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Labour and Coercion in the Nordic Region in the Early Modern Period: Connections, Ambiguities, Practices 近代早期北欧地区的劳动与强制:联系、歧义、实践
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2023.2218848
Johan Heinsen, Vilhelm Vilhelmsson, Hanne Østhus
ABSTRACT This introduction discusses the constitutive role played by various practices of coercion within a range of labour relations across the Nordic region in the early modern period. In recent years a growing body of international literature has worked to re-conceptualize histories of labour coercion. Current trends in global labour history have emphasized the interrelational nature of labour regimes, eschewing traditional boundaries of free and unfree labour, productive and unproductive labour, wage labour and unpaid labour, and focused rather on the entangled history of labour and coercion in its various guises. Based on a critical discussion of the teleological frameworks and essentialized analytical categories that have largely characterized the historiography of labour in many of the Nordic countries, we argue for shifting the focus of attention to study the actual practices of labour and coercion in order to establish a more inclusive, contextual and historicized historiography of Nordic labour.
摘要本引言讨论了现代早期北欧地区各种胁迫行为在一系列劳动关系中所起的构成作用。近年来,越来越多的国际文献致力于重新概念化劳动胁迫的历史。当前全球劳工史的趋势强调了劳工制度的相互关联性,避开了自由和非自由劳动、生产性和非生产性劳动、有薪劳动和无薪劳动的传统界限,而是侧重于各种形式的劳工和胁迫的纠缠历史。基于对许多北欧国家劳动史学的目的论框架和本质主义分析范畴的批判性讨论,我们主张将注意力转移到研究劳动和胁迫的实际实践上,以建立一种更具包容性、情境性和历史性的北欧劳动史学。
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引用次数: 0
Contracted Coercion: Land, Labour and Gender in the Swedish Crofter Institution 契约胁迫:瑞典佃农制度中的土地、劳动和性别
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2023.2210153
Carolina Uppenberg
ABSTRACT In the early modern rural setting, labour was organized with varying degrees of coercion depending on landowning, social standing, and gender. This article analyses the crofter institution, characterized by corvée labour (obligatory work as payment), from the perspective of gender and coercion. The purpose is to answer the question of how the crofter institution was created, shaped, enabled and questioned. The right to establish a croft made the position as head of household available for men but it also increased social stratification. While crofters were masters of their households in contract signing, their position was ambiguous when it came to the organization of labour. Regarding physical integrity, crofters could be forced by physical violence and were subject to rules not connected to work, such as subservience. I argue that this was made acceptable through marriage and allowing the position as head of household to landless men. Crofters held an intermediate position, caught between the market logic of leasehold of land and the coercive logic of labour extraction, and this continued to colour the crofter institution until its final dissolution in 1943.
在早期的现代农村环境中,根据土地所有权、社会地位和性别的不同,劳动力受到不同程度的强迫。本文从性别和胁迫的角度分析了以有偿劳动为特征的佃农制度。目的是为了回答这个问题:农家机构是如何被创建、塑造、启用和质疑的。建立家庭的权利使男子有机会担任一家之主,但也增加了社会分层。在签订合同时,佃农是家庭的主人,但在组织劳动时,他们的地位是模糊的。关于身体的完整性,佃农可能受到身体暴力的强迫,并受到与工作无关的规则的约束,例如服从。我认为,这是可以接受的,通过婚姻,并允许无地男子担任一家之主。佃农处于一种中间地位,夹在土地租赁的市场逻辑和强制榨取劳动力的逻辑之间,这一直影响着佃农制度,直到1943年最终解散。
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引用次数: 1
Cutting colonial losses: imperial ideology in media coverage of the 1878 transfer of Saint Barthélemy in Sweden and France 减少殖民损失:1878年圣巴塞勒米在瑞典和法国移交的媒体报道中的帝国意识形态
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2023.2211981
John L. Hennessey
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引用次数: 0
The Voice of Business in Denmark’s Neoliberal Turn 丹麦新自由主义转向中的商业之声
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2023.2207571
Julian Lamberty, Jeppe Nevers
ABSTRACT Many historians have argued that the Nordic welfare societies underwent a major transformation in the later decades of the 20th century, and neoliberalism has been identified as a key driver of this transformation. This article contributes to this field of contemporary history as it addresses the rhetoric and role of organized business in Denmark’s neoliberal turn, focusing especially on the Confederation of Danish Industry. Using conceptual historical methodology, the article identifies a rhetoric of competitiveness in the communication of organized business and traces how this rhetoric changed from 1970s to 2010s. This leads to the identification of two discontinuities. First, the article shows how the 1980s saw a transformation in which the industrialists increasingly called for state engagement to further competitiveness in the private sector, especially in relation to research and innovation. Second, the article shows how the 2010s saw a transformation in which the rhetoric of competitiveness adopted ideas about sustainability. What emerges from this analysis is a rather pragmatic version of neoliberalism that was born out of business interests and which since the late 1980s was developed as an integrated part of a consensus in the Danish policy elite.
摘要许多历史学家认为,北欧福利社会在20世纪后期经历了一场重大变革,新自由主义被认为是这场变革的关键驱动力。这篇文章对当代史的这一领域做出了贡献,因为它探讨了有组织的商业在丹麦新自由主义转变中的修辞和作用,特别关注丹麦工业联合会。本文运用概念历史方法,确定了有组织企业沟通中的竞争力修辞,并追溯了这种修辞从20世纪70年代到2010年代的变化。这导致识别出两个不连续性。首先,这篇文章展示了20世纪80年代的转型,工业家们越来越多地呼吁国家参与,以提高私营部门的竞争力,尤其是在研究和创新方面。其次,这篇文章展示了2010年代的转变,竞争力的修辞采用了可持续性的理念。从这一分析中得出的是一个相当务实的新自由主义版本,它诞生于商业利益,自20世纪80年代末以来,它被发展成为丹麦政策精英共识的一个组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Inventing the Grand Duchy of Finland in the 1580s: early modern state formation or medieval patterns of expressing the power 1580年代发明芬兰大公国:早期现代国家形成或中世纪权力表达模式
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2023.2200805
Kimmo Katajala
ABSTRACT In 1581 King John III of Sweden added Grand Duke of Finland to his royal title. Traditionally, this has been seen as marking the Swedish army”s victories in the Swedish-Russian war, as challenging the power and rule of Grand Duke of Muscovy Ivan IV or explained in the context of early modern state formation. This article seeks to understand the logic of taking the title of grand duke as a continuum of medieval patterns of thought about princely power and rule. Ruling lands, vassals, and people were still very much connected with the ruler’s person and princely and dynastic powers understood in the medieval way. Princely titles played a crucial role in this game of – sometimes even overlapping – powers.
摘要1581年,瑞典国王约翰三世将芬兰大公添加为其皇室头衔。传统上,这被视为瑞典军队在瑞典-俄罗斯战争中的胜利,是对莫斯科大公伊凡四世的权力和统治的挑战,或者是在早期现代国家形成的背景下解释的。本文试图理解将大公头衔视为中世纪关于君主权力和统治的连续思维模式的逻辑。统治土地、诸侯国和人民仍然与统治者的个人以及以中世纪方式理解的王子和王朝权力有很大联系。王子头衔在这场权力游戏中发挥了至关重要的作用,有时甚至是重叠的。
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引用次数: 0
Between deplorable anachronism and valuable heritage. The persistence of the Swedish fideikommiss institution, 1810-1964 在可悲的时代错误和宝贵的遗产之间。瑞典共产主义制度的坚持,1810-1964
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2023.2206409
Magnus Bergman, Martin Dackling
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引用次数: 0
Boundaries of the nation: “the Jew” in the Swedish press, ca. 1810–1840 国家的边界:瑞典媒体中的“犹太人”,约1810-1840年
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-19 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2023.2200783
Jens Carlesson Magalhães
ABSTRACT This article explores representations of Jews and different ways of how ‘the Jew’ was used and mediated in the Swedish press in relation to the idea of the Swedish nation during the period 1810–1840. Based on Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of ‘the conceptual Jew’, this article explores how ‘the Jew’ was used to define identities in the emerging Swedish nation. Implicitly, discussions about ‘the Jew’ often revolved around the dismantling of the estate society. Although challenged, antisemitic notions were prevailing, and a fear that Jewish emancipation would damage the Swedish economy was frequently expressed. In many ways, discourses articulated in the Swedish press mirrored ideas common across Europe. There was not one mediated ‘Jew’ in the Swedish press but a plurality: foreign, honest, and usurer are explicit in the material. Writers occasionally distinguished between Orthodoxy, which was portrayed as unassimilable, and Reform, which was described as more in line with contemporary Christian society. I conclude that differences within liberalism and ideas of national belonging were to some extent defined and discussed in relation to ‘the Jew’.
本文探讨了1810年至1840年期间,犹太人的表现以及“犹太人”如何在瑞典媒体中被使用和调解的不同方式,与瑞典民族的观念有关。本文以齐格蒙特·鲍曼的“概念性犹太人”概念为基础,探讨了“犹太人”如何被用来定义新兴瑞典民族的身份。含蓄地说,关于“犹太人”的讨论常常围绕着阶级社会的瓦解。尽管受到了挑战,但反犹主义的观念仍然盛行,人们经常担心犹太人的解放会损害瑞典的经济。在许多方面,瑞典媒体的言论反映了整个欧洲的共同观点。在瑞典媒体中,没有一个被调解的“犹太人”,而是多个:外国、诚实和高利贷者在材料中是明确的。作家们偶尔会把东正教和改革教区分开来,前者被描述为不可同化的,后者被描述为更符合当代基督教社会。我的结论是,在某种程度上,自由主义和民族归属观念之间的差异是与“犹太人”相关的定义和讨论的。
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引用次数: 0
Contested Households: Lodgers, Labour, and the Law in Rural Iceland in the Early 19th Century 竞争家庭:19世纪初冰岛农村的寄宿者、劳工和法律
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2023.2197916
Vilhelm Vilhelmsson
ABSTRACT The historiography of labour in pre-industrial Iceland has commonly portrayed it first and foremost as life-cycle service in rural households and has suggested that, in a European context, the Icelandic system of compulsory service – or vistarband – was exceptionally harsh due to its broad scope and inflexibility. This approach has been built primarily on demographics and a normative analysis of legal sources. Less attention has been paid to the everyday practices of workers and their employers (or the state) as they manoeuvred within and around the labour legislation to establish working relationships to make ends meet. Similarly, ambiguities within the legislation and discrepancies between law and practice have rarely been explored, nor has people’s understanding of the principal concepts of the labour laws, concepts such as ‘household’, ‘farm’ and ‘servant’, been scrutinized. This article invokes such questions and provides a microhistorical analysis of two court cases which illustrate the nuances and ambiguities of putting such a broad-reaching set of regulations into practice in a pre-industrial rural setting.
摘要前工业化时期冰岛的劳动史学通常首先将其描述为农村家庭的生命周期服务,并表明,在欧洲背景下,冰岛的义务服务制度(或vistarband)由于其广泛的范围和灵活性而异常苛刻。这种方法主要建立在人口统计和对法律来源的规范分析的基础上。人们对工人及其雇主(或国家)的日常做法关注较少,因为他们在劳动立法范围内和周围活动,以建立工作关系来维持生计。同样,立法中的模糊性和法律与实践之间的差异很少被探讨,人们对劳动法的主要概念,如“家庭”、“农场”和“仆人”的理解也很少被仔细审查。本文援引了这些问题,并对两起法庭案件进行了微观历史分析,这两起案件说明了在工业化前的农村环境中实施如此广泛的一套法规的细微差别和模糊性。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching and family: either or both? Work and family among women primary school teachers in northern Sweden, c. 1860–1937 教学和家庭:两者之一?1860-1937年瑞典北部小学女教师的工作和家庭
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2023.2198538
E. Marklund
ABSTRACT This study examines the life and career trajectories of teachers recruited to primary schools in coastal northern Sweden. A variety of historical sources are combined to construct collective biographies which include approximately 500 primary school teachers divided in four birth cohorts. Main findings show that women teachers with a teaching certificate came to constitute a majority of the teachers from the 1870s and onwards in the rural region studied. These women teachers were increasingly inclined to form a family of their own and the share that never became mothers decreased continuously during the studied period. Furthermore, among those who formed a family the practice to return to work when the children were older increased over time. Towards the end of the 19th century having children became an increasingly available option among women teachers and a few decades later it had become common. In sum, through the combination of multiple sources, this study suggests that women primary school teachers in Sweden were able to combine family and teaching well before these rights were protected by law in 1939.
本研究考察了瑞典北部沿海地区小学教师的生活和职业轨迹。各种历史资料结合起来,构建了集体传记,其中包括大约500名小学教师,分为四个出生队列。主要研究结果表明,从19世纪70年代起,在所研究的农村地区,持有教师证书的女教师占大多数。这些女教师越来越倾向于组建自己的家庭,在研究期间,从未成为母亲的比例不断下降。此外,在那些组成家庭的妇女中,子女长大后重返工作岗位的做法随着时间的推移而增加。19世纪末,女教师越来越多地选择生孩子,几十年后,这一选择变得普遍起来。总而言之,通过多种来源的结合,本研究表明,瑞典的女小学教师在1939年这些权利受到法律保护之前就能够很好地将家庭和教学结合起来。
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引用次数: 0
A Theory of the Enlightenment in Late Eighteenth-Century Sweden: Nils von Rosenstein and Scotland’s Science of Man and Politics 18世纪晚期瑞典的启蒙理论:尼尔斯·冯·罗森斯坦与苏格兰的《人与政治学》
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-03-19 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2023.2187879
Max Skjönsberg
ABSTRACT Nils von Rosenstein’s Försök til en afhandling om uplysningen, til dess beskaffenhet, nytta och nödvändighet för samhället (An Attempt at a Dissertation on the Enlightenment, its Character, Usefulness and Necessity for Society), published in 1793, presents an unusually comprehensive theory of ‘the Enlightenment’ (Upplysningen) from a contemporary of the period. This article explores the impact of Enlightenment ideas in late eighteenth-century Sweden through the case study of Rosenstein and his remarkable text. While deepening our understanding of the Enlightenment in Sweden, it also expands our knowledge of the impact of the Scottish Enlightenment abroad, the scholarship on which has been mainly focused on Germany. Sweden is further shown to be a fruitful case study for considering the politicization of the late Enlightenment independently of the French Revolution. The French Revolution formed a key part of the political backdrop to the publication of the Dissertation, but its intellectual content was more indebted to the Scottish Enlightenment. Rosenstein’s pragmatic and contextual approach to politics is often explained away by the precarious climate after Gustav III’s assassination. Instead, this article shows that it is better understood as a style of thought which Rosenstein had in common with the leading thinkers of eighteenth-century Scotland.
尼尔斯·冯·罗森斯坦(Nils von Rosenstein)于1793年出版的《Försök til en afhandling om uplysningen, til dess beskaffenet, nytta och nödvändighet för samhället》(一篇关于启蒙运动及其特征、有用性和社会必要性的论文的尝试),提出了一个来自同一时期的不同寻常的全面的“启蒙运动”(Upplysningen)理论。本文通过对罗森斯坦和他的杰出文本的个案研究,探讨了启蒙思想对18世纪晚期瑞典的影响。它在加深我们对瑞典启蒙运动的了解的同时,也扩大了我们对苏格兰启蒙运动在国外的影响的认识,而苏格兰启蒙运动的学术研究主要集中在德国。瑞典进一步被证明是独立于法国大革命之外考虑晚期启蒙运动政治化的一个富有成效的案例研究。法国大革命形成了《博士论文》出版的政治背景的关键部分,但其知识内容更多地归功于苏格兰启蒙运动。罗森斯坦对政治的务实和情境化的态度常常被古斯塔夫三世被暗杀后不稳定的气候所解释。相反,这篇文章表明,最好将其理解为罗森斯坦与18世纪苏格兰主要思想家共同的一种思想风格。
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引用次数: 0
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SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY
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