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Wide field Beamformed Observation with MeerKAT MeerKAT的宽视场波束形成观测
IF 1.3 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1142/S2251171721500136
Weiwei Chen, E. Barr, R. Karuppusamy, Michael Kramer, B. Stappers
Large-scale beamforming with radio interferometers has the potential to revolutionize the science done with pulsars and fast radio bursts by improving the survey efficiency for these sources. We describe a wide-field beamformer for the MeerKAT radio telescope and outline strategies to optimally design such surveys. A software implementation of these techniques, Mosaic is introduced and its application in the MeerKAT telescope is presented. We show initial results using the beamformer by observing a globular cluster to track several pulsars simultaneously and demonstrate the source localization capability of this observation.
通过提高对脉冲星和快速射电暴的调查效率,无线电干涉仪的大规模波束形成有可能彻底改变脉冲星和快速射电暴的科学研究。我们描述了一种用于MeerKAT射电望远镜的宽视场波束形成器,并概述了优化设计此类调查的策略。介绍了这些技术的软件实现Mosaic,并介绍了Mosaic在MeerKAT望远镜中的应用。我们展示了通过观测球状星团同时跟踪几颗脉冲星的波束形成器的初步结果,并展示了这种观测的源定位能力。
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引用次数: 1
Radio antenna design for sky-averaged 21 cm cosmology experiments: the REACH case 天空平均21厘米宇宙学实验的无线电天线设计:REACH案例
IF 1.3 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-09-21 DOI: 10.1142/s2251171722500015
J. Cumner, E. Acedo, D. Villiers, D. Anstey, C. Kolitsidas, B. Gurdon, N. Fagnoni, P. Alexander, G. Bernardi, H. Bevins, S. Carey, J. Cavillot, Riccardo Chiello, C. Craeye, W. Croukamp, J. Ely, A. Fialkov, T. Gessey-Jones, Q. Gueuning, Will Handley, R. Hills, A. Josaitis, G. Kulkarni, A. Magro, R. Maiolino, P. Meerburg, S. Mittal, J. Pritchard, E. Puchwein, N. Razavi-Ghods, I. Roque, A. Saxena, K. Scheutwinkel, E. Shen, P. Sims, O. Smirnov, M. Spinelli, K. Zarb-Adami
Following the reported detection of an absorption pro¯le associated with the 21 cm sky-averaged signal from the Cosmic Dawn by the EDGES experiment in 2018, a number of experiments have been set up to verify this result. This paper discusses the design process used for global 21 cm experiments, focusing speci¯cally on the Radio Experiment for the Analysis of Cosmic Hydrogen (REACH). This experiment will seek to understand and compensate for systematic errors present using detailed modeling and characteri-zation of the instrumentation. Detailed quantitative ¯gures of merit and numerical modeling are used to assist the design process of the REACH dipole antenna (one of the two antenna designs for REACH Phase I). This design process produced a 2.5:1 frequency bandwidth dipole. The aim of this design was to balance spectral smoothness and low impedance re°ections with the ability to describe and understand the antenna response to the sky signal to inform the critically important calibration during observation and data analysis.
据报道,在2018年EDGES实验检测到与宇宙黎明号发出的21厘米天空平均信号相关的吸收现象之后,已经建立了许多实验来验证这一结果。本文讨论了用于全球21厘米实验的设计过程,特别关注宇宙氢分析无线电实验(REACH)。本实验将通过对仪器的详细建模和表征来理解和补偿系统误差。详细的定量指标和数值建模用于辅助REACH偶极子天线(REACH阶段的两个天线设计之一)的设计过程。该设计过程产生2.5:1频率带宽的偶极子。该设计的目的是平衡频谱平滑性和低阻抗反射,同时能够描述和理解天线对天空信号的响应,从而为观测和数据分析期间至关重要的校准提供信息。
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引用次数: 6
Characterization and Quantum Efficiency Determination of Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells as Sensors for Precise Flux Calibration 单晶硅太阳能电池作为精确通量校准传感器的特性和量子效率测定
IF 1.3 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-08-23 DOI: 10.1142/s2251171722500027
Sasha R. Brownsberger, Lige Zhang, D. Andrade, Christopher Stubbs
As the precision frontier of astrophysics advances toward the one millimagnitude level, flux calibration of photometric instrumentation remains an ongoing challenge. We present the results of a lab-bench assessment of the viability of monocrystalline silicon solar cells to serve as large-aperture (up to 125[Formula: see text]mm diameter), high-precision photodetectors. We measure the electrical properties, spatial response uniformity, quantum efficiency (QE), and frequency response of third-generation C60 solar cells, manufactured by Sunpower. Our new results, combined with our previous study of these cells’ linearity, dark current, and noise characteristics, suggest that these devices hold considerable promise, with QE and linearity that rival those of traditional, small-aperture photodiodes. We argue that any photocalibration project that relies on precise knowledge of the intensity of a large-diameter optical beam should consider using solar cells as calibrating photodetectors.
随着天体物理学的精度前沿向一个毫量级的水平发展,光度仪器的通量校准仍然是一个持续的挑战。我们展示了实验室台架对单晶硅太阳能电池作为大孔径(直径高达125[公式:见正文]mm)高精度光电探测器的可行性进行评估的结果。我们测量了Sunpower制造的第三代C60太阳能电池的电学特性、空间响应均匀性、量子效率(QE)和频率响应。我们的新结果,结合我们之前对这些电池的线性、暗电流和噪声特性的研究,表明这些器件具有相当大的前景,其QE和线性可以与传统的小孔径光电二极管相媲美。我们认为,任何依赖于大直径光束强度精确知识的光校准项目都应该考虑使用太阳能电池作为校准光电探测器。
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引用次数: 2
Data Acquisition System for a Distributed Smartphone Cosmic Ray Observatory 分布式智能手机宇宙射线天文台数据采集系统
IF 1.3 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1142/s2251171721500161
Jeffrey R. Swaney, C. Shimmin, D. Whiteson
A scientific instrument comprised of a global network of millions of independent, connected, remote devices presents unique data acquisition challenges. We describe the software design of a mobile application which collects data from smartphone cameras without overburdening the phone's CPU or battery. The deployed software automatically calibrates to heterogeneous hardware targets to improve the quality and manage the rate of data transfer, and connects to a cloud-based data acquisition system which can manage and refine the operation of the network.
由数百万个独立、连接的远程设备组成的全球网络构成的科学仪器呈现出独特的数据采集挑战。我们描述了一个移动应用程序的软件设计,它可以从智能手机相机收集数据,而不会给手机的CPU或电池带来过重的负担。部署的软件自动校准异构硬件目标,以提高数据传输质量和管理数据传输速率,并连接基于云的数据采集系统,可以管理和细化网络的运行。
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引用次数: 2
Autofocusing Optimal Search Algorithm for a Telescope System 望远镜系统自动对焦最优搜索算法
IF 1.3 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.1142/s2251171721500124
I. Helmy, A. Hamdy, Doaa Eid, A. Shokry
Focus accuracy affects the quality of the astronomical observations. Auto-focusing is necessary for imaging systems designed for astronomical observations. The automatic focus system searches for the best focus position by using a proposed search algorithm. The search algorithm uses the image’s focus levels as its objective function in the search process. This paper aims to study the performance of several search algorithms to select a suitable one. The proper search algorithm will be used to develop an automatic focus system for Kottamia Astronomical Observatory (KAO). The optimal search algorithm is selected by applying several search algorithms into five sequences of star-clusters observations. Then, their performance is evaluated based on two criteria, which are accuracy and number of steps. The experimental results show that the Binary search is the optimal search algorithm.
聚焦精度影响天文观测的质量。自动聚焦是为天文观测设计的成像系统所必需的。自动聚焦系统通过使用所提出的搜索算法来搜索最佳聚焦位置。搜索算法在搜索过程中使用图像的聚焦水平作为其目标函数。本文旨在研究几种搜索算法的性能,以选择合适的搜索算法。适当的搜索算法将用于开发Kottamia天文台(KAO)的自动聚焦系统。通过将几种搜索算法应用于五个星团观测序列来选择最优搜索算法。然后,基于两个标准来评估它们的性能,即准确性和步数。实验结果表明,二进制搜索是最优的搜索算法。
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引用次数: 5
Radio-Frequency Interference at the McGill Arctic Research Station 麦吉尔北极研究站的射频干扰
IF 1.3 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-12-11 DOI: 10.1142/S2251171721500070
T. Dyson, H. Chiang, E. Egan, N. Ghazi, T. Menard, R. Monsalve, T. Moso, J. Peterson, J. Sievers, S. Tartakovsky
The frequencies of interest for redshifted 21[Formula: see text]cm observations are heavily affected by terrestrial radio-frequency interference (RFI). We identify the McGill Arctic Research Station (MARS) as a new RFI-quiet site and report its RFI occupancy using 122[Formula: see text]h of data taken with a prototype antenna station developed for the Array of Long-Baseline Antennas for Taking Radio Observations from the Sub-Antarctic. Using an RFI flagging process tailored to the MARS data, we find an overall RFI occupancy of 1.8% averaged over 20–125[Formula: see text]MHz. In particular, the FM broadcast band (88–108[Formula: see text]MHz) is found to have an RFI occupancy of at most 1.6%. The data were taken during the Arctic summer, when degraded ionospheric conditions and an active research base contributed to increased RFI. The results quoted here therefore represent the maximum-level RFI environment at MARS.
红移21[公式:见正文]cm观测的感兴趣频率受到地面射频干扰(RFI)的严重影响。我们将麦吉尔北极研究站(MARS)确定为一个新的RFI安静站点,并使用122[公式:见正文]h的原型天线站数据报告其RFI占用情况,该原型天线站是为从亚南极进行无线电观测的长基线天线阵列开发的。使用根据MARS数据定制的RFI标记过程,我们发现在20–125[公式:见正文]MHz期间,RFI的总体占用率平均为1.8%。特别是,FM广播频带(88–108[公式:见正文]MHz)的RFI占用率最高为1.6%。这些数据是在北极夏季采集的,当时电离层条件退化和活跃的研究基地导致RFI增加。因此,此处引用的结果代表MARS的最大水平RFI环境。
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引用次数: 0
Cumulative Author Index Volume 9 (2020) 累计作者指数第9卷(2020)
IF 1.3 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1142/s2251171720990019
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引用次数: 0
Quasi-Band-Limited Coronagraph for Extended Sources 扩展源的准带限制日冕仪
IF 1.3 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-07-14 DOI: 10.1142/S2251171721500021
I. Loutsenko, O. Yermolayeva
We propose a class of graded coronagraphic “amplitude” image masks for a high throughput Lyot-type coronagraph that transmits light from an annular region around an extended source and suppresses light, with extremely high ratio, from elsewhere. The interior radius of the region is comparable with its exterior radius. The masks are designed using an idea inspired by approach due M. J. Kuchner and W. A. Traub (“band-limited” masks) and approach to optimal apodization by D. Slepian. One potential application of our masks is direct high-resolution imaging of exo-planets with the help of the Solar Gravitational Lens, where apparent radius of the “Einstein ring” image of a planet is of the order of an arc-second and is comparable with the apparent radius of the sun and solar corona.
我们提出了一类梯度日冕“振幅”图像掩模,用于高通量lyot型日冕仪,该日冕仪传输来自扩展光源周围环状区域的光,并以极高的比例抑制来自其他地方的光。区域的内部半径与其外部半径相当。口罩的设计灵感来自于M. J. Kuchner和W. A. Traub(“带限制”口罩)的方法和D. Slepian的最佳化方法。我们的掩模的一个潜在应用是在太阳引力透镜的帮助下直接对系外行星进行高分辨率成像,其中行星的“爱因斯坦环”图像的视半径是一弧秒的数量级,与太阳和日冕的视半径相当。
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引用次数: 0
PyBIRALES: A Radar Data Processing Backend for the Real-Time Detection of Space Debris PyBIRALES:用于空间碎片实时探测的雷达数据处理后端
IF 1.3 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-02-26 DOI: 10.1142/s2251171720500038
D. Cutajar, A. Magro, J. Borg, Kris Zarb Adami, G. Bianchi, G. Pupillo, A. Mattana, G. Naldi, C. Bortolotti, F. Perini, L. Lama, M. Schiaffino, M. Roma, A. Maccaferri, P. Lizia, M. Massari, M. Losacco
The growing population of artificial satellites in near-Earth orbit has made the monitoring of orbital debris objects ever more important. Orbital debris objects pose a threat to these satellites as their orbit cannot be changed in order to avoid a collision. In recent years, the European Space Agency (ESA)’s Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) programme has been assisting national institutions in the upgrading of their space debris detection and monitoring capabilities. One of the latest such systems within this programme is the BIRALES space surveillance system based in Italy. The receiving antenna is a radio telescope that is made up of 32 receivers which are placed on eight parabolic cylindrical reflectors of the North–South arm of the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)’s Northern Cross. This work introduces a new software backend which was developed for this novel space debris sensor. The system was designed to be a fast, highly configurable software backend for the radio telescope’s acquisition and processing system and whose monitoring and control can be realized by a simple front-end web-based application. The real-time detection of Resident Space Object (RSO) is an important prerequisite for such a system as it gives the operator an immediate feedback loop on any detections whilst keeping the storage requirements at a minimum given that there is no need to save the raw data. The detection of high-velocity objects is achieved by means of a specially developed data processing pipeline that uses the received raw antenna voltages to generate a number of beams, collectively known as a multipixel, that cover the Field of View (FoV) of the instrument. The trajectory of the detected objects is determined by considering the illumination sequence within this multipixel. The initial results on known objects represent the first steps in extending the growing network of European SST systems.
近地轨道人造卫星数量的不断增加,使得对轨道碎片物体的监测变得更加重要。轨道碎片物体对这些卫星构成威胁,因为它们无法改变轨道以避免碰撞。近年来,欧洲空间局(欧空局)的空间监视和跟踪(SST)方案一直在协助国家机构提高其空间碎片探测和监测能力。这个方案内最新的这类系统之一是设在意大利的BIRALES空间监视系统。接收天线是一个由32个接收器组成的射电望远镜,这些接收器被放置在国家天文研究所(INAF)北十字星的南北臂的8个抛物面圆柱形反射器上。本文介绍了为这种新型空间碎片传感器开发的一种新的软件后端。该系统旨在为射电望远镜采集和处理系统提供一个快速、高度可配置的软件后端,通过一个简单的基于web的前端应用程序即可实现其监控。驻留空间目标(RSO)的实时检测是此类系统的重要先决条件,因为它为操作员提供了任何检测的即时反馈循环,同时在不需要保存原始数据的情况下将存储要求保持在最低限度。高速物体的检测是通过专门开发的数据处理管道实现的,该管道使用接收到的原始天线电压产生许多波束,统称为多像素,覆盖仪器的视场(FoV)。通过考虑该多像素内的光照序列来确定被检测目标的轨迹。对已知目标的初步结果代表了扩展不断增长的欧洲海温系统网络的第一步。
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引用次数: 2
Using the Long Wavelength Array to Search for Cosmic Dawn 利用长波阵列搜索宇宙黎明
IF 1.3 Q2 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2020-02-01 DOI: 10.1142/S2251171720500087
C. Dilullo, G. Taylor, J. Dowell
The search for the spectral signature of hydrogen from the formation of the first stars, known as Cosmic Dawn or First Light, is an ongoing effort around the world. The signature should present itself as a decrease in the temperature of the 21[Formula: see text]cm transition relative to that of the Cosmic Microwave Background and is believed to reside somewhere below 100[Formula: see text]MHz. A potential detection was published by the Experiment to Detect the Global EoR Signal (EDGES) collaboration with a profile centered around 78[Formula: see text]MHz of both unexpected depth and width (Bowman et al. [2018] Nature 555, 67). If validated, this detection will have profound impacts on the current paradigm of structure formation within [Formula: see text]CDM cosmology. We present an attempt to detect the spectral signature reported by the EDGES collaboration with the Long Wavelength Array station located on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in New Mexico, USA (LWA-SV). LWA-SV differs from other instruments in that it is a 256 element antenna array and offers beamforming capabilisties that should help with calibration and detection. We report first limits from LWA-SV and look toward future plans to improve these limits.
世界各地正在努力寻找第一批恒星形成时氢的光谱特征,这些恒星被称为宇宙黎明或第一光。该特征应表现为相对于宇宙微波背景的21[公式:见正文]cm跃迁的温度降低,并且被认为位于100[公式:参见正文]MHz以下的某个地方。检测全球EoR信号实验(EDGES)合作发表了一项潜在的检测,其轮廓以78[公式:见正文]MHz为中心,具有出乎意料的深度和宽度(Bowman等人[2018]Nature 555,67)。如果得到验证,这种检测将对CDM宇宙学中当前的结构形成范式产生深远影响。我们试图检测EDGES与位于美国新墨西哥州塞维利亚国家野生动物保护区(LWA-SV)的长波阵列站合作报告的光谱特征。LWA-SV与其他仪器的不同之处在于,它是一个256单元天线阵列,并提供波束形成能力,有助于校准和检测。我们报告了LWA-SV的首次限值,并展望了改进这些限值的未来计划。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation
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