Pub Date : 2022-09-14DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2123037
L. O’Hagan
ABSTRACT In the early twentieth century, intense public debate was taking place in Sweden around the control of alcohol consumption. Under intense pressure from the growing temperance movement, the Swedish government passed a motion to hold a referendum on 27 August 1922 to determine whether a total prohibition of alcohol should be implemented. One of the most important means of influencing public opinions was the propaganda poster, which relied on simple pictures, catchy slogans and bright colours to domesticate the prohibition debate and make it easily digestible. This paper conducts a study of the posters produced by the ‘yes’ and ‘no’ campaigns during the lead-up to the referendum. It finds that, despite their opposing arguments, both sides used similar arguments based around the breakdown of family life and the breakdown of Swedish society, depicting an imagined present or future in which Sweden was lawless and traditional values were threatened. Furthermore, both sides stirred up class warfare, creating conflict between the Swedish people and the government, and depicting alcoholism as a predominantly male, working-class problem. Overall, it argues that the ‘no’ campaign posters were ultimately more successful because of their ability to play on voters’ emotions rather than use rational arguments.
{"title":"”Alcohol is Humanity’s enemy!” Propaganda Posters and the 1922 Swedish Prohibition Referendum","authors":"L. O’Hagan","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2022.2123037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2022.2123037","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the early twentieth century, intense public debate was taking place in Sweden around the control of alcohol consumption. Under intense pressure from the growing temperance movement, the Swedish government passed a motion to hold a referendum on 27 August 1922 to determine whether a total prohibition of alcohol should be implemented. One of the most important means of influencing public opinions was the propaganda poster, which relied on simple pictures, catchy slogans and bright colours to domesticate the prohibition debate and make it easily digestible. This paper conducts a study of the posters produced by the ‘yes’ and ‘no’ campaigns during the lead-up to the referendum. It finds that, despite their opposing arguments, both sides used similar arguments based around the breakdown of family life and the breakdown of Swedish society, depicting an imagined present or future in which Sweden was lawless and traditional values were threatened. Furthermore, both sides stirred up class warfare, creating conflict between the Swedish people and the government, and depicting alcoholism as a predominantly male, working-class problem. Overall, it argues that the ‘no’ campaign posters were ultimately more successful because of their ability to play on voters’ emotions rather than use rational arguments.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"48 1","pages":"179 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45402827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2083225
Byron Z. Rom-Jensen, Andreas Mørkved Hellenes, M. Hilson, Carl Marklund
ABSTRACT This article examines the intertwined circulation of multiple kinds of Nordic models. We seek to understand how modelization of the region occurred at multiple levels and in disparate fields, in other words how different aspects of Nordic policies and politics came to be understood as worthy of interest and at times of emulation. In doing so, we aim to contribute to the critical scholarship on the Nordic model concept, exploring how it has been changed and contested over time, the contexts in which it circulates and why it has generated interest. Methodologically, we use digital tools to analyse scholarly literature in different disciplines published between 1965 and 2019. In focusing on intellectual constructions of the Nordic model, we locate academia as a crucial field for the development of the Nordic model concept, but one that is in communication with and integrates typologies developed in other fields. Following a brief discussion of the model concept, we assess intensifications and critical junctures in the modelization of the Nordics through wordclouds. Second, we demonstrate the variety of such modelizations through case studies. Third, we conclude by pointing to the rhetorical and heuristic effects of such modelizations.
{"title":"Modelizing the Nordics: Transdiscursive Migrations of Nordic Models, c. 1965-2020","authors":"Byron Z. Rom-Jensen, Andreas Mørkved Hellenes, M. Hilson, Carl Marklund","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2022.2083225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2022.2083225","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the intertwined circulation of multiple kinds of Nordic models. We seek to understand how modelization of the region occurred at multiple levels and in disparate fields, in other words how different aspects of Nordic policies and politics came to be understood as worthy of interest and at times of emulation. In doing so, we aim to contribute to the critical scholarship on the Nordic model concept, exploring how it has been changed and contested over time, the contexts in which it circulates and why it has generated interest. Methodologically, we use digital tools to analyse scholarly literature in different disciplines published between 1965 and 2019. In focusing on intellectual constructions of the Nordic model, we locate academia as a crucial field for the development of the Nordic model concept, but one that is in communication with and integrates typologies developed in other fields. Following a brief discussion of the model concept, we assess intensifications and critical junctures in the modelization of the Nordics through wordclouds. Second, we demonstrate the variety of such modelizations through case studies. Third, we conclude by pointing to the rhetorical and heuristic effects of such modelizations.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"48 1","pages":"249 - 271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45403515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2097946
Kjetil Braut Simonsen
ABSTRACT This article analyses the antisemitic propaganda disseminated by the Norwegian National Socialist Party, Nasjonal Samling (NS), from July to the end of December 1942. At that time, the anti-Jewish policy in Nazi-occupied Norway reached its culmination point, with mass arrests and deportations to Auschwitz–Birkenau. This article analyses how the image of ‘the Jew’ was constructed and communicated by the NS leadership and in the party press. Furthermore, it explores the extent to which the propaganda contained general and specific threats against the Jewish minority in Norway. A general conclusion is that the NS, at this stage, promoted an intense and aggressive antisemitism. ‘The Jew’ was represented as the incarnation of evil and the wire-puller behind all enemies of the Axis. The party also transmitted a clear message to the German occupation authority that they wanted – and were willing to participate in – radical anti-Jewish actions. Moreover, after 26 November 1942, the NS leadership and official party publications also defended the deportations as necessary for Norwegians’ self-protection. Consequently, this article emphasizes the co-responsibility of the party in the Holocaust.
{"title":"Threats and Euphemisms: the Antisemitic Propaganda of Nasjonal Samling during the Summer and Autumn of 1942","authors":"Kjetil Braut Simonsen","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2022.2097946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2022.2097946","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article analyses the antisemitic propaganda disseminated by the Norwegian National Socialist Party, Nasjonal Samling (NS), from July to the end of December 1942. At that time, the anti-Jewish policy in Nazi-occupied Norway reached its culmination point, with mass arrests and deportations to Auschwitz–Birkenau. This article analyses how the image of ‘the Jew’ was constructed and communicated by the NS leadership and in the party press. Furthermore, it explores the extent to which the propaganda contained general and specific threats against the Jewish minority in Norway. A general conclusion is that the NS, at this stage, promoted an intense and aggressive antisemitism. ‘The Jew’ was represented as the incarnation of evil and the wire-puller behind all enemies of the Axis. The party also transmitted a clear message to the German occupation authority that they wanted – and were willing to participate in – radical anti-Jewish actions. Moreover, after 26 November 1942, the NS leadership and official party publications also defended the deportations as necessary for Norwegians’ self-protection. Consequently, this article emphasizes the co-responsibility of the party in the Holocaust.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"48 1","pages":"228 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42348700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-29DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2091017
Ben Raffield
ABSTRACT The Viking Age (c. 750–1050 CE) was a time of extensive upheaval and disruption across the northern world. From the late eighth century, historical sources indicate that viking groups were engaging in both short-term and extended campaigns of raiding and plunder. In addition to seeking portable wealth and commodities, it is apparent that raiders also sought captives, many of whom were taken and held in encampments where they were ransomed, exploited, or sold into slavery. While these sites served an important function as defensive strongholds and staging posts for viking raiding activity, recent studies have demonstrated that they were also militarized centres of production and exchange that, in some cases, became nodal marketplaces that were embedded within both regional and long-distance networks of communication and trade. Focusing in particular on the ninth century, this study will examine the ways in which captive-taking and slaving intersected with the emergence and development of these locales, as well as the role of these activities in shaping wider processes of communication, diplomacy, and cross-cultural interaction within landscapes of conflict and settlement.
{"title":"Bound in captivity: intersections of viking raiding, slaving, and settlement in Western Europe during the ninth century CE","authors":"Ben Raffield","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2022.2091017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2022.2091017","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Viking Age (c. 750–1050 CE) was a time of extensive upheaval and disruption across the northern world. From the late eighth century, historical sources indicate that viking groups were engaging in both short-term and extended campaigns of raiding and plunder. In addition to seeking portable wealth and commodities, it is apparent that raiders also sought captives, many of whom were taken and held in encampments where they were ransomed, exploited, or sold into slavery. While these sites served an important function as defensive strongholds and staging posts for viking raiding activity, recent studies have demonstrated that they were also militarized centres of production and exchange that, in some cases, became nodal marketplaces that were embedded within both regional and long-distance networks of communication and trade. Focusing in particular on the ninth century, this study will examine the ways in which captive-taking and slaving intersected with the emergence and development of these locales, as well as the role of these activities in shaping wider processes of communication, diplomacy, and cross-cultural interaction within landscapes of conflict and settlement.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"47 1","pages":"414 - 437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48042865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2086170
Jesper Vestermark Køber
ABSTRACT This article uses the editor and public intellectual Henning Fonsmark as a prism through which to explore critiques of democracy in late twentieth-century Denmark. It shows how Fonsmark innovatively combined criticism of the welfare state with opposition to the left-wing dominance in the fields of culture and education and the left’s conception of democracy as a way of life. After describing Fonsmark’s contribution to criticism of the welfare state from the 1970s onwards, the article argues that an important part of Fonsmark’s legacy was his construction of a concept of democracy that ran counter to the social democratic understanding of democracy as pitting the people against the elite. Moreover, the article stresses that, in interpreting the ideological takeover of the Danish welfare state by the left, Fonsmark helped to mobilize opposition to the allegedly cultural and educational hegemony of the left, which was to become an important element of the Danish right’s culture wars at the end of the twentieth century.
{"title":"Henning Fonsmark and the reformulation of Danish democracy in the 1990s","authors":"Jesper Vestermark Køber","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2022.2086170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2022.2086170","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article uses the editor and public intellectual Henning Fonsmark as a prism through which to explore critiques of democracy in late twentieth-century Denmark. It shows how Fonsmark innovatively combined criticism of the welfare state with opposition to the left-wing dominance in the fields of culture and education and the left’s conception of democracy as a way of life. After describing Fonsmark’s contribution to criticism of the welfare state from the 1970s onwards, the article argues that an important part of Fonsmark’s legacy was his construction of a concept of democracy that ran counter to the social democratic understanding of democracy as pitting the people against the elite. Moreover, the article stresses that, in interpreting the ideological takeover of the Danish welfare state by the left, Fonsmark helped to mobilize opposition to the allegedly cultural and educational hegemony of the left, which was to become an important element of the Danish right’s culture wars at the end of the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"48 1","pages":"359 - 378"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47617537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-14DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2084156
T. Andersen
ABSTRACT This article investigates the way in which cultural censorship was practiced in Nazi-occupied Denmark, focusing on the Danish Press Bureau’s censorship of books in the period 1940–1943. From April 1940 to August 1943, the explicit German acceptance of Denmark as an independent state constituted a certain degree of internal sovereignty; often referred to as the illusion of sovereignty in Danish historiography. On the basis of new empirical studies and records of the Press Bureau, and with particular emphasis on two significant cases, this article argues that this illusion of sovereignty had an impact on the Danish administration of censorship, and it demonstrates the importance within the Press Bureau of maintaining the outward show of sovereignty. The article reveals that the formal political setting of the occupation had real administrative implications in negotiating with the German occupier in the sense that Danish authorities within the Press Bureau to some extent acted autonomously and even challenged direct German orders in relation to censorship. In doing so, the Press Bureau succeeded in defending Danish writers against further German pressures in some cases, which adds new insights regarding the peculiar form of political sovereignty that was constituted in Denmark.
{"title":"In Defence of Danish Writers. The Daily Workings of the Press Bureau; or the Struggle for Sovereignty, 1940–1943","authors":"T. Andersen","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2022.2084156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2022.2084156","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article investigates the way in which cultural censorship was practiced in Nazi-occupied Denmark, focusing on the Danish Press Bureau’s censorship of books in the period 1940–1943. From April 1940 to August 1943, the explicit German acceptance of Denmark as an independent state constituted a certain degree of internal sovereignty; often referred to as the illusion of sovereignty in Danish historiography. On the basis of new empirical studies and records of the Press Bureau, and with particular emphasis on two significant cases, this article argues that this illusion of sovereignty had an impact on the Danish administration of censorship, and it demonstrates the importance within the Press Bureau of maintaining the outward show of sovereignty. The article reveals that the formal political setting of the occupation had real administrative implications in negotiating with the German occupier in the sense that Danish authorities within the Press Bureau to some extent acted autonomously and even challenged direct German orders in relation to censorship. In doing so, the Press Bureau succeeded in defending Danish writers against further German pressures in some cases, which adds new insights regarding the peculiar form of political sovereignty that was constituted in Denmark.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"48 1","pages":"206 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43570896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2074096
A. Hammar, Svante Norrhem
ABSTRACT In this article, we argue that servants working for Count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie (1622–1686) were part of an intricate system of economic and social dependencies. Focusing on the indebtedness of the aristocracy to its workers, we examine how deferred payment of wages opened up for negotiations between servant and master, and suggest that servants became de facto creditors to their master. In a moral economy built on trust, credit and the idea of aristocratic paternalism, servants negotiated arrangements for the future, keeping close track of what was owed them or their spouses in deferred payments. From an investigation of over six hundred petitions, written from people in the lower strata of servants, including, among others, milkmaids, gardeners, stable boys, bird-catchers, lackeys, jesters, and wet nurses, and from which we have chosen to exclude high ranking employees such as bailiffs or chaplains, we showcase the strategies available to people on the margins of society. The arrangements suggested by petitioners show a surprising amount of detailed consideration, at the same time appealing to Christian compassion, paternalistic concerns and a sense of reciprocity between master and servant, thereby both confirming and using hierarchies and asymmetrical power relations to secure advantages.
{"title":"SERVANTS AS CREDITORS: NAVIGATING THE MORAL ECONOMY OF AN EARLY MODERN ARISTOCRATIC HOUSEHOLD","authors":"A. Hammar, Svante Norrhem","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2022.2074096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2022.2074096","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this article, we argue that servants working for Count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie (1622–1686) were part of an intricate system of economic and social dependencies. Focusing on the indebtedness of the aristocracy to its workers, we examine how deferred payment of wages opened up for negotiations between servant and master, and suggest that servants became de facto creditors to their master. In a moral economy built on trust, credit and the idea of aristocratic paternalism, servants negotiated arrangements for the future, keeping close track of what was owed them or their spouses in deferred payments. From an investigation of over six hundred petitions, written from people in the lower strata of servants, including, among others, milkmaids, gardeners, stable boys, bird-catchers, lackeys, jesters, and wet nurses, and from which we have chosen to exclude high ranking employees such as bailiffs or chaplains, we showcase the strategies available to people on the margins of society. The arrangements suggested by petitioners show a surprising amount of detailed consideration, at the same time appealing to Christian compassion, paternalistic concerns and a sense of reciprocity between master and servant, thereby both confirming and using hierarchies and asymmetrical power relations to secure advantages.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"47 1","pages":"490 - 516"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47547940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-05DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2069151
Melina Antonia Buns
ABSTRACT This article investigates the 1974 Nordic Environmental Protection Convention. It shows that the ulterior motives for such a convention were Nordic ambitions to regulate and reduce transboundary pollution originating outside of the Nordic region. Emphasizing the inter-organizational dynamics between institutionalized Nordic cooperation and international organizations, it examines how the Nordics drew on developments within international organizations and how they pursued their agenda of shaping international environmental law within the OECD. Ultimately, the article argues that the Nordic countries tried to create a model convention to be exported to and implemented at the international level with the aim of reducing transboundary pollution and establishing transnational responsibilities and accountabilities. By setting out this argument and shedding light on the first legally binding international convention to address transboundary pollution with procedural principles, the article breaks new ground on the history of Nordic environmental cooperation as well as on the development of international environmental law.
{"title":"Making a model: the 1974 Nordic Environmental Protection Convention and Nordic attempts to form international environmental law","authors":"Melina Antonia Buns","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2022.2069151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2022.2069151","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article investigates the 1974 Nordic Environmental Protection Convention. It shows that the ulterior motives for such a convention were Nordic ambitions to regulate and reduce transboundary pollution originating outside of the Nordic region. Emphasizing the inter-organizational dynamics between institutionalized Nordic cooperation and international organizations, it examines how the Nordics drew on developments within international organizations and how they pursued their agenda of shaping international environmental law within the OECD. Ultimately, the article argues that the Nordic countries tried to create a model convention to be exported to and implemented at the international level with the aim of reducing transboundary pollution and establishing transnational responsibilities and accountabilities. By setting out this argument and shedding light on the first legally binding international convention to address transboundary pollution with procedural principles, the article breaks new ground on the history of Nordic environmental cooperation as well as on the development of international environmental law.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"48 1","pages":"93 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45654599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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