An accurate planning decision relies on the careful consideration of short-term operations. However, exactly modeling the operation of the entire planning horizon is generally computationally intractable. To address this issue, existing methods usually use typical days to estimate the expected operational process, while formulating an uncertainty set to capture short-term operational uncertainties during the entire planning horizon. However, different typical days may exhibit distinct characteristics in short-term uncertainties, e.g., the photovoltaic curve may vary in temporal and spatial characteristics across different seasons. It means that a single uncertainty set cannot precisely describe short-term uncertainties of different characteristics. Motivated by these challenges, this paper develops a new uncertainty set formation approach based on the Theorem of Finite Covering. The main idea is to adaptively optimize several uncertainty sets to cover the uncertainties. Short-term uncertainties with different characteristics are carefully formulated in individual uncertainty sets, which together cover the uncertainty during the entire planning horizon. Based on the proposed uncertainty sets, a multi-stage robust optimization planning model is established. Extensive case studies are tested on an IEEE-33 bus distribution system and compared with two popular existing methods. Results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"Adaptive Characteristic Modeling of Long-Period Uncertainties: A Multi-Stage Robust Energy Storage Planning Approach Based on the Finite Covering Theorem","authors":"Jiexing Zhao;Qiaozhu Zhai;Yuzhou Zhou;Lei Wu;Xiaohong Guan","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3419097","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3419097","url":null,"abstract":"An accurate planning decision relies on the careful consideration of short-term operations. However, exactly modeling the operation of the entire planning horizon is generally computationally intractable. To address this issue, existing methods usually use typical days to estimate the expected operational process, while formulating an uncertainty set to capture short-term operational uncertainties during the entire planning horizon. However, different typical days may exhibit distinct characteristics in short-term uncertainties, e.g., the photovoltaic curve may vary in temporal and spatial characteristics across different seasons. It means that a single uncertainty set cannot precisely describe short-term uncertainties of different characteristics. Motivated by these challenges, this paper develops a new uncertainty set formation approach based on the Theorem of Finite Covering. The main idea is to adaptively optimize several uncertainty sets to cover the uncertainties. Short-term uncertainties with different characteristics are carefully formulated in individual uncertainty sets, which together cover the uncertainty during the entire planning horizon. Based on the proposed uncertainty sets, a multi-stage robust optimization planning model is established. Extensive case studies are tested on an IEEE-33 bus distribution system and compared with two popular existing methods. Results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2393-2404"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141501916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development and utilization of hydrogen hold the potential to revolutionize new power systems by providing a clean and versatile energy carrier. This paper presents a practical hydrogen-integrated microgrid developed by Xi'an Jiaotong University in Yulin, China. The hydrogen-integrated microgrid features a 1-MW photovoltaic (PV) system and a 640-kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, equipped with a complete set of hydrogen production and supply system, aiming to establish a near-zero carbon multi-energy supply and demand system. Specific control strategies for distributed generations (DGs) as well as system-level control approaches for bidirectional interlinking converters (BICs) are designed to ensure the stable operation of the microgrid system. Through real-world implementation and experimental tests, the microgrid system's ability to effectively harness renewable and clean energy sources, produce and utilize hydrogen, and respond to changes in operating conditions is validated. Some discussion on the benefits of integrating hydrogen into microgrids, comparisons with existing microgrids, practical design considerations, and challenges in the microgrid control system is also summarized for reference. The results showcase the potential of hydrogen-integrated microgrid as a key solution in achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.
{"title":"Real-World Scale Deployment of Hydrogen-Integrated Microgrid: Design and Control","authors":"Xiaoyu Wang;Jingjing Huang;Zhanbo Xu;Chuanlin Zhang;Xiaohong Guan","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418494","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418494","url":null,"abstract":"The development and utilization of hydrogen hold the potential to revolutionize new power systems by providing a clean and versatile energy carrier. This paper presents a practical hydrogen-integrated microgrid developed by Xi'an Jiaotong University in Yulin, China. The hydrogen-integrated microgrid features a 1-MW photovoltaic (PV) system and a 640-kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, equipped with a complete set of hydrogen production and supply system, aiming to establish a near-zero carbon multi-energy supply and demand system. Specific control strategies for distributed generations (DGs) as well as system-level control approaches for bidirectional interlinking converters (BICs) are designed to ensure the stable operation of the microgrid system. Through real-world implementation and experimental tests, the microgrid system's ability to effectively harness renewable and clean energy sources, produce and utilize hydrogen, and respond to changes in operating conditions is validated. Some discussion on the benefits of integrating hydrogen into microgrids, comparisons with existing microgrids, practical design considerations, and challenges in the microgrid control system is also summarized for reference. The results showcase the potential of hydrogen-integrated microgrid as a key solution in achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2380-2392"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141502123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418043
Victor Timmers;Agustí Egea-Àlvarez;Aris Gkountaras;Lie Xu
Co-locating electrolyzers and offshore wind can significantly reduce the cost of green hydrogen. However, without a grid connection, a new control paradigm is required for the electrolyzer to follow the variable power supplied by the wind turbine. Commercial electrolyzers have power ramp rate limitations, which can result in a mismatch between the wind turbine and electrolyzer power, leading to frequent shutdown and potentially unstable operation. This paper is the first to develop a control system for this off-grid operation with three mechanisms to dynamically balance the power, including energy storage, rotor inertia, and enhanced pitch control. The results show that a $6.8 million supercapacitor is required with a power rating and capacity of approximately 6.7 MW and 8.5 kWh to enable the system to operate through 99% of the annual wind variation. If the electrolyzer ramp rates can be doubled, the same operating hours can be achieved using only control-based power balancing methods at the cost of a marginal reduction in energy production. If commercial electrolyzer ramp rates can be tripled, the system is able to operate without the need for any power balancing.
{"title":"Control and Power Balancing of an Off-Grid Wind Turbine With Co-Located Electrolyzer","authors":"Victor Timmers;Agustí Egea-Àlvarez;Aris Gkountaras;Lie Xu","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418043","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418043","url":null,"abstract":"Co-locating electrolyzers and offshore wind can significantly reduce the cost of green hydrogen. However, without a grid connection, a new control paradigm is required for the electrolyzer to follow the variable power supplied by the wind turbine. Commercial electrolyzers have power ramp rate limitations, which can result in a mismatch between the wind turbine and electrolyzer power, leading to frequent shutdown and potentially unstable operation. This paper is the first to develop a control system for this off-grid operation with three mechanisms to dynamically balance the power, including energy storage, rotor inertia, and enhanced pitch control. The results show that a $6.8 million supercapacitor is required with a power rating and capacity of approximately 6.7 MW and 8.5 kWh to enable the system to operate through 99% of the annual wind variation. If the electrolyzer ramp rates can be doubled, the same operating hours can be achieved using only control-based power balancing methods at the cost of a marginal reduction in energy production. If commercial electrolyzer ramp rates can be tripled, the system is able to operate without the need for any power balancing.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2349-2360"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The existing imprecise fault current calculation, due to incomplete stage division of whole fault process of DFIG-based wind farms (DBWFs), brings great hidden dangers to safety and stable operation of local grid. To tackle this challenge, a fault current multi-stages calculation (FCMSC) method is proposed to accurately calculate DFIG-based wind farm's output symmetrical and asymmetrical fault currents under grid whole fault process that including fault occurrence, fault ride-through and fault recovery. The main content of FCMSC method includes: 1) Whole fault process equivalent aggregation model, which contains protection response stage, first crowbar protection stage, demagnetization operation stage, reactive current injection stage, and second crowbar protection stage, is completely established while second crowbar protection stage is firstly dissected in detail. 2) Fault current contribution mechanism, considering wind speed, is revealed to have GSC injection and absorption modes under asymmetrical grid fault conditions. 3) Fault current universal expression, which covers whole fault process operation stages and scenarios, is conducted by replacing differential equations with simple algebraic operations for improving calculation accuracy, timeliness and universality. 4) Fault current characteristic components, which contain DC components, AC stable components, and AC attenuated components, is extracted for providing key data for fault identification and protection. Extensive test results under symmetrical and asymmetrical faults are illustrated for verifying the correctness of proposed FCMSC method.
{"title":"Fault Current Multi-Stages Calculation Method for DFIG-Based Wind Farms With Whole Fault Process Attributes Under Asymmetrical Grid Fault Conditions","authors":"Xubin Liu;Zijian Zhang;Yonglu Liu;Liang Yuan;Mei Su;Feng Zhou;Canbing Li;Jianzhe Liu;Xin Zhang;Peng Wang","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418147","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3418147","url":null,"abstract":"The existing imprecise fault current calculation, due to incomplete stage division of whole fault process of DFIG-based wind farms (DBWFs), brings great hidden dangers to safety and stable operation of local grid. To tackle this challenge, a fault current multi-stages calculation (FCMSC) method is proposed to accurately calculate DFIG-based wind farm's output symmetrical and asymmetrical fault currents under grid whole fault process that including fault occurrence, fault ride-through and fault recovery. The main content of FCMSC method includes: 1) Whole fault process equivalent aggregation model, which contains protection response stage, first crowbar protection stage, demagnetization operation stage, reactive current injection stage, and second crowbar protection stage, is completely established while second crowbar protection stage is firstly dissected in detail. 2) Fault current contribution mechanism, considering wind speed, is revealed to have GSC injection and absorption modes under asymmetrical grid fault conditions. 3) Fault current universal expression, which covers whole fault process operation stages and scenarios, is conducted by replacing differential equations with simple algebraic operations for improving calculation accuracy, timeliness and universality. 4) Fault current characteristic components, which contain DC components, AC stable components, and AC attenuated components, is extracted for providing key data for fault identification and protection. Extensive test results under symmetrical and asymmetrical faults are illustrated for verifying the correctness of proposed FCMSC method.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2361-2379"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141501917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3417249
Ahmed S. Alahmed;Lang Tong;Qing Zhao
The co-optimization of behind-the-meter distributed energy resources is considered for prosumers under the net energy metering tariff. The distributed energy resources considered include renewable generations, flexible demands, and battery energy storage systems. An energy management system co-optimizes the consumptions and battery storage based on locally available stochastic renewables by solving a stochastic dynamic program that maximizes the expected operation surplus. To circumvent the exponential complexity of the dynamic program solution, we propose a closed-form and linear computation complexity co-optimization algorithm based on a relaxation-projection approach to a constrained stochastic dynamic program. Sufficient conditions for optimality for the proposed solution are obtained. Numerical studies demonstrate orders of magnitude reduction of computation costs and significantly reduced optimality gap.
{"title":"Co-Optimizing Distributed Energy Resources in Linear Complexity Under Net Energy Metering","authors":"Ahmed S. Alahmed;Lang Tong;Qing Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3417249","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3417249","url":null,"abstract":"The co-optimization of behind-the-meter distributed energy resources is considered for prosumers under the net energy metering tariff. The distributed energy resources considered include renewable generations, flexible demands, and battery energy storage systems. An energy management system co-optimizes the consumptions and battery storage based on locally available stochastic renewables by solving a stochastic dynamic program that maximizes the expected operation surplus. To circumvent the exponential complexity of the dynamic program solution, we propose a closed-form and linear computation complexity co-optimization algorithm based on a relaxation-projection approach to a constrained stochastic dynamic program. Sufficient conditions for optimality for the proposed solution are obtained. Numerical studies demonstrate orders of magnitude reduction of computation costs and significantly reduced optimality gap.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 4","pages":"2336-2348"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3415733
Junlan Ou;Hua Han;Guangze Shi;Yajuan Guan;Abderezak Lashab;Josep M. Guerrero
The cascaded H-bridge structure has raised more and more attention in the field of photovoltaic (PV) power generation. This paper presents an improved ω-ϕ droop control method for the islanded cascaded photovoltaic-energy storage (PVES) system. The PV units mainly focus on outputting active power with unity power factor characteristic while the ES unit is responsible for the total output voltage regulation, frequency restoration, and power fluctuation suppression. With the proposed method, the string voltage can be regulated by the ES unit. Further, both the frequency synchronization with no steady state error and the cooperation between ES and PVs are realized automatically with only ES control requires PCC information. Therefore, the communication dependence is reduced which improves the system reliability. In addition, stability analysis and simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
{"title":"An Improved ω-ϕ Droop Control for Cascaded PV-ES System in Islanded Mode","authors":"Junlan Ou;Hua Han;Guangze Shi;Yajuan Guan;Abderezak Lashab;Josep M. Guerrero","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3415733","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3415733","url":null,"abstract":"The cascaded H-bridge structure has raised more and more attention in the field of photovoltaic (PV) power generation. This paper presents an improved \u0000<italic>ω-ϕ</i>\u0000 droop control method for the islanded cascaded photovoltaic-energy storage (PVES) system. The PV units mainly focus on outputting active power with unity power factor characteristic while the ES unit is responsible for the total output voltage regulation, frequency restoration, and power fluctuation suppression. With the proposed method, the string voltage can be regulated by the ES unit. Further, both the frequency synchronization with no steady state error and the cooperation between ES and PVs are realized automatically with only ES control requires PCC information. Therefore, the communication dependence is reduced which improves the system reliability. In addition, stability analysis and simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 1","pages":"45-61"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410720
{"title":"Share Your Preprint Research with the World!","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410720","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 3","pages":"2138-2138"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10566097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141435318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410716
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410716","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10566115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141444721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410726
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410726","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 3","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10566090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141435317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-20DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410724
{"title":"IEEE Industry Applications Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2024.3410724","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"15 3","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10566114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141435338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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