rates was developed and applied for prediction. Results indicate that the scenario based on realized harvesting would lead to a higher level of CO2 removals from atmosphere by living biomass in Slovak forests for the whole simulated period, despite their decrease from the current level ~ −4,000 kt CO2 to ~ −2,000 until 2040 and an increase to~ −2,800 kt CO2 in 2050. Conversely, scenario based on planned harvesting could result in a stronger decrease of CO2 removals, with the culmination in 2040 at ~ −200 kt CO2 followed by a slight increase to ~ −1,000 kt CO2 in 2050. The influences of changes in tree species composition and increasing forest area were significantly lower than effect of different harvesting rates. Results achieved by this study suggest that adjusting harvested volume (e.g., by decreasing harvesting rates or modifying rotation periods) could be the most effective tool to intensify CO2 removals by living biomass in Slovak forests in the upcoming decades.
{"title":"Carbon sequestration in living biomass of Slovak forests: recent trends and future projection","authors":"I. Barka, T. Priwitzer, P. Pavlenda","doi":"10.2478/forj-2020-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper predicts development of forests in Slovakia from the perspective of carbon sequestration. Projection is based on actual trends of changes in forest area, age structure and tree species composition of forest stands managed according to forest management plans. Carbon balance in living biomass has been simulated until 2050 under two harvesting scenarios (based on planned and realized harvesting rates in reference period 2014–2019) with four possible combinations of fixed or changing tree species composition and size of forest area. Input data were stratified by tree species and 10-years wide age classes. A model simulating forest growth using yield tables and harvesting rates was developed and applied for prediction. Results indicate that the scenario based on realized harvesting would lead to a higher level of CO2 removals from atmosphere by living biomass in Slovak forests for the whole simulated period, despite their decrease from the current level ~ −4,000 kt CO2 to ~ −2,000 until 2040 and an increase to~ −2,800 kt CO2 in 2050. Conversely, scenario based on planned harvesting could result in a stronger decrease of CO2 removals, with the culmination in 2040 at ~ −200 kt CO2 followed by a slight increase to ~ −1,000 kt CO2 in 2050. The influences of changes in tree species composition and increasing forest area were significantly lower than effect of different harvesting rates. Results achieved by this study suggest that adjusting harvested volume (e.g., by decreasing harvesting rates or modifying rotation periods) could be the most effective tool to intensify CO2 removals by living biomass in Slovak forests in the upcoming decades.","PeriodicalId":45042,"journal":{"name":"Central European Forestry Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"191 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48771248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bičárová, A. Shashikumar, Laurence Dalstein-Richier, Veronika Lukasová, K. Adamčíková, H. Pavlendová, Zuzana Sitková, Anna Buchholcerová, D. Bilčík
Abstract This study is focused on the research of selected Pinus species exposed to high ozone concentrations in the mountain environment. We noticed different values of modelled ozone doses (MOD) up-taken by Mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) in the High Tatra Mts (SK–HTMts) and Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) in the Alpes-Mercantour (FR–AlpMar) during the growing season 2019. The MOD values were obtained by multiplicative DO3SE model, while we also tested a new approach based on modification of input ozone data. The MOD values were obtained by multiplicative DO3SE model, while we also tested a new approach based on modification of input ozone data. Testing has shown that ozone input based on passive sampling may be used in MOD modelling for sites situated in the subalpine zone where the operation of active monitors is limited.. Presented results confirmed the assumption regarding stomatal ozone flux reduction due to the occurrence of soil drought in hot and dry summer weather typical for the Mediterranean climate region. Despite the limitation of stomatal flux, foliar ozone specific injury on two years needles of P. cembra was substantially higher in comparison to the incidence of ozone injury symptoms observed on two years needles of P. mugo in SK–HTMts. It may suggest low phytotoxicity of given MOD or efficient resistance of P. mugo against oxidative stress. In addition, the visible injury index (VINX) covering the broad effect of biotic and abiotic harmful agents was appraised on P. mugo. Percentage of affected surface indicated moderate deterioration of needle injury at the end of the growing season, particularly due to traces of mechanical damage.
{"title":"The response of Pinus species to ozone uptake in different climate regions of Europe","authors":"S. Bičárová, A. Shashikumar, Laurence Dalstein-Richier, Veronika Lukasová, K. Adamčíková, H. Pavlendová, Zuzana Sitková, Anna Buchholcerová, D. Bilčík","doi":"10.2478/forj-2020-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study is focused on the research of selected Pinus species exposed to high ozone concentrations in the mountain environment. We noticed different values of modelled ozone doses (MOD) up-taken by Mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) in the High Tatra Mts (SK–HTMts) and Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) in the Alpes-Mercantour (FR–AlpMar) during the growing season 2019. The MOD values were obtained by multiplicative DO3SE model, while we also tested a new approach based on modification of input ozone data. The MOD values were obtained by multiplicative DO3SE model, while we also tested a new approach based on modification of input ozone data. Testing has shown that ozone input based on passive sampling may be used in MOD modelling for sites situated in the subalpine zone where the operation of active monitors is limited.. Presented results confirmed the assumption regarding stomatal ozone flux reduction due to the occurrence of soil drought in hot and dry summer weather typical for the Mediterranean climate region. Despite the limitation of stomatal flux, foliar ozone specific injury on two years needles of P. cembra was substantially higher in comparison to the incidence of ozone injury symptoms observed on two years needles of P. mugo in SK–HTMts. It may suggest low phytotoxicity of given MOD or efficient resistance of P. mugo against oxidative stress. In addition, the visible injury index (VINX) covering the broad effect of biotic and abiotic harmful agents was appraised on P. mugo. Percentage of affected surface indicated moderate deterioration of needle injury at the end of the growing season, particularly due to traces of mechanical damage.","PeriodicalId":45042,"journal":{"name":"Central European Forestry Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"255 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46483224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The time efficiency and principles of ergonomics related to timber skidding are based on the time consumption per work cycle as well as on the time consumption per individual work operations. Regarding the demands on the environmental requirements and ever increasing cost of work, it is necessary to objectively evaluate the inevitable time consumption required for timber skidding using all technologies. The paper summarised the results of time studies for skidder technologies. The time study compares the time consumption and productivity of cable skidders and cable-grapple skidders, with the main focus on developing time prediction models. The main aim of the study was to objectify the skidder time consumption and establish the impact of production factors on the time consumption of partial work operations of skidders. Within the time study 231 work cycles were measured, and 53 snapshots of work day with using methods continual time study. The overall time consumption of the work cycle and gross production rate of the monitored cable and cable-grapple skidders is affected by the following production factors: the skidding distance, volume of skidded logs and number of skidded logs. The impact of individual production factors on the overall time consumption of the work cycle is different for each group of skidders. Non-operation times of the skidder operators’ shifts represent 24.6% with the highest part taken by the technical operation of the work place. The mean gross production rate of the monitored skidders varied from 33.3 to 6.91 m3 h−1.
{"title":"Analysis of the time efficiency of skidding technology based on the skidders","authors":"Lukáš Orlovský, V. Messingerová, Z. Danihelová","doi":"10.2478/forj-2020-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/forj-2020-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The time efficiency and principles of ergonomics related to timber skidding are based on the time consumption per work cycle as well as on the time consumption per individual work operations. Regarding the demands on the environmental requirements and ever increasing cost of work, it is necessary to objectively evaluate the inevitable time consumption required for timber skidding using all technologies. The paper summarised the results of time studies for skidder technologies. The time study compares the time consumption and productivity of cable skidders and cable-grapple skidders, with the main focus on developing time prediction models. The main aim of the study was to objectify the skidder time consumption and establish the impact of production factors on the time consumption of partial work operations of skidders. Within the time study 231 work cycles were measured, and 53 snapshots of work day with using methods continual time study. The overall time consumption of the work cycle and gross production rate of the monitored cable and cable-grapple skidders is affected by the following production factors: the skidding distance, volume of skidded logs and number of skidded logs. The impact of individual production factors on the overall time consumption of the work cycle is different for each group of skidders. Non-operation times of the skidder operators’ shifts represent 24.6% with the highest part taken by the technical operation of the work place. The mean gross production rate of the monitored skidders varied from 33.3 to 6.91 m3 h−1.","PeriodicalId":45042,"journal":{"name":"Central European Forestry Journal","volume":"66 1","pages":"177 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2020-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46003600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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