Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1080/0022334022000006583
Tom Ryan
In 1756, Charles de Brosses, President of the Burgundy parliament, published his Histoire des navigations aux terres australes , the first systematic summary of voyaging narratives by European navigators in the Antipodes. While historians of Pacific exploration have long recognised the significance of this text, its reflections on the human inhabitants of the South Seas appear never to have attracted critical attention. The present essay focuses on de Brosses's division of the main part of this 'fifth part of the globe' into regions he named 'Australasia' and 'Polynesia', and his speculations on the racial derivation and societal types of their native populations. It will be shown that these ideas had a major impact on how subsequent writers, especially Bougainville and J.R. Forster, understood the indigenous peoples of the Pacific. Similarly, Histoire des navigations aux terres australes will be considered in relation to de Brosses's wider ethnological corpus, and to a general flowering of anthropological thought in Enlightenment France.
{"title":"\"Le president des Terres Australies\": Charles de Brosses and the French Enlightenment beginnings of Oceanic anthropology.","authors":"Tom Ryan","doi":"10.1080/0022334022000006583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0022334022000006583","url":null,"abstract":"In 1756, Charles de Brosses, President of the Burgundy parliament, published his Histoire des navigations aux terres australes , the first systematic summary of voyaging narratives by European navigators in the Antipodes. While historians of Pacific exploration have long recognised the significance of this text, its reflections on the human inhabitants of the South Seas appear never to have attracted critical attention. The present essay focuses on de Brosses's division of the main part of this 'fifth part of the globe' into regions he named 'Australasia' and 'Polynesia', and his speculations on the racial derivation and societal types of their native populations. It will be shown that these ideas had a major impact on how subsequent writers, especially Bougainville and J.R. Forster, understood the indigenous peoples of the Pacific. Similarly, Histoire des navigations aux terres australes will be considered in relation to de Brosses's wider ethnological corpus, and to a general flowering of anthropological thought in Enlightenment France.","PeriodicalId":45229,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0022334022000006583","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26716135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00223340120049488
C Ballard
This note describes the results of research into the provenance of a small collection of human remains currently held at the Natural History Museum in London. These remains consist of four skulls, which almost certainly derive from individuals of the Amungme community in what is now the Indonesian province of Papua (Irian Jaya). The precise circumstances of the original collection of these skulls by the Wollaston Expedition to Dutch New Guinea of 1912–13 have not previously been clarified, and evidence is offered here to suggest that the silence on this matter has been deliberate.
{"title":"A.F.R. Wollaston and the \"Utakwa River mountain Papuan\" skulls.","authors":"C Ballard","doi":"10.1080/00223340120049488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223340120049488","url":null,"abstract":"This note describes the results of research into the provenance of a small collection of human remains currently held at the Natural History Museum in London. These remains consist of four skulls, which almost certainly derive from individuals of the Amungme community in what is now the Indonesian province of Papua (Irian Jaya). The precise circumstances of the original collection of these skulls by the Wollaston Expedition to Dutch New Guinea of 1912–13 have not previously been clarified, and evidence is offered here to suggest that the silence on this matter has been deliberate.","PeriodicalId":45229,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00223340120049488","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28378914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00223340120075542
M P Reilly
This article investigates commonly held assumptions about the subordinate place of women in Mangaian society before the arrival of Christianity. In a review of the available evidence from Mangaia and elsewhere in Polynesia, this paper suggests that suitably selected and trained women in a society such as pre-contact Mangaia could fill certain important positions as priestly experts and tribal historians. Mangaian women were also fearless warriors and resolute in saving the lives of family members and other connections, suggesting that they held a respected place within the ancestral social order of Mangaia.
{"title":"Women in Mangaian society: a historical portrait.","authors":"M P Reilly","doi":"10.1080/00223340120075542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223340120075542","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates commonly held assumptions about the subordinate place of women in Mangaian society before the arrival of Christianity. In a review of the available evidence from Mangaia and elsewhere in Polynesia, this paper suggests that suitably selected and trained women in a society such as pre-contact Mangaia could fill certain important positions as priestly experts and tribal historians. Mangaian women were also fearless warriors and resolute in saving the lives of family members and other connections, suggesting that they held a respected place within the ancestral social order of Mangaia.","PeriodicalId":45229,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00223340120075542","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28376365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 1920s and 1930s, the American physical anthropologist Harry L. Shapiro studied the inheritance of anthropometric and qualitative traits among descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Polynesian wives on Norfolk and Pitcairrn Islands. He assumed that the islanders were derived from 'two fairly divergent groups - English and Tahitian', the women being 'the darker ancestral group' in skin colour and 'fairly homozygous for brown eyes'. However, his findings did not tally with his 'Mendelian expectations'. Skins and eyes were generally lighter and the islanders looked too European. The article argues that many Tahitians of the Bounty 's time were descended from European seamen of the lost caravel San Lesmes , who had settled in the Society Islands in 1526. Selective breeding since then had produced a predominantly white Caucasoid population.
{"title":"\"Dusky damsels\": Pitcairn Island's neglected matriarchs of the Bounty saga.","authors":"R Langdon","doi":"10.1080/713682826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/713682826","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1920s and 1930s, the American physical anthropologist Harry L. Shapiro studied the inheritance of anthropometric and qualitative traits among descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Polynesian wives on Norfolk and Pitcairrn Islands. He assumed that the islanders were derived from 'two fairly divergent groups - English and Tahitian', the women being 'the darker ancestral group' in skin colour and 'fairly homozygous for brown eyes'. However, his findings did not tally with his 'Mendelian expectations'. Skins and eyes were generally lighter and the islanders looked too European. The article argues that many Tahitians of the Bounty 's time were descended from European seamen of the lost caravel San Lesmes , who had settled in the Society Islands in 1526. Selective breeding since then had produced a predominantly white Caucasoid population.","PeriodicalId":45229,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/713682826","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27275635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00223349908572910
H. Nelson
{"title":"Crises of God and man: Papua New Guinea political chronicle 1997–99","authors":"H. Nelson","doi":"10.1080/00223349908572910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572910","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45229,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00223349908572910","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59059468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00223349908572911
I. C. Campbell
{"title":"The democracy movement and the 1999 Tongan elections","authors":"I. C. Campbell","doi":"10.1080/00223349908572911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572911","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45229,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00223349908572911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59059620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00223349908572912
Sandra Tarte
{"title":"Negotiating a Tuna management regime for the western and central pacific: The MHLC process 1994–1999","authors":"Sandra Tarte","doi":"10.1080/00223349908572912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572912","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45229,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00223349908572912","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59059774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00223349908572913
D. Denoon
{"title":"Black Mischief: The trouble with African analogies","authors":"D. Denoon","doi":"10.1080/00223349908572913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572913","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45229,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00223349908572913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59059886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00223349908572909
D. Scarr
{"title":"Communalism and a constitution: Fiji's general election of May 1999","authors":"D. Scarr","doi":"10.1080/00223349908572909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572909","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45229,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00223349908572909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59059911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00223349908572891
Stephen A. Toth
Abstract There was a growing belief among 19th century French social theorists that the urban‐industrial milieu, with its poverty and social dislocation, was a breeding ground for criminal activity. Such opinions led legislators to remove the malfeasor, convicted of either felonies or repeated misdemeanours, from this urban environment, and relocate him to the distant land of New Caledonia where he would be restored to a moral life by serving in France's colonial project. Through his hard labour he would pay his debt to the mother country while simultaneously increasing the domain of her rule. Thus, penal colonisation was seen as not simply the banishment of dangerous and undesirable individuals, but a process of re‐socialisation that would eventually allow for their re‐insertion in civil society. This article examines how the penal‐colonial mission was transmuted by colonial officials and penal administrators. Analysis of the internal memoranda and correspondence between these two groups uncovers a funda...
{"title":"Colonisation or incarceration? The changing role of the French penal colony in fin‐de‐siecle New Caledonia","authors":"Stephen A. Toth","doi":"10.1080/00223349908572891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572891","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There was a growing belief among 19th century French social theorists that the urban‐industrial milieu, with its poverty and social dislocation, was a breeding ground for criminal activity. Such opinions led legislators to remove the malfeasor, convicted of either felonies or repeated misdemeanours, from this urban environment, and relocate him to the distant land of New Caledonia where he would be restored to a moral life by serving in France's colonial project. Through his hard labour he would pay his debt to the mother country while simultaneously increasing the domain of her rule. Thus, penal colonisation was seen as not simply the banishment of dangerous and undesirable individuals, but a process of re‐socialisation that would eventually allow for their re‐insertion in civil society. This article examines how the penal‐colonial mission was transmuted by colonial officials and penal administrators. Analysis of the internal memoranda and correspondence between these two groups uncovers a funda...","PeriodicalId":45229,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF PACIFIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00223349908572891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59058091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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