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Imaging Norway by using the past 利用过去对挪威进行成像
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-04-07 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2061046
Svein Ivar Angell
ABSTRACT The article analyses how history was used in efforts to portray Norway in the postwar period. The main narratives of Norwegian history played a dominating role in the construction of national images during this period. These narratives had been constructed as part of the nation-building processes of the 19th century. In several aspects, the historical narratives used in portrayals of Norway mirrored developments in Norwegian historiography in the period. In the 1960s, however, the use of these narratives to portray Norway became problematic, owing to the priority given to a new rationale of information and demands that Norway should be portrayed as a modern society. The article takes a use-of-history approach as a point of departure and argues that such an approach is fruitful in studies of how national images are constructed.
本文分析了战后挪威是如何利用历史来描绘挪威的。挪威历史的主要叙事在这一时期的国家形象建构中发挥了主导作用。这些叙述是作为19世纪国家建设进程的一部分而构建的。在几个方面,描绘挪威的历史叙事反映了这一时期挪威史学的发展。然而,在20世纪60年代,由于优先考虑新的信息理论,并要求将挪威描绘成一个现代社会,使用这些叙事来描绘挪威变得有问题。本文以历史方法为出发点,认为这种方法在国家形象构建研究中是富有成效的。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: Reimagining the Nordic pasts 简介:重新想象北欧的过去
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-04-05 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2051599
Svein Ivar Angell, Eirinn Larsen
ABSTRACT This is an introduction for a special issue “History and Nation-Branding in the Nordic Region”. All articles are published and/or finalized.
摘要这是“北欧地区的历史与民族品牌”特刊的简介。所有文章都已发表和/或定稿。
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引用次数: 1
The Scandinavian ‘Gypsy friend’ 斯堪的纳维亚的“吉普赛朋友”
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2053197
Madeleine Hurd, Steffen Werther
ABSTRACT In this article we examine how a particular ‘Gypsy friend’ persona was adopted and developed by two pioneering pre-war Gypsylorists, the Finn Arthur Thesleff (1861–1920) and the Dane Johan Miskow (1862–1937). The ‘Gypsy friend’ persona, we argue, was a compound of the fearless explorer, the missionary’s selfless paternalism, the disinterested, questing scientist and the eccentric anti-bourgeois bohemian. After looking at how this masculine persona was expressed in earlier scholarship, not least the influential Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, we turn to Thesleff and Miskow to see how they adopted, applied and revised the trope, with attention, finally, to its implications for inter- and postwar treatment of Scandinavian Roma.
摘要在这篇文章中,我们考察了一个特殊的“吉普赛朋友”形象是如何被战前两位开拓性的吉普赛人采用和发展的,他们是芬恩·阿瑟·特斯勒夫(1861–1920)和丹麦人约翰·米斯科夫(1862–1937)。我们认为,“吉普赛朋友”的形象是无畏的探险家、传教士无私的家长作风、无私的、探索的科学家和古怪的反资产阶级波西米亚人的综合体。在研究了这种男性形象在早期学术中是如何表达的,尤其是在有影响力的《吉普赛贵族社会杂志》中,我们转向Thesleff和Miskow,看看他们是如何采用、应用和修改这个比喻的,最后关注它对斯堪的纳维亚罗姆人的跨时代和战后待遇的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Food availability and population growth in 17th century Sweden 17世纪瑞典的食物供应和人口增长
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2048339
L. Palm
ABSTRACT The debate on the demographic development in Sweden in the Early Modern Period has a long history. A significant topic concerns how many people in fact lived in the country during the 16th and 17th centuries. This article focuses on the 17th century but leaves aside the question of absolute population numbers or growth rates. Instead, I will try to estimate the availability of grain, a dominant factor determining and limiting population developments in the period. There is a general view among historians that domestic grain production in Sweden stagnated during the 17th century. In this article, I add my voice to those who hold this view . In itself, this could also indicate a stagnant population. However I will show, that domestic production was not the same thing as grain availability. Swedish scholars are unanimous that in c. 1700 the country had c. 1,300,000 inhabitants. Using new source material, I will show that Sweden’s foreign grain trade in that period could feed at least 300,000 more people than in c. 1630. Finally, I will try to set Sweden’s growing grain trade in context with other developments in Sweden during the period.
关于瑞典近代早期人口发展的争论由来已久。一个重要的话题是,在16世纪和17世纪,有多少人住在这个国家。这篇文章的重点是17世纪,但把绝对人口数量或增长率的问题放在一边。相反,我将尝试估计粮食的可用性,这是决定和限制这一时期人口发展的主要因素。历史学家普遍认为,瑞典的国内粮食生产在17世纪停滞不前。在这篇文章中,我加入了那些持这种观点的人的声音。这本身也可能表明人口停滞不前。然而,我要说明的是,国内产量和粮食供应不是一回事。瑞典学者一致认为,大约1700年,瑞典有大约130万居民。使用新的原始材料,我将展示瑞典在这一时期的对外粮食贸易可以比1630年多养活至少30万人。最后,我将把瑞典不断增长的粮食贸易与这一时期瑞典的其他发展联系起来。
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引用次数: 1
Sovereign dealings with blasphemy: the prosecution of written pacts with the Devil within the absolute monarchy of Denmark-Norway 对亵渎的主权处理:在丹麦-挪威的绝对君主制下与魔鬼签订书面协议的起诉
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-16 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2052349
Nanna Eva Nissen
ABSTRACT This article discusses how to perceive developments in the prosecution of written pacts with the Devil in Denmark-Norway between 1634 and 1754. While existing scholarship interprets the prosecution within the framework of an Enlightenment narrative by presenting the cases as evidence of an incomplete rejection of magical beliefs, such as the possibility of making a pact with the Devil, this article investigates the cases with regard to the early absolutist sovereigns’ endeavours to deal with blasphemy offences. The medley of punishments imposed in the cases – including public confession, executions, and imprisonment with hard labour – calls for a more complex evaluation of both ruptures and continuity in the prosecution of this type of crime during the period. Through selected cases representing varying approaches of the respective sovereigns, this article analyses how the understanding and administration of the offence developed in the legal practice of the emerging absolutist state.
本文讨论了如何看待1634年至1754年间丹麦-挪威与魔鬼签订书面协议的起诉发展。虽然现有的学者在启蒙叙事的框架内通过将案件作为不完全拒绝魔法信仰的证据来解释起诉,例如与魔鬼达成协议的可能性,但本文调查了早期专制主义君主处理亵渎罪的努力。在这些案件中所施加的各种惩罚- -包括公开认罪、处决和监禁苦役- -要求对这一期间起诉这类罪行的中断和连续性进行更复杂的评估。通过选择代表各自主权国家不同做法的案例,本文分析了在新兴专制主义国家的法律实践中对犯罪的理解和管理是如何发展的。
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引用次数: 0
A woman’s rite: rediscovering the ritual of churching in Denmark, c. 1750-1965 妇女的仪式:重新发现丹麦的教堂仪式,约1750-1965年
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-14 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2034665
Mette M. Ahlefeldt-Laurvig
ABSTRACT Taking Denmark as a case study, this article retraces the ritual of churching of women after childbirth 1750c-1965. Churching offers a new angle into women’s religiosity and perception of their procreative body. Placed at the intersection of religion and everyday life, churching was as much a clerical ritual as a social custom at the centre of communal life and a feast day for the married mother. Rooted in Levitical childbirth impurity, adopted as a Christian purification ritual, then redefined by Lutheran reformers as a thanksgiving rite, churching continued along parallel tracks in Europe into the nineteenth and twentieth century in many places. Yet churching has fallen out of common memory in Denmark as elsewhere. This article first examines the clerical rite, demonstrating how churching elevated a mother’s status in the congregation, affording her time, space and honour, a position she lost when churching ceased. The second part analyses the childbirth cycle from pregnancy to churching when society imposed different norms on women. Childbirth was dangerous and physical vulnerability compounded by widespread fears of evil spirits and a sense of being impure. Rather than simply a thanksgiving ceremony, churching often represented an apotropaic and healing passage back to safety.
摘要本文以丹麦为例,追溯了1750年至1965年的女性产后教堂仪式。教堂为女性的宗教信仰和对生殖身体的感知提供了一个新的视角。教堂位于宗教和日常生活的交叉点,既是一种牧师仪式,也是一种处于公共生活中心的社会习俗,也是已婚母亲的节日。植根于利未记中的分娩不洁,被用作基督教的净化仪式,然后被路德改革者重新定义为感恩仪式,在欧洲的许多地方,教堂活动一直沿着平行的轨道持续到19世纪和20世纪。然而,在丹麦和其他地方一样,去教堂已经不再是人们的共同记忆。这篇文章首先考察了牧师仪式,展示了教堂是如何提升母亲在会众中的地位,为她提供时间、空间和荣誉的,而当教堂停止时,她失去了这一地位。第二部分分析了社会对女性施加不同规范时,从怀孕到去教堂的生育周期。分娩是危险的,身体的脆弱性加上对恶灵的普遍恐惧和不纯感。与其说是一个简单的感恩仪式,去教堂往往代表着一条回归安全的平淡而治愈的通道。
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引用次数: 0
Danish friends of the Soviet Union: the history of interwar Danish–Soviet organizations 苏联的丹麦朋友:两次世界大战之间丹麦-苏联组织的历史
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2043933
Kim Frederichsen, Ville Soimetsä
ABSTRACT This article presents the history of two key organizations in interwar Danish–Soviet relations, the Danish–Soviet Association (DRS) and the Danish Union of Friends of the Soviet Union (SUV). Drawing on a large selection of primary sources and literature, the article navigates considerable archival fragmentation and presents a comprehensive analysis of two parallel but separate national nodes in the wider transnational framework of Soviet cultural diplomacy. The analysis explains the background, structures, activities, and relevance of the Comintern-organized SUV and the non-party-affiliated DRS and demonstrates how both associations were relatively successful in both the Danish and Scandinavian contexts throughout the interwar period. The organizations’ resilience was bolstered by the comparatively good cohesion of the Danish Communist Party, and widely respected people in key positions.
摘要本文介绍了两次战争期间丹苏关系中的两个关键组织,丹麦-苏联协会(DRS)和丹麦苏联之友联盟(SUV)的历史。这篇文章借鉴了大量的主要来源和文献,浏览了相当多的档案碎片,并对苏联文化外交更广泛的跨国框架中两个平行但独立的国家节点进行了全面分析。该分析解释了共产国际组织的SUV和无党派附属DRS的背景、结构、活动和相关性,并展示了这两个协会在整个两次世界大战期间如何在丹麦和斯堪的纳维亚背景下相对成功。丹麦共产党相对良好的凝聚力和关键职位上广受尊敬的人增强了这些组织的韧性。
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引用次数: 0
The policing of alcoholics: Power and resistance in early welfare-state Sweden 对酗酒者的监管:早期福利国家瑞典的权力与反抗
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2035813
R. Nilsson
ABSTRACT What in this article is called ‘the policing of alcoholics’ was a process involving several agents and institutional bodies, including but not limited to, officials and at the alcoholics’ institutions, regional and local temperance boards, police authorities and local poor-law boards as well and several others. For the welfare state in the making, the recalcitrant and morally depraved alcoholic represented an anomaly, someone who did not really belong to society. Policing was in the last instance legitimated by the role it played in the process of creating a new social order. The early welfare state should not mainly be seen as a form of ‘liberal’ governance but as a state formation where a continuity with older forms of governance, i. e. policing, existed. The empirical material for this article is taken from the alcoholics’ institution at Svartsjö in the late 1930s and early 1940s. By being subjected to the workings of the power apparatuses in institutions like these, an undifferentiated mass of vagrants, beggars, drunkards, petty criminals, and unruly and socially troublesome people were transformed into a new welfare category, the alcohol abusers. Importantly, this was a process to which the alcohol abusers, through their resistance, also contributed.
摘要本文中所称的“酗酒者治安”是一个涉及多个代理人和机构的过程,包括但不限于官员和酗酒者机构、地区和地方禁酒委员会、警察当局和地方贫困法律委员会以及其他几个机构。对于正在形成的福利国家来说,这个顽固不化、道德败坏的酒鬼代表了一种反常现象,一个并不真正属于社会的人。警务在创建新社会秩序的过程中所起的作用最终使其合法化。早期的福利国家不应主要被视为一种“自由主义”治理形式,而应被视为与旧的治理形式(即治安)相连续的国家形式。本文的实证材料取自20世纪30年代末和40年代初Svartsjö的酗酒者机构。通过在这样的机构中接受权力机构的运作,一群无差别的流浪者、乞丐、酒鬼、小罪犯以及不守规矩和社会麻烦的人被转变为一个新的福利类别,即酗酒者。重要的是,这是一个酗酒者通过抵抗也做出贡献的过程。
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引用次数: 0
The beginnings of Danish foreign policy activism: Supporting Baltic independence 1990-1991 丹麦外交政策激进主义的开端:1990-1991年支持波罗的海独立
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2034664
Mikkel Runge Olesen
ABSTRACT 1990–1991 saw a distinct change in Danish foreign policy in general and towards the Baltic countries in particular, shifting from a quiescent policy of non-recognition of the Soviet occupation of the Baltic countries to active support for Baltic independence. Drawing on declassified documents, this article argues that although the shift was made possible by Soviet decline and by US approval and support for the new Danish position, it was ultimately driven by the idea prevalent in Danish foreign policy thinking that it would further Denmark’s long-term indirect security interests. By contributing to restoring the independence of three small democratic states on the other side of the Baltic Sea, Denmark could promote a more stable – and to Denmark less threatening – Baltic Sea area. Alternative hypotheses for the shift in policy: that the Danish desire to adopt the Baltic cause was a way to perform a useful service to the US; or that it was driven by ‘pure’ humanitarian motives, and/or by consideration for international and domestic prestige are examined and rejected.
1990年至1991年,丹麦的外交政策发生了明显变化,特别是对波罗的海国家的外交政策,从不承认苏联占领波罗的海国家的沉默政策转变为积极支持波罗的海国家的独立。根据解密文件,本文认为,尽管苏联的衰落和美国对丹麦新立场的认可和支持使这种转变成为可能,但最终驱动这种转变的是丹麦外交政策中普遍存在的一种想法,即这将进一步促进丹麦的长期间接安全利益。通过帮助恢复波罗的海另一边的三个民主小国的独立,丹麦可以促进一个更稳定的波罗的海地区- -对丹麦来说威胁更小。政策转变的其他假设是:丹麦希望加入波罗的海事业,是为美国提供有益服务的一种方式;或者它是由“纯粹的”人道主义动机驱动的,或者是出于对国际和国内声望的考虑,这些都被审查和拒绝了。
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引用次数: 0
Producing history, (re)branding the nation: the case of an exhibition on the Danish Golden Age 创造历史,重塑国家品牌——以丹麦黄金时代展览为例
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-01-30 DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2022.2028671
Ida Lunde Jørgensen, Mads Mordhorst
ABSTRACT This article examines how national museums, which are key actors in nation-building and nation-branding, participate in the production and circulation of national myths for present contexts. Through a case study of a travelling exhibition on the Danish Golden Age, we analyse how the exhibition and myth of the Danish Golden Age change and transform as they are circulated in the national contexts of Denmark and Sweden, and how the changes are linked to variations and differences in nation-building and nation-branding in the two national contexts. Our theoretical framework combines nationalism studies with the concept of nation-branding, and uses an institutional perspective to explore how rule-like myths about a golden age are transformed in the face of differing national-identity and nation-branding needs.
摘要本文探讨了国家博物馆作为国家建设和国家品牌的关键参与者,如何在当前背景下参与国家神话的制作和传播。通过一个关于丹麦黄金时代的巡回展览的案例研究,我们分析了丹麦黄金时代的展览和神话在丹麦和瑞典的国家背景下是如何变化和转变的,以及这些变化如何与这两个国家背景下国家建设和国家品牌的变化和差异联系在一起。我们的理论框架将民族主义研究与国家品牌概念相结合,并使用制度视角来探索在不同的国家身份和国家品牌需求面前,关于黄金时代的规则式神话是如何转变的。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY
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