Pub Date : 2023-01-17DOI: 10.1142/s2251171723500022
M. Burnett, David Buck, Nathaniel Ashcraft, Spencer M. Ammermon, B. Jeffs, K. Warnick
{"title":"L Band Phased Array Feed Noise Figure and Radiation Efficiency Measurement with the Antenna Y Factor Method","authors":"M. Burnett, David Buck, Nathaniel Ashcraft, Spencer M. Ammermon, B. Jeffs, K. Warnick","doi":"10.1142/s2251171723500022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2251171723500022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41875237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-17DOI: 10.1142/s2251171723500034
H. Mathur, K. C. Thulasidharen, H. Pruthvi, K. Nagaraju, M. Rajalingam
{"title":"An Image Auto-Guider System for Kodaikanal Tower Tunnel Telescope","authors":"H. Mathur, K. C. Thulasidharen, H. Pruthvi, K. Nagaraju, M. Rajalingam","doi":"10.1142/s2251171723500034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2251171723500034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46839658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-12DOI: 10.1142/S2251171723400068
W. Watters, A. Loeb, F. Laukien, Richard Cloete, A. Delacroix, Sergei Dobroshinsky, Benjamin Horvath, Ezra Kelderman, Sarah Little, Eric Masson, Andy Mead, M. Randall, Forrest Schultz, Matthew Szenher, F. Vervelidou, Abigail White, A. Ahlstrom, Carol Cleland, S. Dockal, N. Donahue, Mark Elowitz, Carson Ezell, Alex Gersznowicz, Nicholas Gold, Michael G. Hercz, E. Keto, K. Knuth, A. Lux, G. Melnick, A. Moro-Martin, J. Martín‐Torres, Daniel Llusa Ribes, P. Sail, M. Teodorani, J. Tedesco, Gerald Thomas Tedesco, M. Tu, M. Zorzano
(Abridged) Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) have resisted explanation and have received little formal scientific attention for 75 years. A primary objective of the Galileo Project is to build an integrated software and instrumentation system designed to conduct a multimodal census of aerial phenomena and to recognize anomalies. Here we present key motivations for the study of UAP and address historical objections to this research. We describe an approach for highlighting outlier events in the high-dimensional parameter space of our census measurements. We provide a detailed roadmap for deciding measurement requirements, as well as a science traceability matrix (STM) for connecting sought-after physical parameters to observables and instrument requirements. We also discuss potential strategies for deciding where to locate instruments for development, testing, and final deployment. Our instrument package is multimodal and multispectral, consisting of (1) wide-field cameras in multiple bands for targeting and tracking of aerial objects and deriving their positions and kinematics using triangulation; (2) narrow-field instruments including cameras for characterizing morphology, spectra, polarimetry, and photometry; (3) passive multistatic arrays of antennas and receivers for radar-derived range and kinematics; (4) radio spectrum analyzers to measure radio and microwave emissions; (5) microphones for sampling acoustic emissions in the infrasonic through ultrasonic frequency bands; and (6) environmental sensors for characterizing ambient conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind velocity), as well as quasistatic electric and magnetic fields, and energetic particles. The use of multispectral instruments and multiple sensor modalities will help to ensure that artifacts are recognized and that true detections are corroborated and verifiable.
{"title":"The Scientific Investigation of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) Using Multimodal Ground-based Observatories","authors":"W. Watters, A. Loeb, F. Laukien, Richard Cloete, A. Delacroix, Sergei Dobroshinsky, Benjamin Horvath, Ezra Kelderman, Sarah Little, Eric Masson, Andy Mead, M. Randall, Forrest Schultz, Matthew Szenher, F. Vervelidou, Abigail White, A. Ahlstrom, Carol Cleland, S. Dockal, N. Donahue, Mark Elowitz, Carson Ezell, Alex Gersznowicz, Nicholas Gold, Michael G. Hercz, E. Keto, K. Knuth, A. Lux, G. Melnick, A. Moro-Martin, J. Martín‐Torres, Daniel Llusa Ribes, P. Sail, M. Teodorani, J. Tedesco, Gerald Thomas Tedesco, M. Tu, M. Zorzano","doi":"10.1142/S2251171723400068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2251171723400068","url":null,"abstract":"(Abridged) Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) have resisted explanation and have received little formal scientific attention for 75 years. A primary objective of the Galileo Project is to build an integrated software and instrumentation system designed to conduct a multimodal census of aerial phenomena and to recognize anomalies. Here we present key motivations for the study of UAP and address historical objections to this research. We describe an approach for highlighting outlier events in the high-dimensional parameter space of our census measurements. We provide a detailed roadmap for deciding measurement requirements, as well as a science traceability matrix (STM) for connecting sought-after physical parameters to observables and instrument requirements. We also discuss potential strategies for deciding where to locate instruments for development, testing, and final deployment. Our instrument package is multimodal and multispectral, consisting of (1) wide-field cameras in multiple bands for targeting and tracking of aerial objects and deriving their positions and kinematics using triangulation; (2) narrow-field instruments including cameras for characterizing morphology, spectra, polarimetry, and photometry; (3) passive multistatic arrays of antennas and receivers for radar-derived range and kinematics; (4) radio spectrum analyzers to measure radio and microwave emissions; (5) microphones for sampling acoustic emissions in the infrasonic through ultrasonic frequency bands; and (6) environmental sensors for characterizing ambient conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, and wind velocity), as well as quasistatic electric and magnetic fields, and energetic particles. The use of multispectral instruments and multiple sensor modalities will help to ensure that artifacts are recognized and that true detections are corroborated and verifiable.","PeriodicalId":45132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43386059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-08DOI: 10.1142/S2251171723400044
M. Randall, A. Delacroix, Carson Ezell, Ezra Kelderman, Sarah Little, A. Loeb, Eric Masson, W. Watters, Richard Cloete, A. White
(Abridged) Quantitative three-dimensional (3D) position and velocity estimates obtained by passive radar will assist the Galileo Project in the detection and classification of aerial objects by providing critical measurements of range, location, and kinematics. These parameters will be combined with those derived from the Project{textquoteright}s suite of electromagnetic sensors and used to separate known aerial objects from those exhibiting anomalous kinematics. SkyWatch, a passive multistatic radar system based on commercial broadcast FM radio transmitters of opportunity, is a network of receivers spaced at geographical scales that enables estimation of the 3D position and velocity time series of objects at altitudes up to 80km, horizontal distances up to 150km, and at velocities to {textpm}2{textpm}2km/s ({textpm}6{textpm}6Mach). The receivers are designed to collect useful data in a variety of environments varying by terrain, transmitter power, relative transmitter distance, adjacent channel strength, etc. In some cases, the direct signal from the transmitter may be large enough to be used as the reference with which the echoes are correlated. In other cases, the direct signal may be weak or absent, in which case a reference is communicated to the receiver from another network node via the internet for echo correlation. Various techniques are discussed specific to the two modes of operation and a hybrid mode. Delay and Doppler data are sent via internet to a central server where triangulation is used to deduce time series of 3D positions and velocities. A multiple receiver (multistatic) radar experiment is undergoing Phase 1 testing, with several receivers placed at various distances around the Harvard{textendash}Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), to validate full 3D position and velocity recovery.
{"title":"SkyWatch: A Passive Multistatic Radar Network for the Measurement of Object Position and Velocity","authors":"M. Randall, A. Delacroix, Carson Ezell, Ezra Kelderman, Sarah Little, A. Loeb, Eric Masson, W. Watters, Richard Cloete, A. White","doi":"10.1142/S2251171723400044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2251171723400044","url":null,"abstract":"(Abridged) Quantitative three-dimensional (3D) position and velocity estimates obtained by passive radar will assist the Galileo Project in the detection and classification of aerial objects by providing critical measurements of range, location, and kinematics. These parameters will be combined with those derived from the Project{textquoteright}s suite of electromagnetic sensors and used to separate known aerial objects from those exhibiting anomalous kinematics. SkyWatch, a passive multistatic radar system based on commercial broadcast FM radio transmitters of opportunity, is a network of receivers spaced at geographical scales that enables estimation of the 3D position and velocity time series of objects at altitudes up to 80km, horizontal distances up to 150km, and at velocities to {textpm}2{textpm}2km/s ({textpm}6{textpm}6Mach). The receivers are designed to collect useful data in a variety of environments varying by terrain, transmitter power, relative transmitter distance, adjacent channel strength, etc. In some cases, the direct signal from the transmitter may be large enough to be used as the reference with which the echoes are correlated. In other cases, the direct signal may be weak or absent, in which case a reference is communicated to the receiver from another network node via the internet for echo correlation. Various techniques are discussed specific to the two modes of operation and a hybrid mode. Delay and Doppler data are sent via internet to a central server where triangulation is used to deduce time series of 3D positions and velocities. A multiple receiver (multistatic) radar experiment is undergoing Phase 1 testing, with several receivers placed at various distances around the Harvard{textendash}Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), to validate full 3D position and velocity recovery.","PeriodicalId":45132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48946998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-24DOI: 10.1142/s2251171722400049
Y. Joshi, T. Bangia, M. Jaiswar, J. Pant, K. Reddy, S. Yadav
{"title":"ARIES 130-cm Devasthal Fast Optical Telescope - Operation and Outcome","authors":"Y. Joshi, T. Bangia, M. Jaiswar, J. Pant, K. Reddy, S. Yadav","doi":"10.1142/s2251171722400049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2251171722400049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44753705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.1142/s2251171722400037
B. Kumar, H. Kumar, Khushal Singh Dangwal, Himanshu Rawat, K. Misra, Vibhore Negi, M. Jaiswar, Naveen Dukiya, B. Ailawadhi, P. Hickson, J. Surdej
The 4[Formula: see text]m International Liquid Mirror Telescope (ILMT) is a zenith-pointing optical observing facility at ARIES Devasthal observatory (Uttarakhand, India). The first light preparatory activities of the ILMT were accomplished in April 2022 followed by on-sky tests that were carried out at the beginning of May 2022. This telescope will perform a multi-band optical (SDSS [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) imaging of a narrow strip ([Formula: see text]) of sky utilizing the time-delayed integration technique. Single-scan ILMT images have an integration time of 102[Formula: see text]s and consecutive-night images can be co-added to further improve the signal-to-noise ratio. An image subtraction technique will also be applied to the nightly recorded observations in order to detect transients, objects exhibiting variations in flux or position. Presently, the facility is in the commissioning phase and regular operation will commence in March 2023. This paper presents a discussion of the main preparation activities before first light, along with preliminary results obtained.
{"title":"First Light Preparations of the 4m ILMT","authors":"B. Kumar, H. Kumar, Khushal Singh Dangwal, Himanshu Rawat, K. Misra, Vibhore Negi, M. Jaiswar, Naveen Dukiya, B. Ailawadhi, P. Hickson, J. Surdej","doi":"10.1142/s2251171722400037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2251171722400037","url":null,"abstract":"The 4[Formula: see text]m International Liquid Mirror Telescope (ILMT) is a zenith-pointing optical observing facility at ARIES Devasthal observatory (Uttarakhand, India). The first light preparatory activities of the ILMT were accomplished in April 2022 followed by on-sky tests that were carried out at the beginning of May 2022. This telescope will perform a multi-band optical (SDSS [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) imaging of a narrow strip ([Formula: see text]) of sky utilizing the time-delayed integration technique. Single-scan ILMT images have an integration time of 102[Formula: see text]s and consecutive-night images can be co-added to further improve the signal-to-noise ratio. An image subtraction technique will also be applied to the nightly recorded observations in order to detect transients, objects exhibiting variations in flux or position. Presently, the facility is in the commissioning phase and regular operation will commence in March 2023. This paper presents a discussion of the main preparation activities before first light, along with preliminary results obtained.","PeriodicalId":45132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43556762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-14DOI: 10.1142/s2251171723500010
P. Tokarsky
{"title":"Parameters of a short dipole antenna placed over a two-layer lunar soil","authors":"P. Tokarsky","doi":"10.1142/s2251171723500010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2251171723500010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42532254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-04DOI: 10.1142/S2251171723400020
Matthew Szenher, A. Delacroix, E. Keto, Sarah Little, M. Randall, W. Watters, Eric Masson, Richard Cloete
To date, there are little reliable data on the position, velocity and acceleration characteristics of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP). The dual hardware and software system described in this document provides a means to address this gap. We describe a weatherized multi-camera system which can capture images in the visible, infrared and near infrared wavelengths. We then describe the software we will use to calibrate the cameras and to robustly localize objects-of-interest in three dimensions. We show how object localizations captured over time will be used to compute the velocity and acceleration of airborne objects.
{"title":"A Hardware and Software Platform for Aerial Object Localization","authors":"Matthew Szenher, A. Delacroix, E. Keto, Sarah Little, M. Randall, W. Watters, Eric Masson, Richard Cloete","doi":"10.1142/S2251171723400020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2251171723400020","url":null,"abstract":"To date, there are little reliable data on the position, velocity and acceleration characteristics of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP). The dual hardware and software system described in this document provides a means to address this gap. We describe a weatherized multi-camera system which can capture images in the visible, infrared and near infrared wavelengths. We then describe the software we will use to calibrate the cameras and to robustly localize objects-of-interest in three dimensions. We show how object localizations captured over time will be used to compute the velocity and acceleration of airborne objects.","PeriodicalId":45132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49135520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.1142/s2251171722400025
Saurabh Sharma, A. Richichi, D. Ojha, B. Kumar, M. Naik, Jeewan Rawat, Darshan Bora, Kuldeep Belwal, Prakash Dhami, M. Bisht
TIRCAM2 is the facility near-infrared Imager at the Devasthal 3.6-m telescope in northern India, equipped with an Aladdin III InSb array detector. We have pioneered the use of TIRCAM2 for very fast photometry, with the aim of recording Lunar Occultations (LO). This mode is now operational and publicly offered. In this paper we describe the relevant instrumental details, we provide references to the LO method and the underlying data analysis procedures, and we list the LO events recorded so far. Among the results, we highlight a few which have led to the measurement of one small-separation binary star and of two stellar angular diameters. We conclude with a brief outlook on further possible instrumental developments and an estimate of the scientific return. In particular, we find that the LO technique can detect sources down to K ≈ 9mag with SNR=1 on the DOT telescope. Angular diameters larger than ≈ 1milliarcsecond (mas) could be measured with SNR above 10, or K ≈ 6mag. These numbers are only an indication and will depend strongly on observing conditions such as lunar phase and rate of lunar limb motion. Based on statistics alone, there are several thousands LO events observable in principle with the given telescope and instrument every year.
{"title":"First Lunar Occultation Results with the TIRCAM2 Near-Infrared Imager at the Devasthal 3.6-m Telescope","authors":"Saurabh Sharma, A. Richichi, D. Ojha, B. Kumar, M. Naik, Jeewan Rawat, Darshan Bora, Kuldeep Belwal, Prakash Dhami, M. Bisht","doi":"10.1142/s2251171722400025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2251171722400025","url":null,"abstract":"TIRCAM2 is the facility near-infrared Imager at the Devasthal 3.6-m telescope in northern India, equipped with an Aladdin III InSb array detector. We have pioneered the use of TIRCAM2 for very fast photometry, with the aim of recording Lunar Occultations (LO). This mode is now operational and publicly offered. In this paper we describe the relevant instrumental details, we provide references to the LO method and the underlying data analysis procedures, and we list the LO events recorded so far. Among the results, we highlight a few which have led to the measurement of one small-separation binary star and of two stellar angular diameters. We conclude with a brief outlook on further possible instrumental developments and an estimate of the scientific return. In particular, we find that the LO technique can detect sources down to K ≈ 9mag with SNR=1 on the DOT telescope. Angular diameters larger than ≈ 1milliarcsecond (mas) could be measured with SNR above 10, or K ≈ 6mag. These numbers are only an indication and will depend strongly on observing conditions such as lunar phase and rate of lunar limb motion. Based on statistics alone, there are several thousands LO events observable in principle with the given telescope and instrument every year.","PeriodicalId":45132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46319318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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