Pub Date : 2024-07-05DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3424242
G N V Mohan;Chandrashekhar N. Bhende;Yash Raghuwanshi
Resiliency enhancement of the power distribution network (PDN) through restoration is paramount in the face of escalating natural disasters. State-of-the-art literature has centered on augmenting resiliency through network reconfiguration, along with the integration of renewable energy resources (RES) and mobile energy storage systems (MESS). However, these approaches often assume an intact communication infrastructure, a premise that fails to address the damage in the cyber or communication network (CN). This study introduces the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for wireless communication in the aftermath of communication infrastructure damage. Motivated by this, a comprehensive mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem-based restoration framework is proposed, aiming to elevate PDN resiliency considering a cyber-dependent PDN. This approach encompasses network reconfiguration, MESS, and UAV integration. The proposed method's efficacy is evaluated through rigorous testing and validation on the cyber-dependent IEEE 33 bus system and IEEE 123 bus system. This work pioneers a holistic approach to PDN resiliency, considering communication challenges often overlooked.
{"title":"Improving Resiliency of Cyber-Dependent Power Distribution Network Using UAVs","authors":"G N V Mohan;Chandrashekhar N. Bhende;Yash Raghuwanshi","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3424242","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3424242","url":null,"abstract":"Resiliency enhancement of the power distribution network (PDN) through restoration is paramount in the face of escalating natural disasters. State-of-the-art literature has centered on augmenting resiliency through network reconfiguration, along with the integration of renewable energy resources (RES) and mobile energy storage systems (MESS). However, these approaches often assume an intact communication infrastructure, a premise that fails to address the damage in the cyber or communication network (CN). This study introduces the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for wireless communication in the aftermath of communication infrastructure damage. Motivated by this, a comprehensive mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem-based restoration framework is proposed, aiming to elevate PDN resiliency considering a cyber-dependent PDN. This approach encompasses network reconfiguration, MESS, and UAV integration. The proposed method's efficacy is evaluated through rigorous testing and validation on the cyber-dependent IEEE 33 bus system and IEEE 123 bus system. This work pioneers a holistic approach to PDN resiliency, considering communication challenges often overlooked.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2472-2485"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141569939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3421929
Ge Chen;Hongcai Zhang;Junjie Qin;Yonghua Song
The increasing integration of distributed energy resources necessitates effective coordination of flexible sources within distribution networks. Traditional model-based approaches require accurate topology and line parameters, which are often unavailable. Neural constraint replication can bypass this requirement, but it relies on complete nodal and branch measurements. However, in practice, only partial buses are monitored, while branches often remain unmeasured. To address this issue, this paper proposes a topology identification-incorporated neural constraint replication to replicate power flow constraints with only partial nodal measurements. Utilizing the additive property of line parameters, we develop a recursive bus elimination algorithm to recover topology and line impedance from power injection and voltage measurements on limited buses. We then estimate missing voltage and branch flow measurements based on the recovered model information. By combining observed and estimated measurements to construct training sets, we train neural networks to replicate voltage and branch flow constraints, which are subsequently reformulated into mixed-integer linear programming forms for efficient solving. Monte-Carlo simulations on various test systems demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method, even with limited nodal measurements.
{"title":"Replicating Power Flow Constraints Using Only Smart Meter Data for Coordinating Flexible Sources in Distribution Network","authors":"Ge Chen;Hongcai Zhang;Junjie Qin;Yonghua Song","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3421929","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3421929","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing integration of distributed energy resources necessitates effective coordination of flexible sources within distribution networks. Traditional model-based approaches require accurate topology and line parameters, which are often unavailable. Neural constraint replication can bypass this requirement, but it relies on complete nodal and branch measurements. However, in practice, only partial buses are monitored, while branches often remain unmeasured. To address this issue, this paper proposes a topology identification-incorporated neural constraint replication to replicate power flow constraints with only partial nodal measurements. Utilizing the additive property of line parameters, we develop a recursive bus elimination algorithm to recover topology and line impedance from power injection and voltage measurements on limited buses. We then estimate missing voltage and branch flow measurements based on the recovered model information. By combining observed and estimated measurements to construct training sets, we train neural networks to replicate voltage and branch flow constraints, which are subsequently reformulated into mixed-integer linear programming forms for efficient solving. Monte-Carlo simulations on various test systems demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method, even with limited nodal measurements.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2428-2443"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3422236
Yuze Wang;Jia Su;Yixun Xue;Xinyue Chang;Zening Li;Hongbin Sun
Renewable energy will be the important form of energy supply for future Antarctic scientific research station. This will complicate the dispatch of the Antarctic integrated energy system (IES), due to the harsh operation environment and diverse operation situation of the Antarctic system, especially for the problem of equipment outage caused by extreme weather. To cope with that, a rolling optimal dispatch method considering alert mechanism for Antarctic integrated energy system is proposed in this paper. First, the output of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is characterized by the feasible region and converted into a linear P-H-T model. By introducing the alert mechanism, a rolling optimal dispatch strategy is then established to ensure the security operation of the Antarctic integrated energy system. Furthermore, the normalized multiparametric disaggregation technology (NMDT) is presented to deal with the bilinear terms in dispatching formulation, in which a mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming (MIQCP) is converted into mixed integer linear programming (MILP). Finally, case study is verified on the actual Antarctic energy system. The results indicates that the proposed fuel cell P-H-T model can enhance the flexibility and economy of the operation system. Also the load shedding can be reduced during the emergency operation by developed optimal dispatch strategy, which improves the resilience of IES.
{"title":"Toward on Rolling Optimal Dispatch Strategy Considering Alert Mechanism for Antarctic Electricity-Hydrogen-Heat Integrated Energy System","authors":"Yuze Wang;Jia Su;Yixun Xue;Xinyue Chang;Zening Li;Hongbin Sun","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3422236","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3422236","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy will be the important form of energy supply for future Antarctic scientific research station. This will complicate the dispatch of the Antarctic integrated energy system (IES), due to the harsh operation environment and diverse operation situation of the Antarctic system, especially for the problem of equipment outage caused by extreme weather. To cope with that, a rolling optimal dispatch method considering alert mechanism for Antarctic integrated energy system is proposed in this paper. First, the output of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is characterized by the feasible region and converted into a linear P-H-T model. By introducing the alert mechanism, a rolling optimal dispatch strategy is then established to ensure the security operation of the Antarctic integrated energy system. Furthermore, the normalized multiparametric disaggregation technology (NMDT) is presented to deal with the bilinear terms in dispatching formulation, in which a mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming (MIQCP) is converted into mixed integer linear programming (MILP). Finally, case study is verified on the actual Antarctic energy system. The results indicates that the proposed fuel cell P-H-T model can enhance the flexibility and economy of the operation system. Also the load shedding can be reduced during the emergency operation by developed optimal dispatch strategy, which improves the resilience of IES.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2457-2471"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3422133
Han Mu;Dongsheng Yang;Yin Sun;Lucia Beloqui Larumbe
To achieve the 2050 global climate target, offshore wind will increase to meet the growing demand of direct and indirect electrification (e.g. green hydrogen production for the hard-to-abate sector). To keep up with the rapid increase of offshore wind generation, the energy balancing challenges due to the intermittency nature of wind and the network congestion/capacity challenges resulting from structural network capacity planning latency are to be addressed with system integration technology. In this paper, it is proposed that the hydrogen electrolysis plant be co-located with the wind farm, where the power consumption is controlled to track the wind generation profile accurately to cancel the intermittency of wind generation, reduce the required grid connection capacity, and thereby avoid expensive grid expansion. However, this power tracking controller introduces a cross-plant feedback path from the wind farm to the hydrogen plant, posing challenges for partitioning the power tracking loop completely for stability analysis, which also makes it difficult to make a good trade-off between the tracking performance and stability margins. To address this issue, this paper proposes an equivalent transformation to eliminate the cross-plant feedback path. Then, the criteria for choosing the optimal partition method are proposed and examined for different types of partition methods, which are mathematically proven to be equivalent in terms of stability conditions but provide different insights. An optimal partition method is then proposed in this paper, which not only provides clear insight on the ideal and non-ideal power tracking performances but also can also identify the stability issues of different minor loops individually. Finally, the proposed optimal partition method and its valuable insights into power tracking performance and stability analysis are validated through time-domain simulations of a 180 MW integrated wind-to-hydrogen plant with a realistic complexity.
{"title":"Dynamic Power Tracking Performance and Small Signal Stability Analysis of Integrated Wind-to-Hydrogen System","authors":"Han Mu;Dongsheng Yang;Yin Sun;Lucia Beloqui Larumbe","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3422133","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3422133","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve the 2050 global climate target, offshore wind will increase to meet the growing demand of direct and indirect electrification (e.g. green hydrogen production for the hard-to-abate sector). To keep up with the rapid increase of offshore wind generation, the energy balancing challenges due to the intermittency nature of wind and the network congestion/capacity challenges resulting from structural network capacity planning latency are to be addressed with system integration technology. In this paper, it is proposed that the hydrogen electrolysis plant be co-located with the wind farm, where the power consumption is controlled to track the wind generation profile accurately to cancel the intermittency of wind generation, reduce the required grid connection capacity, and thereby avoid expensive grid expansion. However, this power tracking controller introduces a cross-plant feedback path from the wind farm to the hydrogen plant, posing challenges for partitioning the power tracking loop completely for stability analysis, which also makes it difficult to make a good trade-off between the tracking performance and stability margins. To address this issue, this paper proposes an equivalent transformation to eliminate the cross-plant feedback path. Then, the criteria for choosing the optimal partition method are proposed and examined for different types of partition methods, which are mathematically proven to be equivalent in terms of stability conditions but provide different insights. An optimal partition method is then proposed in this paper, which not only provides clear insight on the ideal and non-ideal power tracking performances but also can also identify the stability issues of different minor loops individually. Finally, the proposed optimal partition method and its valuable insights into power tracking performance and stability analysis are validated through time-domain simulations of a 180 MW integrated wind-to-hydrogen plant with a realistic complexity.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2444-2456"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3421358
Jialei Su;Kang Li
Multiple battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have been widely used in the DC microgrids to balance generation and demand. To achieve this, the BESS converters need to deliver the full required input/output power imposed on BESSs under the conventional BESS-DC bus configuration, which often demands high power ratings for the converters, hence leads to high installation cost as well as high power losses. To reduce the power ratings for BESS converters while delivering the same power from BESSs, this paper proposes a new differential power processing (DPP) based control framework where the DPP techniques and BESSs are firstly combined without losing the following control objectives, namely, the accurate current-sharing and state of charge (SoC) balance of BESSs as well as DC bus voltage regulation. This is achieved first by introducing inverted bidirectional buck converters to function as a front-end converter and DPP converters. Then, a virtual state variable combining BESS output current and its SoC is proposed, based on which a consensus control strategy is proposed. The stability of the proposed DPP-based control framework is also analyzed. Finally, the real-time hardware-in-loop (HIL) tests confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control framework, showing that the proposed DPP-based control framework reduces the power ratings of the converters to less than 20 $%$ of BESS converters used in conventional BESS-DC bus configuration even in the worst operating scenario, while delivering the same required power from BESSs, paving a way for an innovative BESS DC microgrid design with much down-sized converters for BESSs.
{"title":"Differential Power Processing Based Control Framework for Multiple Battery Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrids","authors":"Jialei Su;Kang Li","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3421358","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3421358","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have been widely used in the DC microgrids to balance generation and demand. To achieve this, the BESS converters need to deliver the full required input/output power imposed on BESSs under the conventional BESS-DC bus configuration, which often demands high power ratings for the converters, hence leads to high installation cost as well as high power losses. To reduce the power ratings for BESS converters while delivering the same power from BESSs, this paper proposes a new differential power processing (DPP) based control framework where the DPP techniques and BESSs are firstly combined without losing the following control objectives, namely, the accurate current-sharing and state of charge (SoC) balance of BESSs as well as DC bus voltage regulation. This is achieved first by introducing inverted bidirectional buck converters to function as a front-end converter and DPP converters. Then, a virtual state variable combining BESS output current and its SoC is proposed, based on which a consensus control strategy is proposed. The stability of the proposed DPP-based control framework is also analyzed. Finally, the real-time hardware-in-loop (HIL) tests confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control framework, showing that the proposed DPP-based control framework reduces the power ratings of the converters to less than 20 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 of BESS converters used in conventional BESS-DC bus configuration even in the worst operating scenario, while delivering the same required power from BESSs, paving a way for an innovative BESS DC microgrid design with much down-sized converters for BESSs.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2417-2427"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3420940
Lingling Fan;Zhixin Miao;Deepak Ramasubramanian
Voltage control is often time provided at the plant-level control of inverter-based resources (IBR). Addition of energy storage systems in an IBR power plant makes it feasible to have frequency control at the power plant level. While frequency control appears as a simple frequency-power droop control to adjust real power commands to inverter-level controls with measured frequency as an input, care must be taken to avoid interactions among the plant frequency control with communication delays, inverter-level control effects, and the frequency sensor, usually a phase-locked-loop (PLL). This paper present two types of interaction scenarios that makes frequency control design challenging. The first interaction scenario may occur if the frequency control's gain is large, while the second interaction scenario may occur at a small control gain if the plant-level PLL lacks sufficient damping. We contribute to the fundamental understanding of the causation of stability issues due to plant frequency control through the derivation of a simplified feedback system focusing on the frequency and power relationship, and the follow-up frequency-domain analysis for gaining insights. For validation, we also design a data-driven approach to obtain models from data generated from an electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation testbed. The findings from analysis have all been validated by EMT simulation. Finally, we contribute to mitigating strategies and also the understanding of the role of additional proportional integration power feedback control. This addition has been demonstrated as an efficient stability enhancement strategy to mitigate the effect of communication delay.
{"title":"IBR Power Plant Frequency Control Design Consideration","authors":"Lingling Fan;Zhixin Miao;Deepak Ramasubramanian","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3420940","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3420940","url":null,"abstract":"Voltage control is often time provided at the plant-level control of inverter-based resources (IBR). Addition of energy storage systems in an IBR power plant makes it feasible to have frequency control at the power plant level. While frequency control appears as a simple frequency-power droop control to adjust real power commands to inverter-level controls with measured frequency as an input, care must be taken to avoid interactions among the plant frequency control with communication delays, inverter-level control effects, and the frequency sensor, usually a phase-locked-loop (PLL). This paper present two types of interaction scenarios that makes frequency control design challenging. The first interaction scenario may occur if the frequency control's gain is large, while the second interaction scenario may occur at a small control gain if the plant-level PLL lacks sufficient damping. We contribute to the fundamental understanding of the causation of stability issues due to plant frequency control through the derivation of a simplified feedback system focusing on the frequency and power relationship, and the follow-up frequency-domain analysis for gaining insights. For validation, we also design a data-driven approach to obtain models from data generated from an electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation testbed. The findings from analysis have all been validated by EMT simulation. Finally, we contribute to mitigating strategies and also the understanding of the role of additional proportional integration power feedback control. This addition has been demonstrated as an efficient stability enhancement strategy to mitigate the effect of communication delay.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2405-2416"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141501918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An accurate planning decision relies on the careful consideration of short-term operations. However, exactly modeling the operation of the entire planning horizon is generally computationally intractable. To address this issue, existing methods usually use typical days to estimate the expected operational process, while formulating an uncertainty set to capture short-term operational uncertainties during the entire planning horizon. However, different typical days may exhibit distinct characteristics in short-term uncertainties, e.g., the photovoltaic curve may vary in temporal and spatial characteristics across different seasons. It means that a single uncertainty set cannot precisely describe short-term uncertainties of different characteristics. Motivated by these challenges, this paper develops a new uncertainty set formation approach based on the Theorem of Finite Covering. The main idea is to adaptively optimize several uncertainty sets to cover the uncertainties. Short-term uncertainties with different characteristics are carefully formulated in individual uncertainty sets, which together cover the uncertainty during the entire planning horizon. Based on the proposed uncertainty sets, a multi-stage robust optimization planning model is established. Extensive case studies are tested on an IEEE-33 bus distribution system and compared with two popular existing methods. Results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"Adaptive Characteristic Modeling of Long-Period Uncertainties: A Multi-Stage Robust Energy Storage Planning Approach Based on the Finite Covering Theorem","authors":"Jiexing Zhao;Qiaozhu Zhai;Yuzhou Zhou;Lei Wu;Xiaohong Guan","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3419097","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3419097","url":null,"abstract":"An accurate planning decision relies on the careful consideration of short-term operations. However, exactly modeling the operation of the entire planning horizon is generally computationally intractable. To address this issue, existing methods usually use typical days to estimate the expected operational process, while formulating an uncertainty set to capture short-term operational uncertainties during the entire planning horizon. However, different typical days may exhibit distinct characteristics in short-term uncertainties, e.g., the photovoltaic curve may vary in temporal and spatial characteristics across different seasons. It means that a single uncertainty set cannot precisely describe short-term uncertainties of different characteristics. Motivated by these challenges, this paper develops a new uncertainty set formation approach based on the Theorem of Finite Covering. The main idea is to adaptively optimize several uncertainty sets to cover the uncertainties. Short-term uncertainties with different characteristics are carefully formulated in individual uncertainty sets, which together cover the uncertainty during the entire planning horizon. Based on the proposed uncertainty sets, a multi-stage robust optimization planning model is established. Extensive case studies are tested on an IEEE-33 bus distribution system and compared with two popular existing methods. Results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2393-2404"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141501916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development and utilization of hydrogen hold the potential to revolutionize new power systems by providing a clean and versatile energy carrier. This paper presents a practical hydrogen-integrated microgrid developed by Xi'an Jiaotong University in Yulin, China. The hydrogen-integrated microgrid features a 1-MW photovoltaic (PV) system and a 640-kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, equipped with a complete set of hydrogen production and supply system, aiming to establish a near-zero carbon multi-energy supply and demand system. Specific control strategies for distributed generations (DGs) as well as system-level control approaches for bidirectional interlinking converters (BICs) are designed to ensure the stable operation of the microgrid system. Through real-world implementation and experimental tests, the microgrid system's ability to effectively harness renewable and clean energy sources, produce and utilize hydrogen, and respond to changes in operating conditions is validated. Some discussion on the benefits of integrating hydrogen into microgrids, comparisons with existing microgrids, practical design considerations, and challenges in the microgrid control system is also summarized for reference. The results showcase the potential of hydrogen-integrated microgrid as a key solution in achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.
{"title":"Real-World Scale Deployment of Hydrogen-Integrated Microgrid: Design and Control","authors":"Xiaoyu Wang;Jingjing Huang;Zhanbo Xu;Chuanlin Zhang;Xiaohong Guan","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418494","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418494","url":null,"abstract":"The development and utilization of hydrogen hold the potential to revolutionize new power systems by providing a clean and versatile energy carrier. This paper presents a practical hydrogen-integrated microgrid developed by Xi'an Jiaotong University in Yulin, China. The hydrogen-integrated microgrid features a 1-MW photovoltaic (PV) system and a 640-kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, equipped with a complete set of hydrogen production and supply system, aiming to establish a near-zero carbon multi-energy supply and demand system. Specific control strategies for distributed generations (DGs) as well as system-level control approaches for bidirectional interlinking converters (BICs) are designed to ensure the stable operation of the microgrid system. Through real-world implementation and experimental tests, the microgrid system's ability to effectively harness renewable and clean energy sources, produce and utilize hydrogen, and respond to changes in operating conditions is validated. Some discussion on the benefits of integrating hydrogen into microgrids, comparisons with existing microgrids, practical design considerations, and challenges in the microgrid control system is also summarized for reference. The results showcase the potential of hydrogen-integrated microgrid as a key solution in achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2380-2392"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141502123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418043
Victor Timmers;Agustí Egea-Àlvarez;Aris Gkountaras;Lie Xu
Co-locating electrolyzers and offshore wind can significantly reduce the cost of green hydrogen. However, without a grid connection, a new control paradigm is required for the electrolyzer to follow the variable power supplied by the wind turbine. Commercial electrolyzers have power ramp rate limitations, which can result in a mismatch between the wind turbine and electrolyzer power, leading to frequent shutdown and potentially unstable operation. This paper is the first to develop a control system for this off-grid operation with three mechanisms to dynamically balance the power, including energy storage, rotor inertia, and enhanced pitch control. The results show that a $6.8 million supercapacitor is required with a power rating and capacity of approximately 6.7 MW and 8.5 kWh to enable the system to operate through 99% of the annual wind variation. If the electrolyzer ramp rates can be doubled, the same operating hours can be achieved using only control-based power balancing methods at the cost of a marginal reduction in energy production. If commercial electrolyzer ramp rates can be tripled, the system is able to operate without the need for any power balancing.
{"title":"Control and Power Balancing of an Off-Grid Wind Turbine With Co-Located Electrolyzer","authors":"Victor Timmers;Agustí Egea-Àlvarez;Aris Gkountaras;Lie Xu","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418043","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418043","url":null,"abstract":"Co-locating electrolyzers and offshore wind can significantly reduce the cost of green hydrogen. However, without a grid connection, a new control paradigm is required for the electrolyzer to follow the variable power supplied by the wind turbine. Commercial electrolyzers have power ramp rate limitations, which can result in a mismatch between the wind turbine and electrolyzer power, leading to frequent shutdown and potentially unstable operation. This paper is the first to develop a control system for this off-grid operation with three mechanisms to dynamically balance the power, including energy storage, rotor inertia, and enhanced pitch control. The results show that a $6.8 million supercapacitor is required with a power rating and capacity of approximately 6.7 MW and 8.5 kWh to enable the system to operate through 99% of the annual wind variation. If the electrolyzer ramp rates can be doubled, the same operating hours can be achieved using only control-based power balancing methods at the cost of a marginal reduction in energy production. If commercial electrolyzer ramp rates can be tripled, the system is able to operate without the need for any power balancing.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2349-2360"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The existing imprecise fault current calculation, due to incomplete stage division of whole fault process of DFIG-based wind farms (DBWFs), brings great hidden dangers to safety and stable operation of local grid. To tackle this challenge, a fault current multi-stages calculation (FCMSC) method is proposed to accurately calculate DFIG-based wind farm's output symmetrical and asymmetrical fault currents under grid whole fault process that including fault occurrence, fault ride-through and fault recovery. The main content of FCMSC method includes: 1) Whole fault process equivalent aggregation model, which contains protection response stage, first crowbar protection stage, demagnetization operation stage, reactive current injection stage, and second crowbar protection stage, is completely established while second crowbar protection stage is firstly dissected in detail. 2) Fault current contribution mechanism, considering wind speed, is revealed to have GSC injection and absorption modes under asymmetrical grid fault conditions. 3) Fault current universal expression, which covers whole fault process operation stages and scenarios, is conducted by replacing differential equations with simple algebraic operations for improving calculation accuracy, timeliness and universality. 4) Fault current characteristic components, which contain DC components, AC stable components, and AC attenuated components, is extracted for providing key data for fault identification and protection. Extensive test results under symmetrical and asymmetrical faults are illustrated for verifying the correctness of proposed FCMSC method.
{"title":"Fault Current Multi-Stages Calculation Method for DFIG-Based Wind Farms With Whole Fault Process Attributes Under Asymmetrical Grid Fault Conditions","authors":"Xubin Liu;Zijian Zhang;Yonglu Liu;Liang Yuan;Mei Su;Feng Zhou;Canbing Li;Jianzhe Liu;Xin Zhang;Peng Wang","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418147","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418147","url":null,"abstract":"The existing imprecise fault current calculation, due to incomplete stage division of whole fault process of DFIG-based wind farms (DBWFs), brings great hidden dangers to safety and stable operation of local grid. To tackle this challenge, a fault current multi-stages calculation (FCMSC) method is proposed to accurately calculate DFIG-based wind farm's output symmetrical and asymmetrical fault currents under grid whole fault process that including fault occurrence, fault ride-through and fault recovery. The main content of FCMSC method includes: 1) Whole fault process equivalent aggregation model, which contains protection response stage, first crowbar protection stage, demagnetization operation stage, reactive current injection stage, and second crowbar protection stage, is completely established while second crowbar protection stage is firstly dissected in detail. 2) Fault current contribution mechanism, considering wind speed, is revealed to have GSC injection and absorption modes under asymmetrical grid fault conditions. 3) Fault current universal expression, which covers whole fault process operation stages and scenarios, is conducted by replacing differential equations with simple algebraic operations for improving calculation accuracy, timeliness and universality. 4) Fault current characteristic components, which contain DC components, AC stable components, and AC attenuated components, is extracted for providing key data for fault identification and protection. Extensive test results under symmetrical and asymmetrical faults are illustrated for verifying the correctness of proposed FCMSC method.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2361-2379"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141501917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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